Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

UNIT-I
1. A machine working on a Carnot cycle operates between 305 K and 260 K. Calculate
the COP when it is operated as i) a refrigerator ii) a heat pump and a iii) a heat engine
Solution: Given: T2 = 305 K; T1 = 260 K
 C.O.P. of a refrigerating machine :
Heat removed from cold room Q1 Q1 T1 260
= = = = = 5.78
Work done on the engine WR Q2 − Q1 T2 − T1 305 − 260
 C.O.P. of a hem pump or energy performance ratio (E.P.R.) of heat pump:
Heat supplied to hot room Q2 Q2 T2 305
= = = = = 6.78
Work done on the engine WP Q2 − Q1 T2 − T1 305 − 260
 C.O.P. of a heat engine:
Work done by the engine WE Q2 − Q1 T2 − T1 305 − 260
= = = = = 0.147
Heat supplied Q2 Q2 T2 305
2. A Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at 270K and rejects it at 300K.
i. Calculate the COP of this refrigeration cycle.
ii. If the cycle is absorbing 1130 KJ/min. At 270 K, how many KJ of work is required
per second?
iii. If the Carnot heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above
refrigeration cycle, what is the COP?
iv. How many kJ/min will the heat pump deliver at 300K if it absorbs 1130 KJ/min at
270K?
Solution: Given: T2 = 270 K; T1 = 300 K;
Heat absorbed at 270 K (T1 ) = 1130 KJ/min = 18.83 kJ/s
 Coefficient of performance of Carnot refrigeration cycle:
Q1 Q1 T1 270
(C. O. P)R = = = = =9
WR Q2 − Q1 T2 − T1 300 − 270
 Work required per second
Q1
(C. O. P)R =
WR
Q1 18.83
WR = = = 2.1kJ/s
(C. O. P)R 9
 Coefficient of performance of Carnot heat pump:
Q2 Q2 T2 300
(C. O. P)p = = = = = 10
WP Q2 − Q1 T2 − T1 300 − 270
 Heat delivered by heat pump at 300 K
Q2
(C. O. P)p =
Q 2 − Q1
Q2
10 =
Q2 − 1130
10Q2 − 11300 = Q2
Q2 = 1256 kJ/min
3. The refrigerators A and B operate in series. The refrigerator A absorbs energy at the rate of
1kJ/s from a body at temperature 300 K and rejects energy as heat to a body at temperature
T. The refrigerator B absorbs the same quantity of energy which is rejected by the
P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
refrigerator A from the body at temperature T, and rejects energy as heat to a body at
temperature 1000K. lf both the refrigerators have the same C.O.P. calculate:
1. The temperature T of the body;
2. The C.O.P. of the refrigerators;
3. The rate at which energy is rejected as heat to the body at 1000 K.
Solution. Given: Q1 = 1 kJ/s ; T1 = 300 K ; T2 = T; T3 = 1000 K
The arrangement of the refrigerators A and B is shown in Fig

 Temperature T of the body:

T1 300
(C. O. P)A = =
T2 − T1 T − 300
T2 T
(C. O. P)B = =
T3 − T2 1000 − T
Since C.O.P. of both the refrigerators is same, therefore equating both equations we get
300 T
=
T − 300 1000 − T
300 x 1000 − 300T = T 2 − 300T
7 = √300x1000 = 547.7 K
 C.O.P. of the refrigerators:
300
(C. O. P)A = (C. O. P)B = = 1.12
547.7 − 300
 Rate at which energy is rejected as heat to the body at 1000 K
Q1 1
Work done by refrigerator A, = WA = = = 0.826 kJ/s
(C. O. P)A 1.12
Heat rejected by refrigerator A Q2 = Q1 + WA = 1 + 0.826 = 1.826 kJ/s
Q3 1.826
Work done by refrigerator B = WA = = = 1.51kJ/s
(C. O. P)B 1.12
Heat rejected to the body at 1000 K= Q4 = Q3 + WB = 1.826 + 1.51 = 3.336 kJ/s
4. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The higher temperature of
the refrigerant in the system is 35°C and the lower temperature is -l5°C. The capacity is to
be 12 tons. Determine:
1. CO.P.
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Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2. Heat rejected from the system per hour
3. Power required.
Solution. Given: T2 = 35°C = 35 + 273 = 308 K ; T1 = −15°C = − 15 + 273 = 258 K ;
Q1 = 12 TR = 12 x 210 = 2520 kJ/min
The refrigerating system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is shown in Fig

