CHAPTER 3:

PHONOLOGY
 GROUP 3
Meet Our Group:
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the Chapter, you are expected to demonstrate
mastery of the concept of phonology by:

Comparing the sound production of your native

language and that of English;
Applying knowledge based on IPA symbols;
Delivering a speech with correctly articulated
vowels.
 Perform the following task:
Tongue Twisters
Read the following tongue twisters aloud, at first with normal
speed then increase speed during the second reading and so
on.
Good, Better, Best, Never let it rest till your good is
better and your better best.

On Thursdays, I find thrills in finding things.

 Perform the following task:
Tongue Twisters
If one doctor doctors another doctor, does the
doctors who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the
way the doctor he is doctoring the doctors. Or does he
doctor the doctor the way the doctor who doctors
doctors?

The cook took a good look at the cookery book.

A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black
 Perform the following task:
Tongue Twisters

Fresh fried fish, fish fresh fried, fried fish fresh, fish fried
fresh.
Motivational Questions:
What is the importance of phonology in
communication?

What is the importance of phonology to students?

How does phonology relate to language

development?
 Introduction

Language is naturally vocal. It is

primarily used in verbal exchanges in
insurmountable times than in writing,
since people talk more than write.
 Lesson 1 :Understanding the
Concept
-The very basic requirement for
effective verbal communication to
occur is the understanding and
agreement of the speaker and the
listener.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonology
is the study of speech sounds.
It looks into the patterns of sounds in particular
utterance and across language.
The scope of phonology is broad. One of its scopes
is to explore how syllables could be broken down.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonetics- deals with the definite production and
acoustics of the sounds of language. It is the study of
the physical qualities of speech.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonology Vs Phonetics
• Phonetics deals with the organs of sound production.
• Phonology, on the other hand, deals with the sounds
and their changes.
• It can be said that phonetics is the subset of
phonology.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonemics
Looks into the structure of language in terms of phonemes
or its distinct units of sounds. A phoneme is the smallest
unit of sound in a specific language that differentiates one
word from another, as examples, the sounds of
/p/,/d/,/b/,/t/ in words pat, dab, pad, bad, and tab.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonetics Vs Phonemics- the key differences
In terms of transcriptions, phonetics offers more
specifics on how sounds are produced, while phonemics
shows how people interpret such sounds.
 Definition Of Terms:
Allophones
An allophone is predicable phonetic variations or any
speech sounds that stand as a single phoneme, such as the
aspirated /k/ in "kit" and the unaspirated /k/ in "skit",
which are allophones of the phoneme /k/.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonemes Vs Allophones- the key differences
Both are components of speech sounds, however,
phonemes are described as the recognizable distinct unit
of sound while allophones are the variants of sounds.
Phonemes are related to speech meaning while allophones
are uttered.
 Definition Of Terms:
When the phonemes differ in two words, they are called
to as minimal pairs.
Example:
'pet' and 'bet' 'pat' and 'pet'
 Definition Of Terms:
Allophone is described as the different ways to articulate
a phoneme based on its setting in a word. Listen to how
two allophones of /l/ in the example cound vary in sound.
Example:
- little
 Definition Of Terms:
Articulation
It is the production of sounds using the vocal tract,
such as the articulation of the sounds of vowels and
consonants.
 Definition Of Terms:
Articulation Vs Pronunciation
Articulation is the act of producing the sounds using the
organs of speech such as the jaws, the tongue, the lips,
etc., while pronunciation is the manner of speaking the
words correctly.
 Definition Of Terms:
Phonation
The physical properties of each sound production
are referred to as the phonation. It is called the
reason for the sound. Phonation is the process
through which the larynx produces sounds.
 Definition Of Terms:
Nasalization
The physical properties of each sound production are
referred to as the phonation. It is called the reason
for the sound. Phonation is the process through which
the larynx produces sounds.
 Phonetics Classifications
Experimental Phonetics-refers to the branch of
general phonetics, which involves the study of
sound, and other speeches of human.
 Phonetics Classifications
Articulatory Phonetics-is concerned with the
production of sound. It explains the motion of
speech structures such as the lips, the tongue, the
velum, the jaw, etc. The place and manner of
articulation are classified under the articulatory
phonetics.
Phonetics Classifications
 Phonetics Classifications
The production of the air affects the sound. When
the air is directly produced from the lungs, the
sound is said to be pulmonic. When the air is
sucked in, it is called ingressive. Further, when the
air is pushed-out, it is called egressive sound.
 Phonetics Classifications
Articulatory Process- shapes the words in every
utterance . A speech is a result of how the speaker
enunciates the words.
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
1. Assimilation- is the process of influencing the
preceding or following sounds, which causes
changes in sound production. Assimilation is
classified into regressive progressive, and
reciprocal.
 Phonetics Classifications
Assimilation is regressive when the preceding
sound is assimilated, for example, the word "bank"
where /n/ and /k/ are assimilated. The sound /n/
undergoes change, which is caused by the triggger
sound /k/. Assimilation is progressive when the
succeeding sound is assimilated such as in the
 Phonetics Classifications
words "crammed" or "processed". The change of
the sound /d/ is triggered by the sound /e/. The
sound /d/ when assimilated with /e/ becomes an
aspirated /t/. Assimilation is reciprocal if the
influence of two sounds is mutual. It means that
both preceding and succeeding sounds are
 Phonetics Classifications
assimilated, for instance, in the word "what" or
"did".
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
2. Deletion- is the process of dropping or eliding specific
sounds. Sounds are usually deleted at the end of the
cluster such as in the word "soft fabrics". This happens
when the alveolar plosive /t/ is deleted. It also occurs in
the word " try again" where the initial weak vowel /a/ in
"again" is dropped.
 Phonetics Classifications
Deletion is categorized as:
Dissimilation- is the deletion of the first similar
phoneme or the initial phoneme of the
adjoining words. An example is the word
"library" and "secretary" where /r/ is
dissimilated.
 Phonetics Classifications
Deletion is categorized as:
Aphaeresis- is the deletion of the vowel sound
at the beginning of the word, such as in the
word "go away" where /a/ sound is deleted.
 Phonetics Classifications
Deletion is categorized as:
Syncope- is the deletion of the vowel sound.
An example is the vowel /o/ in the word "not"
or the vowel /i/ in "suit", and /u/ in "bought."
 Phonetics Classifications
Deletion is categorized as:
Apocope- is the deletion of the final vowel
sound, such as /e/ in "Lacoste" or "oppose".
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
3. Weakening or Lenition- is the eliding of the weak
phoneme or the weakening of the weak consonant. An
example lenition is the eliding of the weak phonemes in
the words "could" and "him".
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
4. Insertion or Epenthesis- is the process of inserting
sounds. When insertion is done at the beginning of the
word, it is called a prosthesis.
 Phonetics Classifications
When the insertion of a vowel is done internally, it
is called anaptyxis. Further, if the vowel sound is
inserted at the end, it is referred to as the
paragoge. Whenever a consonant sound is
inserted between other consonant sounds it termed
as an excrescence. There are not many insertions
 Phonetics Classifications
of sounds in English words except when they are
produced by some non--English speakers.
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
5. Metathesis- is the process of reordering of phonemes.
Usually, it occurs in the children's speeches such as "aks
for ask", "waps for wasp", "deks for desks", "aminal for
animal", etc.
 Phonetics Classifications
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ARTICULATION:
6. Lengthening- is the process of stretching the sounds of
some phonemes where some sounds become long as a
result of sound loss.
Examples:
-meat -loot
-soon
 Acoustic Phonetics

