#

TYPES

CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
WHAT THEY DO t REAGENTS INVOLVED

① REDOX
-

Oxidation

-
Reduction

② ELIMINATION (forms DOUBLE bonds)

③ ADDITION ( breaks DOUBLE bonds )

-

Addition
H 's
↳
hydrogenation adding
→

↳ Cl 's Br 's
halogenate adding
'

on , ,

'

MARKOVNIKOV 's Addition

LD
" "
HYDRO HALOGEN at on
'

opposite of )
y(
-

Nucleophilic Addition .
sub

④ NVCLEOPHILUC SUBSTITUTION

I
OXIDATION

o:/
.:Ii
s:*
i:÷
#÷aOX÷÷÷÷÷÷
Dt/NGAaE:NT)AH:witfEohalN
-.

-7 WEAK OXIDISING AGENTS

ALCOHOL T KETONE or
←
CARBOXYLIC
ALDEHYDE ACID

i :÷÷÷÷÷÷
¥0
a
:
"

KETONE /
ALDEHYDE

O O

HO
O A
A CH
,
-
c
CH c
I
-

,
CHS
?
/
It L CARBOXYLIC

tafe
ACID
" "
Alcohols all the
way
to CARBOXYLIC ACID
OXIDISING
a

REAGENTS STRONG OXIDISING AGENT

-
Nazcrz 07 DIE
Fate
'LL
'

WEAK OXIDISING AGENT

#
.

Hzcrzo
:
just,
Chromic Acid

-
.

2
 REDUCTION

!
?
. LOSS of Oz
-

GAIN of It 's

IS
RESULTS ALWAYS IN AN

ALCOHOL
c-
T
ALCOHOL
.fi#DE-caraBcYj44c
k¥7

STRONG REDUCING AGENTS

.
Sodium tetra hydride borate

NaBH4
-

Lithium Aluminium hydride

Liat Hy
with Ht
with
specialESTER
\
case an

a¥gHno¥

yin
"

*
Ht
.
pi .it I .

3
 FOR ALKYNES

ELIMINATION

I
↳ form DOUBLE BONDS
REAGENTS

MY Y%HH]'Ethanol
'

KOH
Ml
.

→ and
Ethanol heat
¢
in

y
.

,
,

/
2nd am Acids .

Atta
'THE

mepro.oa.si .

Nlf
-

Fr
,
asnadme
!
redoes " THESE ARE

matters BASES

SPECIFIC TYPE of ELIMINATION

DEHYRANON SYNTHESIS

also H3PO4 BOND

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DOUBLE
FORMED
OH

I 42504 CH ,

To
it
CH ,

- ft '
C
/
Cy
- ft I
CH ,
,
I Heat I
( Hz CHz

4
H
 ADDITION
that

I
:L
added
In ADDITION Reactions , Something is

breaks a c=C double bond .

1-
| )
HYDROGENATION

÷¥÷÷÷¥¥¥
:.÷÷÷
"

""" "-

:÷ ÷ ÷:÷ :÷ ÷ .÷
'

!
"

÷i÷÷" ¥ it
"
" '
' '

in

HALOGEN ANON ch

5
 MARKOVNIKOV

ADDITION ACIDS ( HYDRO HALOGENS)

Special case of Addition involving adding

HYDRO HALOGEN AMON Reagents

( aka " man " ""
HCl
.

Isaak HBR
#
. .

t HBR these are

ACIDS
STEP ' : MARKOVNIKOV's rule #)
t

I fwm ?→
+ Ht µ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥/
-
with the MOST HYDROGENS .

aHaa¥NTtERBO
step zoo HALOGEN

"" "

product

~
-

t Br
FIFE
for
-

re
A
H H

6
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
involve the substitution
specific Reactions that
.

element for another

of electronegative
.

one

↳ Some Specific examples will be shown below

FORMING an ALKYL HALIDE

HC Any Halogen)
any
←

µoµ µ ,,
t H2O

FORMING AN AUD CHLORIDE

..

T causes a

substituted
CI
-

in
to

place
be

. . . . .
iii.
7
 )

.tk
ETHERIA CATION (FORMING an Ether

.IE#.
fans :÷÷
gins
to . join
T
An ether is

formed .

FORMING an ALCOHOL
-

No do ,
"

ESTERIFICATION (FORMING an ESTER )

°
o

rn
CHSCHZOH
11 11
A OH O

8
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Forming an Acid Anhydride

i.
to .in in

HYDROLYSIS
Forming CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

in ÷
: .
:*

9
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
Substitution in that
. DIFFERENT to : Nucleophilic
there is NI LEAVING Group To

Example

t
ohh Ht,

¥
,

Nl I

OH
- it

10