 C.O.P. of the refrigerator

T1 258
(C. O. P)R = = = 5.16
T2 − T1 308 − 258
 Heat rejected from the system per hour:
Work or power required to drive the system
Q1 2520
WR = = = 488.37 kJ/min
(C. O. P)R 5.16
So heat rejected from the system = Q2 = Q1 + WR = 2520 + 488.37 = 3008.37 kJ/min
= 3008.37 x 60 = 180,502.2 kJ/h
 Work or power required to drive the system
488.37
WR = 488.37 kJ/min = = 8.14 kJ/s or kW
60
5. 1.5kw per ton of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature of −400C in the
refrigerator. If the refrigeration cycle works on Carnot cycle, determine the following: i.
COP of the cycle ii. Temperature of the sink iii. Heat rejected to the sink per ton of
refrigeration iv. Heat supplied and EPR if the cycle is used as a heat pump.
Solution. Given: WR = 1.5 kW; Ql = 1 TR; T1 = −40°C = − 40 + 273 = 233 K
 C.O.P. of the cycle
The refrigeration cycle working on Carnot cycle is shown in Fig.

Since 1.5 kW per ton of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature in the
refrigerator, therefore amount of work required to be done,

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
WR = 1.5 kW = 1.5 kJ/s = 1.5 x 60 = 90 kJ/min
Heat extracted from the cold body,
Q1 = 1 TR = 210 kJ/min
Q1 210
(C. O. P)R = = = 2.33
WR 90
 Temperature of the sink
T1
(C. O. P)R =
T2 − T1
233
2.33 =
T2 − 233
233
Temperature of the sink = T2 = 2.33 + 233 = 333K = 60o C
 Heat rejected to the sink per ton of refrigeration
Q2 = Q1 + WR = 210 + 90 = 300 kJ/min
 Heat supplied and E.P.R., if the cycle is used as a heat pump
Q2 = 300 kJ/min
E. P. R. = (C. O. P)R + 1 = 2.33 + 1 = 3.33
6. Five hundred Kgs of fruits are supplied to a cold storage at 20 0C. The cold storage is
maintained at −50C and the fruits get cooled to the storage temperature in 10 hours. The
latent heat of freezing is 105 KJ/Kg and specific heat of fruit is 1.256 KJ/Kg K. Calculate
the refrigeration capacity of the plant.
Solution: Given: m = 500 kg; T2 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K;
T1 = −5°C = −5 + 273K = 263K; hfg = 105 kJ/kg ; cF = 1.256 kJ/kg K
The heat removed from the fruits in 10 hours,
Q1 = mcF (T2 − T1 ) = 500 × 1.256(293 − 268) = 15,700kJ
Total latent heat of freezing
Q 2 = m x hfg = 500 x 105 = 52,500 kJ
Total heat removed in 10 hours,
Q = Q1 + Q 2 = 15,700 + 52,500 = 68 200 kJ
Total heat removed in one minute
= 68 200/10 x 60 = 113.7 kJ/min
Refrigeration capacity of the plant
= 113.7/210 = 0.541 TR
7. The capacity of a refrigerator is 200TR when working between −60C and 250C.
Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 250C. Also find the power
required to drive the unit. Assume that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and
latent heat of ice is 335 KJ/Kg.
Answer: Kurmi (Example 2.8)
8. A cold storage plant is required to store 20 tons of fish. The fish is supplied at a
temperature of 30°C. The specific heat of fish above freezing point is 2.93 kJ/kg K. The
specific heat of fish below freezing point is 1.26 kJ/kg K. The fish is stored in cold storage
which is maintained at -8°C. The freezing point of fish is -4°C. The latent heat of fish is
235 kJ/kg. If the plant requires 75 kW to drive it, find: 1. The capacity of the plant, and 2.
time taken to achieve cooling. Assume actual C.O.P. of the plant as 0.3 of the Carnot
P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
C.O.P.
Answer: Kurmi (Example 2.10)
9. A refrigeration circuit is to cool a room at 0°C using outside air at 30°C to reject the heat.
The refrigerant is R134a. The temperature difference at the evaporator and the condenser
is 5 K. Find the Carnot COP for the process, the Carnot COP for the refrigeration cycle
and the ideal vapour compression cycle COP when using R134a.