-is a phonetic division that is concerned with

the control, transmission and reception of
sounds. It aims to analyze the wave signals of
sounds that occur through the fluctuating
frequencies, amplitudes, and lenght within a
speech.
 Acoustic Phonetics

Acoustic phonetics is considered a very

technical discipline within the study of oral
communication, which answers a particular
question "what is sound?"
 Acoustic Phonetics
When analyzing sounds, the four properties of
sounds namely, wavelength, period, amplitude
abd frequency are considered.
1. Wavelength- is the distance between the
crests of a sound wave. It is the distance
sounds travel during the period from peak
 Acoustic Phonetics
to peak. It is inversely proportional to frequency.
Loud sounds produce high wavess. This means
that the lower the frequency, the higher the
wavelength.
 Acoustic Phonetics
2. The period of a wave refers to the time to
complete one cycle of sound.
3. Amplitude-is the height of the wave. Loud
sounds produce large amplitude, while softer
sound produce smaller amplitude. The intensity
of sound is measured by a scientific unit-decibel.
 Acoustic Phonetics
When the sound is very soft, the decibel could be
1 or 0. On the contrary, when the sound is loud
the decibel goes up by 6, When humans speak,
the normal sound is 60 decibels.
 Acoustic Phonetics
4. Frequency- is the number of wave cycles that
pass through a set of points in a second, which is
measured by Hertz(Hz). It is related to pitch,
where lower frequency vibrations mean lower
pitch, and higher frequency means high pitch.
 Auditory Phonetics
The human auditory system is a very essential
component to succesful verball exchanges. The
ears are sensitive to the frequencies in human
speeches. Humans are born with the ability to
display special attentiion to speeches.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Monopthongs- is a single vowel sound in which

the positioning of the articulators at both
beginning and end is fairly fixed and does not
glide up or down. The vowel in this word is
produced with one sound /i/ using one mouth
position and one tone.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Let's practice:
A B
bill-bell better
pin-pen funny
chick-check keeper
fill-fell stagnant
rest-wrist epic
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Diphthongs- If a monophthong has a single

vowel sound, a diphthong has a two-vowel sound.
In the word "coin" (co ->in), the vowel moved
from a long O sound to a /j/ sound. In the word
"fear" (fe ->ar), the vowel moved from a long E
sound to an /ę/ sound.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

When uttering these words, the organs of speech

glide from one vowel position to another within
the syllable, therefore, the sounds in the words
move and change.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Triphthongs- In phonetics, a triphthong has tree

vowel sounds that glide together. A triphthong is
monosyllabic, a combination of a diphthong and
a monophthong that quickly and smoothly moves.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

There are three triphthongs that are generally

agreed upon in American English:
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Most words can be classified as dipthongs when

pronunciation is smooth and tripthongs when not:
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Lip Rounding, Lengthening and Tenseness

Roundedness
Say the words: boot, book, boat, and bore.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Let's Practice:
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Vowel Lengthening
Say "can and can't"
The lengtheningof vowels produces long vowel
sounds.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

Read the sentences below and notice how the

words in bold sound.
Can you bake the cake?
Vince does it for fame and fortune.
To be or not to be. That is the question.
Mara and I are watching movies.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

You'll find the bottle of ham in the beef aisle.

Turn right at the next intersection.
Everything is expected to be just fine.
The country road isn't paved.
The very rude janitor argues with the costumer.
Have you taken photos at the Statue of liberty.
 Lesson 2: Stability of Articulation

There he is, right on cue.