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W Kwftiftm Twguf Yx0D: Tvif &eh@
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t*Fvdyfyx0Dynm&Sif qm[,fvfzdk@'f rufuif'gu 1904 ckESpf ol&J ausmf
=um;wJhaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fjzpfwJh ordkif;.yx0Dqdkif&mqHkcsuf (The Geographical
Pivot of History) rSm wkwfudk owdxm;p&mtjzpf &nf!$ef;&if; tckvdka&;cJhygw,f?
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qdkv#if/ Tt&mu urBm}uD;vGwfvyfr_twGuf t0ga&miftE W&m,fqdk;zGJwnfvmjcif;
yifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm ol. yifv,frsufESmpmudk ,la&;&Sm; (Eurasia) wdkuf}uD;
wckvHk;txd qGJqef@xnfhoGif;vm+yD;/ &if;jrpftm;vHk;oHk;pGJ&if; k&Sm;=oZmr}uD;Edkifatmif
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tuef@towf &Sdaew,f? wkwfusawmh obm0qdyfurf;aumif;awGeJ@ urf;dk;wef;
a&rdkif 9000 ausmf&Sdwmrdk@/ ukef;ydkif; yifv,fydkif; tiftm;ESpfckpvHk;udk ydkifqdkifxm;yg
w,f? rufuif'gtaeeJ@ wkwf[m wae@ae@rSm k&Sm;udkawmif v$rf;rdk;oGm;rSm ol pdk;&drf
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rufuif'g od'<dwifxm;wJh wkwf&J yx0Dtaetxm;u uae@ tvGefudk
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wkwf[m ol@&JA[dkuaecsKyfudkif+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udkqGJwifr,fh [dkuf'
a&mvpf,Ofaus;r_ (hydraulic civilization) eJ@ taemufwdkif;pwdkif armf'efjzpfr_udk
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44
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