10. A Carnot cycle machine operates between the temperature limits of 47°C and - 30°C.
Determine the C.O.P. when it operates as 1. a refrigerating machine; 2. a heat pump; and
3. a heat engine.
Answer: Kurmi (Exercise 2.1)
11. A refrigerating plant is required to produce 2.5 ton of ice per day at -4°C from water at
20°C. If the temperature range in the compressor is between 25°C and -6°C, calculate
power required to drive the compressor. Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg and specific heat of
ice = 2.1 kj/kg K.
Answer: Kurmi (Exercise 2.3)
12. A refrigerator using Carnot cycle requires 1.25 kW per ton of refrigeration to maintain
a temperature of - 30°C. Find: 1. C.O.P. of the Carnot refrigerator; 2. Temperature at
which heat is rejected; and 3. Heat rejected per ton of refrigeration.
Answer: Kurmi (Exercise 2.4)
13. A Carnot refrigeration system has working temperature of -30°C and 40°c. What is
the maximum C.O.P. possible? If the actual C.O.P. is 75% of the maximum, calculate
the actual refrigerating effect produced per kilowatt hour.
Answer: Kurmi (Exercise 2.6)
14. Determine the C.O.P of a refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle, If
the condenser and evaporator temperatures are 312 K and 273 K respectively. If the
efficiency of Carnot heat engine is 80%. Calculate the C.O.P. of a refrigerator
operating on the reversed Carnot cycle.
UNIT-II
1. An ammonia refrigerator works between 25°C and -10°C, the vapor being dry at the
end of isentropic compression. There is no under cooling of liquid ammonia and the
liquid is expanded through a throttle valve after leaving the condenser. Sketch the
cycle on the T-S and P-h diagram and calculate the refrigeration effect per Kg of
ammonia and the theoretical COP of the unit with the help of properties given below.
Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Liquid entropy
(oC) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg K)
25 298.9 1166.94 1.1242
-10 135.37 1297.68 0.5443
Given: T2 = T3 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K; T1 = T4 = −10o C = −10 + 273 =
263 K; hf3 = h4 = 298.9 kJ/kg; hfg2 = 1166.94 kJ/kg; sf2 = 1.1242 kJ/kg K; hf1 =
135.37/ kg K; ; hfg1 = 1297.68 kJ/kg; sf1 = 0.5443 kJ K/kg ;
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig.

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Let x1 = Dryness fraction at point 1

Entropy at point 1:
hfg1 1297.68
s1 = sf1 + x1 ( ) = 0.5443 + x1 ( ) = 0.5443 + 4.934 x1
T1 263
Entropy at point 2:
hfg2 1166.94
s2 = sf2 + ( ) = 1.1242 + ( ) = 5.04 kJ/kg K
T2 298
Since the entropy at point 1 is equal to entropy at point 2, we get
0.5443 + 4.934 x1 = 5.04
∴ x1 = 0.91
Enthalpy at point 1:
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = 135.37 + 0.91 × 1297.68 = 1316.26 kJ/kg
Enthalpy at point 2:
h2 = hf2 + hfg2 = 298.9 + 1166.94 = 1465.84 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect per Kg of ammonia:
= h1 − hf3 = h1 − h4 = 1316.26 − 298.9 = 1,017.36kJ
Coefficient of performance of the cycle:
Refrigerating effect h1 − h4 h1 − hf3 1316.26 − 298.9
COP = = = = = 6.8
Work done h2 − h1 h2 − h1 1465.84 − 1316.26
2. An ammonia refrigerator works between −6.70C and 26.70C, the vapor being dry at
the end of isentropic compression. There is no under cooling of liquid ammonia and
the liquid is expanded through a throttle valve after leaving the condenser. Sketch the
cycle on the T-S and P-h diagram and calculate the refrigeration effect per Kg of
ammonia and the theoretical COP of the unit with the help of properties given below.
Temp °C hf KJ/Kg hg KJ/Kg Sf KJ/Kg K Sg KJ/Kg K
-6.7 152.18 1437.03 0.6016 5.4308
26.7 307.18 1467.03 1.1515 5.0203
[Ana 1028.3 kJ/kg; 7.2]
3. An ammonia refrigerator produces 28 tons of ice from and at 00C in 24 hours. The
temperature range of the compressor is 250C to −150C. The vapour is dry saturated at
the end of compression and an expression and an expansion value is used. Assume a
coefficient of performance to be 62% of the theoretical value. Calculate the power

