Name: Emmanuel O.

Sajut Date: Feb 20, 2022

Code: AR124 (8123) Research Plate 2.1 - Pritzker Laureates
1. Philip Johnson - was a notable American Philip Johnson
architect and theorist, best known for the
design of his house, the Glass House, in New
Canaan, CT. Johnson was a prominent
advocate of the International style, and
played a vital role in defining postmodernist
architecture. He was a proud recipient of the
prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize in
1979. Some of his famous and iconic works
include the Amon Carter Museum of
Western Art and the New York State
Theater, Lincoln Center.
Philip Johnson was born of July 8, 1906, in Glass House:
Cleveland, Ohio. He attended the Harvard
University, and graduated in 1930, with a
degree in Philosophy. In 1932, Johnson was
appointed the Director of the Department of
Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art,
New York. The same year, he collaborated
with Henry-Russell Hitchcock, to compile
Seagram Building:
their highly acclaimed book, “The
International Style: Architecture Since
1922”, which deals with the post WWI
modern architecture. In 1940, Johnson
returned to Harvard, and began his
education in architecture under the
guidance of Marcel Breuer. During this
period, a significant influence on his
education was that of Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe, and in 1958, Johnsons assisted Ludwig
on the Seagram Building, New York City,
which is described as the “continent’s finest
high-rise building”.

2. Luis Barragan - is renowned Mexican architect

and engineer, best-known for serene and Luis Barragan
graceful landscapes that include elegant
houses, beautiful gardens, magnificent plazas
and artistic fountains. His work is often
described as minimalistic and reflecting the
natural elements of water, timber, stucco and
pure planes among others; along with being
lavish and extravagant in texture and colors.
He is the recipient of the prestigious Pritzker
Architecture Prize.

Luis Barragan was born on March 9, 1902, in

Guadalajara, Mexico. Luis belonged to an Casa Barragán:
affluent family, his parents owned a ranch near
Guadalajara, Mexico, and that is where Luis
grew up. He attended the Escuela Libre de
Ingenieros (Free School of Engineers), and in
1923, he received his degree in civil
engineering. He continued his studies in
architecture, and Luis conducted extensive
reading and travelling to influence and inspire
his aesthetic sense, and advance his
knowledge. He travelled to France, Italy, Spain, Torres de Satélite
and Greece, during his travels he began to
encounter the works of several influential and
eminent scholars, including the German-born
French landscape architect and illustrator
Ferdinand Bac. In 1931, he lived in Paris, where
he attended the lectures of
famous architect, Le Corbusier.Towards the
late 1920s, Luis began his affiliation with the
popular movement, Escuela Tapatía or
Guadalajara School, which advocated the
devotion to regional, cultural and traditional
designs in architecture.

3. James Frazer Stirling - RA (22 April 1926 – 25 James Frazer Stirling

June 1992) was a British architect.
Stirling worked in partnership with James
Gowan from 1956 to 1963, then with Michael
Wilford from 1971 until 1992. Stirling studied
architecture from 1945 until 1950 at the
University of Liverpool, where Colin Rowe was
a tutor. He worked in a number of firms in
London before establishing his own practice.
 From 1952 to 1956 he worked with Lyons,
Israel, Ellis in London where he met his first
partner James Gowan. Lyons, Israel, Ellis was
considered one of the most influential post
war practices at that time, focusing on
buildings for the Welfare State with architects
such as Alan Colquhoun and John Miller, Neave
Brown, Sue Martin, Richard MacCormac all of
whom went on to architectural prominence.
Stirling worked on a number of school
buildings including Peckham Girl's
Comprehensive School. When he and James
Gowan started their own practice Lyons Israel
Ellis gave them gave them part of their Preston Langham House Close:
housing project, helping to establish their
reputation for innovative design

University: Faculty of Engineering (with James

Gowan)

4. Ieoh Ming Pei - is a Chinese American architect Ieoh Ming Pei

born on April 26, 1917 in Suzhou, China. Son of
a bank director, Pei moved to the United
States at the age of 17 to pursue his passion
for architecture. At first he got admission at
the University of Pennsylvania but its emphasis
on fine draftsmanship could not go in
accordance with Pei’s interest with structural
engineering so he got enrolled at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
and received his degree in Bachelor of
Architecture in 1940. In 1942 Pei started
attending the Harvard Graduate School of
131 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Atlanta, 1949
Design and completed his M.Arch in 1946.
Along with that he started serving as an
assistant professor in the same campus and
stayed there from 1945 to 1948.

Right after that at the age of thirty one, Pei

was hired by a huge New York City contracting
firm Webb and Knapp to direct the
architectural division. This phase played a great
role in giving his career a refined form as he
himself said that he learned to consider the big
picture after working at Webb and Knapp. He Washington, D.C.,L’Enfant Plaza
learned working with community, business,
and government agencies and got several
opportunities to work on some large scale
projects.

5. Richard Meier - was a leading American Richard Meier

Architect, celebrated for his sophistication
and elegant designs inspired by classic
Modernist principles, and his use of pure
geometry, open space, and the artistic play
of light. He was the youngest recipient of the
highest professional accolade, the Pritzker
Architecture Prize, at the age of 49. He was
commissioned on some of the 20th century’s
most significant architectural projects, such
 as the Getty Centre and the Los Angeles Art The hague city hall
Complex.

Richard Meier was born on October

12, 1934, in Newark, New Jersey. He
attended the Cornell University, where he
graduated with a degree in architecture in
1957. In 1959, he took a trip to Europe in
hopes of working for his idol, Le Corbusier,
the Swiss-French architect. Meier was able
to meet Le Corbusier in Paris, however,
Corbusier refused to hire him due to his
the Jubilee Church (2003, pictured below)
distrust of Americans. Upon his return to the
US, he worked for Skidmore, Owings &
Merrill in New York, and soon, he
joined Marcel Breuer, and worked there for
the next three years. Meanwhile, at night,
Meier indulged in his passion of abstract
painting. He shared a studio with a friend,
Frank Stella, where he worked as an Abstract
Expressionist painter. However, eventually
Meier gave up his passion for painting to
focus on his career as an architect.

6. In 1963, Meier decided to venture out on his

own, and he established his own firm. He
was commissioned on several projects, and
his work on the Smith Houses in Darien,
Conn., earned praise for his design of white
buildings, inspired by the pristine
Modernism of Le Corbusier’s work. During
the 60s, Meier formed a society with a group
of young architects; they called themselves
the “New York Five”, and proposed a return
to the Modernist, rational architecture.
Meier’s design for the Douglas House
attracted even more attention for its
intersecting planes, geometric structuring
and white spaces. During the mid-70s, Meier
established himself as a notable architect
due to his success with a series of
remarkable private residences. Now, he
began to get commissioned for massive
public projects such as the Atheneum in New
Harmony; the Museum of Decorative Arts in
Frankfurt, Germany; the High Museum of Art
in Atlanta; the City Hall and Library in The
Hague, Netherlands; and the Museum of
Contemporary Art in Barcelona, Spain. These
buildings are all renowned for their
methodized geometric structuring, their
curvaceous railings and staircases, the use of
light manipulated to create a glittering effect
and the use of pure white in the interior.In
1985, Meier was commissioned to build and
design the iconic Getty centre in Los Angeles
and for the next 12 years, he devoted his
energies towards this project.

7. Hans Hollein - (30 March 1934 – 24 April 2014) Hans Hollein

was an Austrian architect and designer and key
figure of postmodern architecture. Some of his
most notable works are the Haas House and the
Albertina extension in the inner city of Vienna.
Hollein was born in Vienna, and graduated in
1956 from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna,
where he studied in the master class of Clemens
Holzmeister. During 1959 he attended the
Illinois Institute of Technology and then in 1960,
the University of California, Berkeley, where he
completed his Master of Architecture degree.
During these years he met Mies van der Rohe,
Frank Lloyd Wright and Richard Neutra. In 1963
he exhibited, Architecture, along with Walter
Pichler at Galerie nächst St. Stephan in St 1967–69 : Feigen Gallery, New York
 Stephen Vienna, highlighting their ideas for
utopian architecture. Afterwards, he worked for
various architectural firms in Sweden and the
United States before returning to Vienna,
founding his own office in 1964.

Hollein was a guest professor at Washington

University in St. Louis on two separate
occasions, the first being 1963–64 and the
second in 1966. During this period he was also a
visiting professor at the Yale School of
Architecture. He was a professor at the
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf between 1967 and 1964–65 : Retti candle shop, Vienna, Austria
1976, after which he became a professor at the
University of Applied Arts Vienna. Hollein
worked mainly as an architect but also
established himself as a designer through his
work for the Memphis Group and the Alessi
Company. Additionally, he staged various
exhibitions, including for the Venice Biennale. In
1980 he designed the stage for a production of
Arthur Schnitzler's drama Komödie der
Verführung (Comedy of Seduction) at Vienna's
Burgtheater. In 1985 Hollein was awarded the
Pritzker Prize.

8. Gottfried Böhm - 23 January 1920 – 9 June Gottfried Böhm

2021) was a German architect and sculptor. His
reputation is based on creating highly sculptural
buildings made of concrete, steel, and glass.
After graduating from the Technische
Hochschule, Munich, in 1946, he studied
sculpture at a nearby fine-arts academy.
Gottfried later integrated his clay model making
skills acquired during this time at the academy
into his design process. In the following
decades, Böhm constructed many buildings
around Germany, including museums, civic
centers, office buildings, homes, apartment
buildings and churches.
He is considered to have been both an 1947–50 St. Kolumba, Cologne
expressionist and post-Bauhaus architect, but
he preferred to define himself as an architect
who created "connections" between the past
and the future, between the world of ideas and
the physical world, between a building and its
urban surroundings. In this vein, Böhm always
envisioned the color, form, and materials of a
building in relationship with its setting.

His earlier projects were done mostly in molded

concrete, but more recently he employed more
steel and glass in his buildings due to the
technical advancements in both materials. His
concern for urban planning is evident in many of 1962–69 Bensberg City Hall
his projects, harping back to his emphasis on
"connections".

9. Kenzō Tange - was one of the most significant Kenzō Tange

Japanese architects of 20th century. He was
born on September 4, 1913 in Osaka, Japan.
Tange spent of his childhood in Chinese cities,
Hankow and Shanghai, but was later raised in
Imbari.

In 1930 Tange moved to Hiroshima to get

enrolled at a high school after completing his
middle school. During his stay there, Tange
came across works of Swiss architect, Le Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Hiroshima
Corbusier and made up his mind to purse (1955)
architecture. It took Tange two years to
prepare for entrance test and eventually
 started studying architecture in 1935
at University of Tokyo’s architecture
department. A significant influence of Le
Corbusier could be evidently witnessed in his
works.

After graduation Tange commenced his

career by working at the office of Kunio
Maekawa. During this period he traveled a
little and as the World War II started, he flew
back to Tokyo and started his post graduate
studies at the University of Tokyo. There he
developed interest in urban design and Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the east
started reading extensively about Greek and offices, Takamatsu, Kagawa (1958)
Roman marketplaces.

In 1946 Kenzō Tange secured the position of

assistant professor at the University of Tokyo
and was promoted to the rank of a professor
in 1963 at the Department of Urban
Engineering.  During this time Tange opened
his own Tange Laboratory.

Tange’s interest in urban design grew

throughout his career and his urban projects,
master plans and other urban structures
grabbed a lot of admiration and appreciation.
Tange’s Tokyo Plan won him international
recognition in which he suggested to extend
city growth out of the city over the bay and
for this purpose he used bridges, man-made
islands, floating parking and mega structures.
Some of his significant projects are:

10. Gordon Bunshaft - (May 9, 1909 – August 6, Gordon Bunshaft

1990), was an American architect, a leading
proponent of modern design in the mid-
twentieth century. A partner in the architectural
firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM),
Bunshaft joined in 1937 and remained for more
than 40 years. The long list of his notable
buildings includes Lever House in New York, the
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at
Yale University, the Hirshhorn Museum and
Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., the
National Commercial Bank in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, 140 Broadway (Marine Midland Grace
Trust Co.) and Manufacturers Hanover Trust The Beinecke Rare Book
Branch Bank in New York; the last was the first
post-war "transparent" bank on the East Coast.
Bunshaft was born in Buffalo, New York, to
Russian Jewish immigrant parents, and attended
Lafayette High School.

He received both his undergraduate (1933) and

his master's (1935) degrees from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied
in Europe on a Rotch Traveling Scholarship from
1935 to 1937. Bunshaft was elected to the
National Institute of Arts and Letters and was
the recipient of numerous other honors and
awards. He received the Brunner Prize of the
American Academy and Institute of Arts and
Letters in 1955, and its gold medal in 1984.
He also received the American Institute of
Architects Twenty-five Year Award for Lever the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in
House, in 1980, and the Pritzker Architecture Washington, D.C.
Prize, in 1988. In 1958, he was elected into the
National Academy of Design as an Associate
member, and became a full member in 1959.
From 1963 to 1972, he was a member of the
Commission of Fine Arts in Washington.