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
required to drive the compressor. Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg. Properties of
ammonia are;
Temperature Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg K)
0°c Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391
-15 112.34 1426.54 0.4572 5.5490
Given: Ice produced = 28t/day; T2 = T3 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298K; T1 = T4 = −15°C =
−15 + 273 = 258 K; hf3 = h4 = 298.9 kJ/kg ; hf1 = 112.34 kJ/kg ; hg2 = h2 =
1465.84 kJ/kg ; hg1 = 1426.54 kJ/kg ; sf1 = 1.1242 kJ/kg K; sf1 = 0.4572 kJ/
kg K ; sg2 = s2 = 5.0391 kJ/kg K ; sg1 = 5.5490 kJ/kg K.
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig.

Let x1 = Dryness fraction at point 1

Entropy at point 1:
s1 = sf1 + x1 sfg1 = sf1 + x1 (sg1 − sf1 ) = 0.4572 + x1 (5.5490 − 0.4572)
= 0.4572 + 5.0918 x1
Entropy at point 2:
s2 = sg2 = 5.0391 kJ/kg K
Since the entropy at point 1 is equal to entropy at point 2, we get
0.4572 + 5.0918 x1 = 5.0391 or x1 = 0.9
Enthalpy at point 1,
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = hf1 + x1 (hg1 − hf1 ) = 112.34 + 0.9 (1426.54 − 112.34)
= 1295.12 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect h1 − h4 h1 − hf3 1295.12 − 298.9
Theoretical COP = = = =
Work done h2 − h1 h2 − h1 1465.84 − 1295.12
= 5.835
Since actual C.O.P. is 62% of theoretical C.O.P., therefore Actual C.O.P = 0.62 x 5.835 =
3.618
We know that ice produced from and at 0°C
28 × 1000
= 28 t/day = = 0.324 kg/s
24 × 3600
Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg
Refrigeration effect produced = 0.324 x 335 = 108.54 kJ/s

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Refrigerating effect 108.54
Actual C. O. P = =
Work done Work done
Work done or power required to drive the compressor
108.54
= = 30 kJ/s or kW
3.618
4. An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice from and at 00C in 24 hours. The
temperature range of the compressor is 250C to −150C. The vapour is dry saturated at
the end of compression and an expression and an expansion value is used. Assume a
coefficient of performance to be 60% of the theoretical value. Calculate the power
required to drive the compressor. Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg. Properties of
ammonia are;
Temperature Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg K)
0°c Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391
-15 112.34 1426.54 0.4572 5.5490
[Ana. 33.24 kW]
5. An ammonia refrigerating machine fitted with an expansion valve works between the
temperature limits of −100C and 300C. The vapor is 95% dry at the end of isentropic
compression and the fluid leaving the condenser is at 300C. Assuming actual COP as
60% of the theoretical, calculate the Kgs of ice produced per KW hour at 00C from
water at 100C. Latent heat of ice is 335 KJ/Kg. Ammonia has the following properties
Temperature Liquid heat (hf ) Latent heat (hfg) Liquid entropy (sf) ‭Total entropy of dry‭
°C kJ/kg kJ/kg (kJ/kg K) saturated vapour(sg)
30 323.08 1145.80 1.2037 4.9842
-10 135.37 1297.68 0.5443 5.4770
Solution. Given: T1 = T4 = −10°C = −10 + 273 = 263 K; T2 = T3 = 30°C = 30 + 273 =
303 K; x2 = 0.95; hf3 = hf2 = 323.08 kJ/kg ; hf1 = hf4 = 135.37 kJ/kg ;
hfg1 = 1297.68 kJ/kg; sf2 = 1.2037 ; hfg2 = 1145.8 kJ/kg
sf1 = 0.5443; s2 ′ = 4.9842; s1 ′ = 5.4770
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig.

Let x1 = Dryness fraction at point 1

Entropy at point 1:

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Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
hfg1 1297.68
s1 = sf1 + x1 ( ) = 0.5443 + x1 = 0.5443 + 4.934 x1
T1 263
Entropy at point 2:
hfg2 1145.8
s2 = sf2 + x2 ( ) = 1.2037 + 0.95 = 4.796
T2 303
Since the entropy at point 1 is equal to entropy at point 2:
0.5443 + 4.934 x1 = 4.796 or x1 = 0.86
Enthalpy at point 1,
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = hf1 + x1 (hg1 − hf1 ) = 135.37 + 0.86 × 1297.68 = 1251.4 kJ/kg
Enthalpy at point 2,
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2 = hf1 + x2 (hg2 − hf2 ) = 323.08 + 0.95 × 1145.8 = 14116 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect h1 − h4 h1 − hf3 1251.4 − 323.08
Theoretical COP = = = = = 5.8
Work done h2 − h1 h2 − h1 1411.6 − 1251.4
Actual C.O.P. = 0.6 x 5.8 = 3.48
Work to be spent corresponding to 1 kW hour,
W = 3600 kJ
Actual heat extracted or refrigeration effect produced per kW hour
= W x Actual C. O. P. = 3600 x 3.48 = 12 528 kJ
Heat extracted from 1 kg of water at 10°C for the formation of 1 kg of ice at 0°C
= mcp ∆T + Lice = 1 x 4.187 x 10 + 335 = 376.87 kJ
Amount of ice produced
12528
= = 33.2 kg / kW hour
376.87
6. A vapour compression refrigerator works between the pressure limits of 60 bar and 25
bar. The working fluid is just dry at the end of compression and there is no under
cooling of the liquid before the expansion valve. Determine: 1. COP of the cycle and
2. Capacity of the refrigerator if the fluid flow is at the rate of 5 Kg/min.
Pressure Saturation Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg K)
(bar) temperature (K) Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
60 295 151.96 293.29 0.554 1.0332
25 261 56.32 322.58 0.226 1.2464
Solution: Given: p2 = p3 = 60 bar; p1 − p4 = 25 bar; T2 = T3 = 295 K; T1 = T4 = 261 K;
hf3 = h4 = 151.96 kJ/kg; hf1 = 56.32 kJ/kg ; hg2 = h2 = 293.29 kJ/kg;
hg1 = 322.58 kJ/kg; sf2 = 0.554 kJ/kg K ; sf1 = 0.226 kJ/kg K ;
sg2 = s2 = 1.0332 kJ/kg K; sg1 = 1.2464 kJ/kg K
C.O.P. of the cycle:
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

x1 = Dryness fraction of the vapour refrigerant entering the compressor at point 1.

Entropy at point 1:
s1 = sf1 + x1 sfg1 = sf1 + x1 (sg1 − sf1 ) = 0.226 + x1 (1.2464 − 0.226)
= 0.226 + 1.0204 x1
Entropy at point 2:
s2 = sg2 = 1.0332 kJ/kg K
Since the entropy at point 1 is equal to entropy at point 2,
0.226 + 1.0204x1 = 1.0332 or x1 = 0.791
Enthalpy at point 1:
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = hf1 + x1 (hg1 − hf1 ) = 56.32 + 0.791(322.58 − 56.32)
= 266.93 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect h1 − hf3 266.93 − 151.96
Theoretical COP = = = = 4.36
Work done h2 − h1 293.29 − 266.93
Capacity of the refrigerator
We know that the heat extracted or refrigerating effect produced per kg of refrigerant
= h1 − hf3 = 266.93 − 151.96 = 114.97 kJ/kg
Since the fluid flow is at the rate of 5 kg / min, therefore total heat extracted
= 5 x 114.97 = 574.85 kJ/min
Capacity of the refrigerator
574.85
= = 2.74TR
210
7. A methyl chloride (R40) refrigerating machine works on a vapor compression cycle.
The temperature of refrigerant in the evaporator is −100C. The vapor is dry saturated
when it enters the compressor and leaves it in a superheated condition. The condenser
temperature is 450C. The superheated condition at a temperature of 60oC, determine:
i) Condition of vapor at the entrance to the condenser, ii) Condition of vapor at the
entrance to the evaporator and iii) Theoretical COP of the machine. Properties of R40
Saturation Enthalpy in kJ/kg Entropy in kJ/kg K
temperature in °C Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
-10 45.4 460.7 0.183 1.637
45 133.0 483.6 0.485 1.587

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Solution: Given: T1 = T4 = −10°C = −10 + 273 = 263K; T2′ = T3 = 45°C = 45 +
273 = 318 K; T2 = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K ; hf1 = 45.4 kJ/kg ; hf3 =
133 kJ/kg ;
′
h1 = hg1 = 460.7 kJ/kg ∶ h2 = 483.6 kJ/kg ; sf1 = 0.183 kJ/kg K ; sf3
= 0.485 kJ/kg K; s1 = s2 = 1.637 kJ/kg K; s2′ = 1.587 kJ/kg K
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig

Let cp = Specific heat at constant pressure for superheated vapour

Entropy at point 2:
𝑇2
s2 = sf2 + 2.3cp log ( ′ )
𝑇2
333
1.637 = 1.587 + 2.3 cp log ( )
318
1.637 = 1.587 + 2.3cp × 0.02
1.637 = 1.587 + 0.046cp
cp = 1.09
Enthalpy at point 2:
h2 = h′2 + cp × Degree of superheat = h′2 + cp (T2 − Tf )
= 483.6 + 1.09(333 − 318) = 500 kJ/kg
Dryness fraction at point 4:
h4 = hf3 = hf1 + x(hfg ) = hf1 + x(hg1 − hf1 )
133 = 45.4 + x(460.7 − 45.4)
133 − 45.4 87.6
𝑥= = = 0.21
460.7 − 45.4 415.3
Vapour is 21% dry at the entrance of evaporator
Refrigerating effect h1 − hf3 460.7 − 133
Theoretical COP = = = = 8.34
Work done h2 − h1 500 − 460.7
8. A R12 refrigerating machine works on a vapor compression cycle. The temperature of
refrigerant in the evaporator is −200C. The vapor is dry saturated when it enters the
compressor and leaves it in a superheated condition. The condenser temperature is
300C. Assuming Cp for R12 in the superheated condition as 1.884 KJ/Kg K,
determine: i) Condition of vapor at the entrance to the condenser, ii) Condition of

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
vapor at the entrance to the evaporator and iii) Theoretical COP of the machine.
Properties of R12
Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg K
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
-20 17.82 178.73 0.0731 0.7087
30 64.59 199.62 0.2400 0.6843
[AM. 33.8°C; 29% dry; 1.07]
9. A refrigeration system works on ammonia between pressure limits, 2.36 bar and 15.54
bar. If the refrigerant is sub cooled by 10k before throttling, determine the
improvement in COP over simple vapor compression cycle. Take specific heat at
constant pressure for liquid as 0.94 kJ/kg K

h1 − h′f3
Theoretical COP without sub cooling =
h2 − h1
h1 − hf3
Theoretical COP with sub cooling =
h2 − h1
′
hf3 = hf3 − cp (Degree of undercooling)
Degree of undercooling = 10K
𝑐𝑝 = 0.94 kJ/kg K
10. A refrigerator using CO2 as refrigerant works between the temperatures 17.50C and
−17.50C. The CO2 leaves the compressor at 300C. The gas is completely condensed
but there is no under cooling. Determine theoretical COP.

11. Calculate the COP of vapour absorption refrigeration system has the generator
temperature of 800C, condenser temperature of 250C and an evaporator temperature of
−100C

12. In an absorption refrigeration system heating, cooling and refrigeration takes place at
the temperature of 1500C, 300C and -200C. Find the theoretical COP of the system; if
the heating temperature is increased to 2000C and refrigeration temperature is
decreased to -400C. Calculate the percentage of change in theoretical COP.

P. Venkata Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department Mechanical Engineering,
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering