VC & FT Worked Out Examples (R 19) (ALL UNITS)

1
VC & FT ( R 19)
UNIT V
SECOND & HIGHER ORDER PDE
& APPLICATIONS
Worked Out Examples

Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Solve Homogoneous PDE :
Example 1 :
Solve 𝑟 − 3𝑠 + 2𝑡 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve − 3 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 2 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3𝑦)
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3𝑦)
Then general solution is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝒛 = 𝒛𝒄 + 𝒛𝒑
Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Given PDE is 𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚)
Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚=1 𝒐𝒓 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )
2
Particular Integral (P.I.) :

1
Particular Integral is 𝑷. 𝑰. = 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚)
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1 (𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
= 2 𝒆
𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫=𝑎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 𝑏

Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=3
𝑫=2 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 3
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
= 2
2 − 3(2)(3) + 2(3)2
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
=
4 − 18 + 18
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
𝒛𝒑 =
4
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) +
4
Therefore
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 4
Is required general solution
Example 2 :
Solve 𝑟 + 4𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve + 4 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 − 5 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 4𝐷𝐷′ − 5𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
3
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 + 4𝐷𝐷′ − 5𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 5 = 0
(𝑚 + 5)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚=1 𝒐𝒓 −5
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 5𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)
𝐷2 + 4𝐷𝐷′ − 5𝐷′
𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒂𝟐 ,
𝑫𝑫′ = −𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = −𝒃𝟐
Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=3
𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −22 = −4 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −2(3) = −6 , 𝑫′ = −32 = −9
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)
=
−4 + 4(−6) − 5(−9)
=
−4 − 24 + 45
𝒛𝒑 =
17
4
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 5𝑥) +
17
Therefore
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 5𝑥 ) + 17
Example 3 :
Solve 𝑟 − 𝑠 − 6𝑡 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve − 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 − 6 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦)
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦)

𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚=3 𝒐𝒓 − 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥)
5

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1 (𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
= 2 𝒆
𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′

Here 𝑎=2 𝑏 = −1
𝑫=2 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = −1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 22 − (2)(−1) − 6(−1)2 = 0
𝟏
=𝒙 𝑭( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )
𝝏 2
[ 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
Since 𝑓(2, −1) = 0
1
= 𝒙 𝒆(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
2𝐷 − 𝐷′
Put 𝑫 = 2 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = −1
𝒆(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
=𝒙
2(2) − (−1)
𝒙 𝒆(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
𝒛𝒑 =
5
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) +
5
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 3𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) +
5

6
Example 4 :
Solve 𝑟 − 4𝑠 + 4𝑡 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve − 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 4 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦)
Given PDE is 𝑟 − 4𝑠 + 4𝑡 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦)

2
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦)

𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 2, 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1 (𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
= 2 𝒆
𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′

Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=1
𝑫=2 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 1
Here 22 − 4(2)(1) + 4(12 ) = 0
𝟏
=𝒙 𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
𝝏 2
[ 𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ ∓ 4𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
Since 𝑓(2, 1) = 0
7
1
= 𝒙 𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
2𝐷 − 4𝐷′
Put 𝑫 = 2 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 1
Here 2(2) − 4(1) = 0
𝟏
=𝒙. 𝒙 𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
𝝏
[ 2𝐷 − 4𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
𝟐
𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
=𝒙
2(1)
𝒙𝟐 𝒆(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
𝒛𝒑 =
2
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝒙𝟐 𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) +
2
Therefore
𝒙𝟐 𝒆(𝟐𝒙+𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) +
2
Example 5 :
Solve 𝑟 + 𝑠 − 6𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve + 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 − 6 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)

8
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = −3 𝒐𝒓 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥)

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′
𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫𝟐 = −𝑎2 ,
𝑫𝑫′ = −𝑎𝑏 , 𝑫′ = −𝑏2
Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=1

𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −22 = −4 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −2(1) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −12 = −1
Here 22 + (−2) − 6(−1) = 0

𝟏
=𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝝏 2
[ 𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
Since 𝑓(2, −1) = 0
OR We can use General Method
1
= 𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
2𝐷 + 𝐷′
9
1 𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
= 𝒙 ( ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
2𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
= 𝒙 2 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
4𝐷2 − 𝐷′
𝟐
Put 𝑫𝟐 = −22 = −4 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −2(1) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −12 = −1
(𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′ ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
4(−4) − (−1)
(𝟐𝑫) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑫′ 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
−16 + 1
𝟐(𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
−15
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑫 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) & 𝑫′ 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒃 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) )
𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
−15
𝟑 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝒙
−15
𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝒙
−5
𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝒛𝒑 =
−5
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) +
−5
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) −
5
10
Example 6 :
Solve 𝑟 + 𝑠 − 6𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve + 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 − 6 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = −3 𝒐𝒓 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥)

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′
11
𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫𝟐 = −𝑎2 ,
𝑫𝑫′ = −𝑎𝑏 , 𝑫′ = −𝑏2
Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=1
𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −22 = −4 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −2(1) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −12 = −1
Here 22 + (−2) − 6(−1) = 0

𝟏
=𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝝏 2
[ 𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
Since 𝑓(2, 1) = 0
1
= 𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
2𝐷 + 𝐷′
1 𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
= 𝒙 ( ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
2𝐷 + 𝐷′ 𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′
= 𝒙 2 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
4𝐷2 − 𝐷′
𝟐
Put 𝑫𝟐 = −22 = −4 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −2(1) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −12 = −1
(𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′ ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
4(−4) − (−1)
(𝟐𝑫) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑫 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

= 𝒙
−16 + 1
𝟐(−𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)) − (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚))

= 𝒙
−15
−𝟒 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝒙
−15
−𝟑 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝒙
−15
𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
= 𝒙
5
𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝒛𝒑 =
5
12
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) +
5
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥) +
5
Example 7 :
𝜕3𝑧 𝜕 3𝑧
Solve −2 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕3𝑧 𝜕3𝑧
Given PDE is −2 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
(𝐷3 − 2 𝐷2 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚3 − 2𝑚2 = 0
𝑚 2 (𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 0 ,0 , 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝟎. 𝑥 ) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝟎. 𝑥 ) + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦) + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )
13
If the Partial differential equation is 𝑓 ( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ )𝑧 = 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚)

1
Then Particular Integral is 𝑷. 𝑰. = 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚)
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 3 2 ′
(𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)
𝐷 −2𝐷 𝐷
1 1
= 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 3 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝐷3 2
−2𝐷 𝐷 ′ 𝐷 − 2 𝐷2 𝐷′
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫 = 𝑎 , 𝑫′ = 𝑏
Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=0
2𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝟐
= + 𝟑 ′ 𝒙 𝒚
23 − 2 (2)(0) 𝐷
𝐷3 (1 − 2 𝐷 )
−𝟏
2𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝑫′
= + 𝟑 3 (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
8−0 𝐷 𝑫
𝟐
2𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝑫′ 𝑫′
= + 𝟑 3 (𝟏 + 𝟐 + (𝟐 ) + ⋯ . ) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
8 𝐷 𝑫 𝑫
𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝑫′ 𝟐 𝑫′ 𝟐
= + 𝟑 3 (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 + (𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)
4 𝐷 𝑫 𝑫
𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝟑 3 (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝑫′ 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝑫′ 𝟐 𝒚)
4 𝐷 𝑫 𝑫
𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝟑 3 (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏)′ + 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟎))
4 𝐷 𝑫 𝑫
( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑫′ 𝒚 = 𝟏 )
𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 𝟏
= + 𝟑 3 (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 )
4 𝐷 𝑫
14
𝒆𝟐𝒙 1 1
= + 𝟑 ( 3 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐 4 𝒙𝟐 )
4 𝐷 𝐷
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟔
= +𝟑 ( 𝒚+𝟐 )
4 5.4.3 6.5.4.3
1 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑥 = )
𝐷𝑛 (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) … … (𝑚 + 1)
= +𝟑 ( 𝒚+𝟐 )
4 60 360
= +𝟑 𝒚+𝟔
4 60 360
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟓 𝒚 𝒙𝟔
𝒛𝒑 = = + +
4 20 60
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦) + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + + +
4 20 60
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦) + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + + +
4 20 60
Example 8 :
Solve 𝑟 + 𝑠 − 6𝑡 = 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve + −6 = 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 or
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝟐
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
Given PDE is
𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
−6
𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
15
2
(𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = −3 𝒐𝒓 2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥)

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷′ − 6𝐷′
1
= 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙
(𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )(𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )
1 1
= . 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙
(𝐷 + 3𝐷 ) (𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )
′
1 1
= . 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙
(𝐷 + 3𝐷 ) (𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )
′
1
= ∫(𝒄 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒚 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 − 𝟐𝒙
16
𝟏
( By General Method 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∫ 𝑭( 𝒙, ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 − 𝒎𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 )
𝒇(𝑫−𝒎𝑫′ )
1
= . ∫(𝒄 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )
1
= . ((𝒄 − 𝟐𝒙) (𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙) − (−𝟐)(−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙))
(𝐷 + 3𝐷 ′ )
1
= . ((𝒄 − 𝟐𝒙) (𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙) − 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
(𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )
But 𝑪 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒚
1
= . (𝒚 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
(𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )
= ∫((𝒄 + 𝟑𝒙)𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Here 𝒚 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 + 𝟑𝒙
𝟏
( By General Method 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∫ 𝑭( 𝒙, ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 − 𝒎𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 )
𝒇(𝑫−𝒎𝑫′ )
= ((𝒄 + 𝟑𝒙) (−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙) − (𝟑)(−𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙) − 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
But 𝑪 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒚
= ((𝒚) (−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙) + 𝟑 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
= −𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒛𝒑 = −𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) − 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) − 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙
is required general solution
17
Example 9 :
Solve 4𝑟 − 4𝑠 + 𝑡 = 16 log(𝑥 + 2𝑦) or
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Solve 4 𝝏𝒙𝟐 − 4 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 16 log(𝑥 + 2𝑦) or
2
Solve (4𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 16 log(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
Given PDE is 4 −4 + = 16 log(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
2
(4𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 16 log(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = 0
(2𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚 − 1) = 0
1 1
𝑚= ,
2 2
1 1
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + x𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥)
2 2

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
4𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′
Here 4(1)2 − 4(1)(2) + (2)2 = 0

18
𝟏
𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏 2
[4 𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
Since 𝑓(1, 2) = 0
1
= 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
4(2𝐷) − 4(1)𝐷′
1
= 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
4(2𝐷 − 𝐷′ )
1
=𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
2𝐷 − 𝐷′
Here 2(1) − 2 = 0
1
= (𝟒 𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏
[2𝐷 − 𝐷′ ]
𝝏𝑫
1
= 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
2
𝒛𝒑 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
2 2
Therefore
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + x 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥) + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
2 2
Example 10 :
2
Solve (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = √𝑥 + 2𝑦
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = √𝑥 + 2𝑦

19
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 1 ,2
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 √𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′
If 𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) and

𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ ) is homogeneous PDE of degree n then
𝟏 𝟏
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝒇( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ ) 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒇( 𝒂,𝒃 ) ∫ ∫ − − − −
∫(𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔) 𝑭( 𝒖 )𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 … … 𝒅𝒖 ( 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠)

1
= ∫ ∫ √𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
12 − 3(1)(2) + 2(22 )
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
𝟑
1 𝒖 ⁄𝟐
= ∫ 𝒅𝒖
1−6+8 𝟑
( 𝟐)
1 𝟐 𝟑
= ( ) ∫ 𝒖 ⁄𝟐 𝒅𝒖
3 𝟑
20
𝟓
2 𝒖 ⁄𝟐
=
9 ( 𝟓)
𝟐
2 𝟐 𝟓
= ( ) 𝒖 ⁄𝟐
9 𝟓
4 𝟓⁄
= 𝒖 𝟐
45
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑢 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
4 𝟓
𝒛𝒑 = (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
45
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
4 𝟓
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
45
Therefore
4 𝟓
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
45
Example 11 :
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 √3𝑥 − 2𝑦
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 √3𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
21
𝑚 = −1 , −1
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1 𝒙−𝒚
= 2 ′ ′ 2 𝒆 √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
𝐷 + 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷
1
= 2
𝒆𝒙−𝒚 √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
(𝐷 + 𝐷′)
1
= 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
(𝑫 + 𝟏 + 𝑫′ − 1)2
𝟏 𝟏
( Since 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚) )
𝒇( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ ) 𝒇( 𝑫+𝒂 ,𝑫′ +𝒃 )
1
= 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
(𝑫 + 𝑫′ )2
If 𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) and

𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ ) is homogeneous PDE of degree n then
𝟏 𝟏
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝒇( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ ) 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒇( 𝒂,𝒃 ) ∫ ∫ − − − −
∫(𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔) 𝑭( 𝒖 )𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 … … 𝒅𝒖 ( 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠)

1
= 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 ∫ ∫ √𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
(3 − 2)2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒖 = 3𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
𝟑
1
𝒙−𝒚
𝒖 ⁄𝟐
=𝒆 ∫ 𝒅𝒖
1 𝟑
( 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟑
= 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 ( ) ∫ 𝒖 ⁄𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝟑
22
𝟓
2 𝒙−𝒚 𝒖 ⁄𝟐
= 𝒆
3 𝟓
( 𝟐)
2 𝟐 𝟓
= 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 ( ) 𝒖 ⁄𝟐
3 𝟓
4 𝒙−𝒚 𝟓⁄
= 𝒆 𝒖 𝟐
15
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
4 𝒙−𝒚 𝟓
𝒛𝒑 = 𝒆 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
15
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
4 𝒙−𝒚 𝟓
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝒆 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
15
Therefore
4 𝒙−𝒚 𝟓
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝒆 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) ⁄𝟐
15
Example 12 :
2
Solve (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2𝑦)
2
Given PDE is (𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2𝑦)

𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 1 ,2
23
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1 𝟐𝒙−𝒚
= 2 ′ ′ 2 𝒆 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝐷 − 3𝐷𝐷 + 2𝐷
1 𝟐𝒙−𝒚
1
= 2 𝒆 + 2 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ 𝐷2 − 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′
2
Here Put 𝐷 = 2 , 𝐷′ = −1 and 𝐷2 = −1 , 𝐷𝐷′ = −2 , 𝐷′ = −4
𝒆𝟐𝒙−𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

= 2 2
+
2 − 3(2)(−1) + 2(−1) −1 − 3(−2) + 2(−4)

= +
4+6+2 −1 + 6 − 8

𝒛𝒑 = −
12 3
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) − −
12 3
Therefore

𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) − −
12 3
Non – Homogeneous PDE :
Example 13 :
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Solve + 2 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒚𝟐 − 2 𝝏𝒙 − 2 𝝏𝒚 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) or
𝝏𝒙𝟐
24
2
Solve (𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
2
Given PDE (𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦) is Non - Homogeneous
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.

2
𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ ) = 𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷 ′
= (𝐷 + 𝐷′ )2 − 2(𝐷 + 𝐷′ )
= (𝐷 + 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 2)
𝑖𝑓 (𝑫 − 𝒎𝑫′ − 𝒄) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝒆 𝒄 𝒙 𝜱(𝒚 + 𝒎𝒙)
For (𝐷 + 𝐷′ ) 𝒎 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒 0 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
For (𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 2) 𝒎 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑒 0 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 2 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝐷2 + 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷 ′ − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷′
𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒂𝟐 ,
25
Here 𝑎=1 𝑏=2

𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −12 = −1 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −1(2) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −22 = −4
1
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−1 + 2(−2) + (−4) − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷′
1
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−9 − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷′
1
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−(2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ + 9)
1 2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 9
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−(2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ + 9) (2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 9)
2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 9
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−((2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ )2 − 92 )
2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 9
= 2 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−(4𝐷 2 + 8𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ − 81)
𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒂𝟐 ,
Here 𝑎=1 𝑏=2

𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −12 = −1 , 𝑫𝑫′ = −1(2) = −2 , 𝑫′ = −22 = −4
2𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 9
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
−(4(−1) + 8(−2) + 4(−4) − 81)
2𝐷𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) + 2𝐷𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙+𝟐𝒚)′ − 9 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

=
−(−4 − 16 − 16 − 81)
2 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) + 2.2𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) − 9 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

=
−(−117)
6 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) − 9 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

=
117
3(2 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) − 3 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚))
=
117
26
2 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) − 3 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

𝒛𝒑 =
39
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
2 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) − 3 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)

𝑧 = 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) +
39
Therefore
2 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙+𝟐𝒚)−3 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙+𝟐𝒚)
𝑧 = 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 39
Example 14 :
Solve (𝐷−𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦)
Give PDE (𝐷−𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)𝑧 = 𝑒 (2𝑥−𝑦) is Non - Homogeneous

𝒇( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ ) = (𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
𝑖𝑓 (𝑫 − 𝒎𝑫′ − 𝒄) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝒆 𝒄 𝒙 𝜱(𝒚 + 𝒎𝒙)
For (𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1) 𝒎 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
For (𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2) 𝒎 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑒 0 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝛷1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )
𝑪. 𝑭 = 𝒛𝒄 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
27

1
𝑓( 𝑫 ,𝑫′ )
1
= 𝒆(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
Here 𝑎=2 𝑏 = −1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = −𝟏
=
(2 − (−1) − 1)(2 − (−1) − 2)
=
2(1)
𝒛𝒑 =
2
𝒛 = 𝑪. 𝑭. +𝑷. 𝑰.
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) +
2
Therefore
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝛷2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) +
2

28
Method of Seperation of Varibales :

Example 15 :
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Using the method of separation of variables, Solve = 2 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑢, where 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Give PDE = 2 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑢, ---------------(1)
𝜕𝑥
Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡) --------------(2)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
then = 𝑋′(𝑥) 𝑇(𝑡) and = 𝑋 (𝑥 ) 𝑇′(𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Then (1) becomes 𝑋 ′ (𝑥 )𝑇(𝑡) = 2 𝑋(𝑥 )𝑇 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑋 (𝑥)𝑇(𝑡)

i.e. 𝑋′ 𝑇 = 2 𝑋 𝑇 ′ + 𝑋 𝑇
𝑋 ′ 𝑇 = 𝑋(2 𝑇 ′ + 𝑇 )
𝑋′ (2 𝑇 ′ + 𝑇 )
=
2𝑋 𝑇
𝑋′ 2𝑇 ′
= + 1 = 𝜆 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
2𝑋 𝑇
By Method of Seperation of Variables
𝑋′ 2𝑇 ′
=𝜆 and +1=𝜆
2𝑋 𝑇
𝑋′ 2𝑇 ′
= 2𝜆 and =𝜆−1
𝑋 𝑇
𝑋′ 𝑇′
∫ 𝑋 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 and 2 ∫ 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(𝜆 − 1) 𝑑𝑡
log 𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑥 + 𝑐 and 2log 𝑇 = (𝜆 − 1) 𝑡 + 𝑐

(𝜆−1) 𝑡+𝑐
log 𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑥 + 𝑐 and log 𝑇 = 2
(𝜆−1) 𝑡+𝑐
𝑋 = 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥+𝑐 and 𝑇=𝑒 2
𝑐 (𝜆−1) 𝑡
𝑋 = 𝑒𝑐. 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 and 𝑇 = 𝑒 2. 𝑒 2
(𝜆−1) 𝑡
𝑋 = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 and 𝑇 = 𝑐2 . 𝑒 2
(𝜆−1) 𝑡
i.e. 𝑋(𝑥) = 𝑐1 . 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 and 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑐2 . 𝑒 2
From (2) the solution is 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡)

(𝜆−1) 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐1 . 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 ) (𝑐2 . 𝑒 2 )
29
(𝜆−1) 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑐1 . 𝑐2 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 . 𝑒 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑐1 . 𝑐2 = 𝐴
(𝜆−1) 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 . 𝑒 2 -----------------------(3)
But given 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥

(𝜆−1)(0)
So 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝐴 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 . 𝑒 2 = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝐴 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 . 𝑒 0 = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝐴 𝑒 𝜆 𝑥 = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥
Therefore 𝐴=6 and 𝜆 = −3 ---------------(4)
From (3) and (4) , the solution is

(−3−1) 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 6 𝑒 −3 𝑥 . 𝑒 2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 6 𝑒 −3 𝑥 . 𝑒 −2 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 6 𝑒 −3 𝑥−2𝑡
Which is required solution
Example 16 :
Using the method of separation of variables, Solve 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑦 = 0
Give PDE 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0, ---------------(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑌(𝑦) --------------(2)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
then = 𝑋′(𝑥) 𝑌(𝑦) and = 𝑋(𝑥 ) 𝑌′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Then (1) becomes 𝑥 2 𝑋 ′ (𝑥 )𝑌(𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑋(𝑥 )𝑌 ′ (𝑦) = 0

i.e. 𝑥 2 𝑋′ 𝑌 + 𝑦 2 𝑋 𝑌′ = 0
𝑥 2 𝑋 ′ 𝑌 = −𝑦 2 𝑋 𝑌 ′
𝑥 2 𝑋′ 𝑦 2 𝑌′
=− = 𝜆 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑋 𝑌
By Method of Seperation of Variables

30
𝑥 2 𝑋′ 𝑦 2 𝑌′
=𝜆 and − =𝜆
𝑋 𝑌
𝑋′ 𝜆 𝑌′ 𝜆
= and =−
𝑋 𝑥2 𝑌 𝑦2
𝑋′ 𝑌′
= 𝜆 𝑥 −2 and = −𝜆 𝑦 −2
𝑋 𝑌
𝑋′ 𝑌′
∫ 𝑋 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜆 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑌 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝜆 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −2+1 𝑦 −2+1
log 𝑥 = 𝜆 +𝑐 and log 𝑌 = −𝜆 +𝑐
−2+1 −2+1
−1 −1
log 𝑥 = 𝜆 +𝑐 and log 𝑌 = −𝜆 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
−𝜆 𝜆
log 𝑥 = +𝑐 and log 𝑌 = +𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
−𝜆 𝜆
+𝑐
𝑋 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐 and Y= 𝑒 𝑦
−𝜆 𝜆
𝑋 = 𝑒𝑐 . 𝑒 𝑥 and Y= 𝑒 𝑐 . 𝑒 𝑦
−𝜆 𝜆
+𝑐
𝑋 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐 and 𝑌 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑦
−𝜆 𝜆
+𝑐
i.e. 𝑋(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐 and Y(𝑦) = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑦
From (2) the solution is 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑌(𝑦)

−𝜆 𝜆
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑐2 . 𝑒 𝑦 )
1 1
−𝜆( − )
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 . 𝑐2 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑐1 . 𝑐2 = 𝐴
1 1
−𝜆( − )
Then 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
1 1
−𝜆( − )
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
Which is required solution
31
One – Dimensional Wave Equation :

Example 17 :
A tightly stretched string with fixed end points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 is initially in a position
3 𝜋𝑥
given by 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . If it is released from rest from this position then find the
𝑙
displacement 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) at any time 𝑡.
One - Dimensional Wave Equation is
𝜕2𝑈 1 𝜕 2𝑈
= 𝐶 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑇
where 𝐶 2 = 𝑚 , T = Tension of the strring
and m = Mass per unit length

Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋 (𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡)
𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕 2𝑈
then = 𝑋"(𝑥) 𝑇(𝑡) and = 𝑋 (𝑥) 𝑇"(𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
By Method of Seperation of Variables ,

The solutions are
(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )( 𝑐 𝑒 𝑝𝑐𝑡 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑐𝑡 )
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑡 )
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑐𝑡 + 𝐷 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑐𝑡 )
But the vibration of the string is periodic, therefore the solution (iii) is required general
solution
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 )( 𝑪 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒄𝒕 + 𝑫 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒄𝒕 ) -------- (1)

𝐄𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 ∶
There is no displacement at the ends of the string
32
𝒙 = 𝟎 ______________________________ 𝒙 = 𝒍
At the Ends : Displacement 𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0 and 𝑈 (𝑙, 𝑡) = 0
If 𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0 then 𝑨=𝟎
If 𝑈 (𝑙, 𝑡) = 0 then 𝒏𝝅
𝒑=
𝒍
Put 𝑨 and 𝑷 values in (1)

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ( 𝑪 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒕 + 𝑫 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒕 )
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
But there are infinitely many points on the string

Therefore , The Most General Solution for all points on the string is
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ (𝑪𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 + 𝑫𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 − − − −(𝟐)
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Given String is released from Rest
𝜕𝑈
So Intial Velocity ( 𝜕𝑡 ) =0 Then 𝐷𝑛 = 0
𝑡=0
From (2) the required general solutions is
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏 − − − − − (𝟑)
𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝜋𝑥
But given string is initially in a position is 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑙
So from (3)
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒄 (𝟎) 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝜋𝑥
𝑼(𝒙, 𝟎) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏 = 𝑦0 𝑆𝑖𝑛3
𝒍 𝒍 𝑙
𝒏=𝟏
33
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝜋𝑥
∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟎) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 = 𝑦0 𝑆𝑖𝑛3
𝒍 𝑙
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝜋𝑥
∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 = 𝑦0 𝑆𝑖𝑛3
𝒍 𝑙
𝒏=𝟏
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 3 𝑆𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙
𝐶1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶3 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦0 ( )
𝑙 𝑙 4
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 3 𝑦0 𝜋𝑥 𝑦0 3𝜋𝑥
𝐶1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶3 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙 4 𝑙 4 𝑙
3 𝑦0 − 𝑦0
We get 𝐶1 = and 𝐶3 =
4 4
Therefore , the displacement 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑡) at any time 𝑡 is
𝟑 𝒚𝟎 𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝝅𝒙 𝒚𝟎 𝟑 𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝟑 𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝟒 𝒍 𝒍 𝟒 𝒍 𝒍
Example 18 :
A tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 . At time t=0 the
string is given a shape defined by 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝜇 𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥) , where 𝜇 is a constant and then
released. Find the displacement of any point 𝑥 of the string at any time 𝑡 > 0.
𝜕2𝑈 1 𝜕 2𝑈
= 𝐶 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑇

Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋 (𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡)
𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕 2𝑈
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
34

The solutions are
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑡 )
solution

𝒙 = 𝟎 ______________________________ 𝒙 = 𝒍
If 𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0 then 𝑨=𝟎
𝒑=
𝒍

𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

∞
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
35
Given String is released from Rest

𝜕𝑈
So Intial Velocity ( 𝜕𝑡 ) =0 Then 𝐷𝑛 = 0
𝑡=0

∞
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏 − − − − − (𝟑)
𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
But given string is initially in a position is 𝐹(𝑥 ) = 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝜇 𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥)
Where
𝑙
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝐶𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝒍
0
𝑙
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ 𝜇 𝑥 (𝑙 − 𝑥 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝒍
0
𝑙
2𝜇 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝒍
0
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝑙

2𝜇 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −𝑆𝑖𝑛 −𝐶𝑜𝑠
= [ (𝑥𝑙 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝒍 − (𝑙 − 2𝑥 ) 𝒍 + (−2) 𝒍 ]
𝑙 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 2 𝒏𝝅 3
𝒍 ( 𝒍 ) ( 𝒍 )
0
4𝜇 𝑙 2
𝐶𝑛 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛3 𝜋 3
Put 𝐶𝑛 value in (3)
∞
4𝜇 𝑙 2 1 𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 3
∑ 3 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝜋 𝑛 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏

36
Example 19 :
A tightly stretched string with fixed end points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 .is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is vibrating by giving to each of its points a velocity λ𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥). Find
the displacement of any distance 𝑥 from one end at any time 𝑡.
𝜕2𝑈 1 𝜕 2𝑈
= 𝐶 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑇
Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋 (𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡)
𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕 2𝑈
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2

The solutions are
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑡 )
solution

𝒙 = 𝟎 ______________________________ 𝒙 = 𝒍
37
If 𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0 then 𝑨=𝟎
𝒑=
𝒍

𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

∞
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Given String is initially at rest
So Intial position 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0 Then 𝐶𝑛 = 0

∞
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝑫𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 − − − − − (𝟑)
𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝜕𝑈
But given string has initial velocity is ( 𝜕𝑡 ) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜆 𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥)
𝑡=0
Where
𝑙
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝐷𝑛 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝒍
0
𝑙
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ 𝜆 𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝒍
0
38
𝑙
2𝜆 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝒍
0
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝑙

2𝜆 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −𝑆𝑖𝑛 −𝐶𝑜𝑠
= [ (𝑥𝑙 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝒍 − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) 𝒍 + (−2) 𝒍 ]
𝑛𝜋𝑐 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 2 𝒏𝝅 3
𝒍 ( 𝒍 ) ( 𝒍 )
0
4𝜆 𝑙 3
𝐷= [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑐 𝑛4 𝜋 4
∞
4𝜆 𝑙 3 1 𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 4
∑ 4 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝑐𝜋 𝑛 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
or
∞
8𝜆 𝑙 3 1 𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒕 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝑐 𝜋4 𝑛4 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓,,…..
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] = { )
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
39
One – Dimensional Heat Equation :

Example 20 :
An insulated rod of length 𝑙 has its ends A and B maintained at 00 𝐶 and 1000 𝐶 until steady
state condition prevail. If B is suddenly reduced to 00 𝐶 and maintained at 00 𝐶 . Find the
temperature at a distancs 𝑥 from A at time 𝑡.
One - Dimensional Heat Equation Is
𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝟏 𝝏𝑼
𝟐
= 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝑪 𝝏𝒕
where Diffusivity 𝐶 2 =
𝑘
𝑠𝜌
A=𝟎𝟎 𝒄 B=𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄
𝑘 = Thermal conductivity
𝑠 = Specific Heat and 𝜌 = Density
𝒙=𝒍
Given Temperature at end A is 𝑇1 = 00𝐶

Temperature at end B is 𝑇2 = 1000𝐶
And Length of the rod AB is 𝑙
Steady State Condition :
Temperature 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) is independent of time 𝑡
𝝏𝟐 𝑼
i.e. =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝑇2 −𝑇1
We get 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑇1
𝑙
100 − 0
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+0
𝑙
100
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 --------(1)
𝑙
40
Put 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑇(𝑡) in One – Dimensional Heat equation

𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕𝑈
Then = 𝑋"(𝑥) . 𝑇(𝑡) and = 𝑋(𝑥 ). 𝑇′(𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
By Method of Seperation of Variables , the solution

2 𝑐2 𝑡
(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 𝑝
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝑡
2 𝑐2 𝑡
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑝
But the transfer of heat through a conductor is periodic
Ttherefore the solution (iii) is required general solution
𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒕
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 )𝒆−𝒑 − − − (2)
Given end B is suddenly reduced to 00 𝐶 and maintained at 00𝐶

So Ends are maintained at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪 :
A=𝟎𝟎 𝒄 B=𝟎𝟎 𝒄
At end A 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑈 (0, 𝑡) = 0 → 𝐴=0
𝑛𝜋
At end B 𝑥=𝑙 then 𝑈(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0 → 𝑝=
𝑙
The Most General Solution is
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑐 2 𝑡
𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝒍𝟐 − − − (3)
𝑙
𝑛=1
Where
41
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐵𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 100 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
200 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙2 𝑙
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝑙
200 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −𝑆𝑖𝑛
= 2 [ (𝑥 ) 𝒍 − (1) 𝒍 ]
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 2
𝑙 𝒍 ( 𝒍 )
0
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍)
200 −𝐶𝑜𝑠
= 2 [ (𝑙 ) 𝒍 − 0]
𝒏𝝅
𝑙 𝒍
200 𝑙
= ()
2 [ 𝑙 (𝑛𝜋 ) (− cos 𝑛𝜋) ]
𝑙
2
200 𝑙
= 2
[ ( ) (−(−1)𝑛 ) ]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋
−200
𝐵𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1
𝑛𝜋
Put 𝐵𝑛 value in (3)
Therefore , the temperature 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑡) att a distance 𝑥 from A at any time 𝑡 is
∞ 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒕
−200 1 𝒏𝝅𝒙 − 𝟐
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ (−1)𝑛+1 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒆 𝒍
𝜋 𝑛 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏

42
Example 21 :
A bar 100 cm long with insulated sides has its ends kept at 00 𝐶 and 1000 𝐶 until steady
state condition prevail. The two ends are then suddenly insulated and kept so. Find the
temperature distribution at time 𝑡.
𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝟏 𝝏𝑼
𝟐
= 𝟐
𝑘
𝑠𝜌
A=𝟎𝟎 𝒄 B=𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄
𝒙=𝒍

And Length of the rod AB is 𝑙 = 100 𝑐𝑚
𝝏𝟐 𝑼
i.e. =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝑇2 −𝑇1
We get 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑇1
𝑙
100 − 0
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+0
100
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 --------(1)

43
𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡

2 𝑐2 𝑡
(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 𝑝
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝑡
2 𝑐2 𝑡
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑝
𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒕
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 )𝒆−𝒑 − − − (2)
Given ends are suddenly insulated

Ends are suddenly insulated : ( Temp doesn’t change at ends )
A B
𝜕𝑈
At end A 𝑥 = 0 (
𝜕𝑡
) =0 → 𝐵=0
𝑥=0
𝜕𝑈 𝑛𝜋
At end A 𝑥 = 𝑙 (
𝜕𝑡
) =0 → 𝑝=
𝑙
𝑥=𝑙

∞
𝐴0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑐 2 𝑡
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ∑ 𝐴𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝒍𝟐 − − − (3)
2 𝑙
𝑛=1
2 𝑙
Where 𝐴0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
2 𝑙
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
44
𝑙
2 𝑥2
= [ ]
𝑙 𝟐 0
2 𝑙2 − 0
= [ ]
𝑙 𝟐
𝐴0 = 𝑙
But 𝑙 = 100
So 𝐴0 = 100
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐴𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝒍 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝒍
= [ (𝑥 ) 𝒏𝝅 − (1) ]
𝑙 𝒏𝝅 2
𝒍 ( )
𝒍 0
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍)
𝐶𝑜𝑠
2
= [0+ 𝒍 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 ]
𝑙 𝒏𝝅 2
( 𝒍 )
2𝑙 2
= [ ( ) (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) ]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋
2 𝑙2
= ( ) [ (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) ]
𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2𝑙
= [ (−1)𝑛 − 1 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2
But 𝑙 = 100
2(100)
= [ (−1)𝑛 − 1 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2
45
So
200
𝐴𝑛 = 2 2
[ (−1)𝑛 − 1 ]
𝑛 𝜋
Put 𝐴0 , 𝐴𝑛 values and 𝑙 = 100 in (3)
∞ 𝑛2𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
100 200 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝟐
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = + ∑ 2 2 [ (−1)𝑛 − 1 ] 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒
2 𝑛 𝜋 100
𝑛=1
∞
200 1 𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝑛𝜋𝑐)2 𝑡
= 50 + 2 ∑ 2 [ (−1) − 1 ] 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 100
𝜋 𝑛 100
𝑛=1
∞
200 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝑛𝜋𝑐)2 𝑡
= 50 + 2 ∑ [−2 ] 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 100
𝜋 𝑛2 100
𝑛=1,3,5,……
−2 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [ (−1)𝑛 − 1] = { )
∞
200 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝑛𝜋𝑐)2 𝑡
= 50 + 2 (−2 ) ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 100
𝜋 𝑛2 100
𝑛=1,3,5,……
∞
400 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝑛𝜋𝑐)2 𝑡
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 50 − 2 ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 100
𝜋 𝑛2 100
𝑛=1,3,5,……
is required the temperature 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) att a distance 𝑥 from A at any time 𝑡

46
Example 22 :
The ends A and B of rod 20 cm lomg have the temperature at 300 𝐶 and 800 𝐶 until
steady state condition prevail. If the temperature of the ends are changed to 400 𝐶 and 600 𝐶
respectively. Find the temperature distribution in the rod at any time 𝑡.
𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝟏 𝝏𝑼
𝟐
= 𝟐
𝑘
𝑠𝜌
A=𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒄 B=𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒄
𝒙=𝒍

And Length of the rod AB is 𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝝏𝟐 𝑼
i.e. =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝑇2 −𝑇1
We get 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑇1
𝑙
80 − 30
𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 30
20
5
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 30 --------(1)
2

𝜕2 𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
47

2 2
(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 𝑝 𝑐 𝑡
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝑡
2 2
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑝 𝑐 𝑡
𝟐 𝟐
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 )𝒆−𝒑 𝒄 𝒕 − − − (2)
Given temperature at ends are changed

Temperature at end A is 𝑇3 = 400𝐶
Temp changes at both ends :
𝟎 𝟎
𝟑𝟎 𝒄 𝟖𝟎 𝒄
A{ 𝟎
B{ 𝟎
𝟒𝟎 𝒄 𝟔𝟎 𝒄
𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑇4 −𝑇3
𝑈1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑇1 and 𝑈2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑇3
𝑙 𝑙
80−30 60−40
𝑈1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 30 and 𝑈2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 40
20 20
5
𝑈1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 30 and 𝑈2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 40
2
Then 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑈1 (𝑥) − 𝑈2 (𝑥)

5
= 𝑥 + 30 − 𝑥 − 40
2
3
So 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 10
2
𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0 → 𝐴=0
𝑛𝜋
𝑈 (𝑙, 𝑡) = 0 → 𝑝=
𝑙

48
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙 − 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒕
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑼𝟐 (𝒙) + ∑ 𝑩𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒆 𝒍𝟐 − − − −(3)
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Where
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐵𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐵𝑛 = ∫0 ( 𝑥 − 10) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2 𝑙
2 3 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 −𝑆𝑖𝑛
= [ ( 𝑥 − 10) 𝒍 − ( ) 𝒍 ]
𝑙 2 𝒏𝝅 2 𝒏𝝅 2
𝒍 ( 𝒍 )
0
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍) 𝒏𝝅 (𝟎)
200 3 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 −𝐶𝑜𝑠
= [ ( 𝑙 − 10) 𝒍 − ( (0) − 10) 𝒍 ]
2 2 𝒏𝝅 2 𝒏𝝅
𝑙 𝒍 𝒍
2 3 𝑙 𝑙
= [( 𝑙 − 10) ( ) (− cos 𝑛𝜋) + 10 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0]
𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2 𝑙 3
= ( ) [ ( 𝑙 − 10) (−(−1)𝑛 ) + 10 ]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 2
2 3
𝐵𝑛 = [ ( 𝑙 − 10) ((−1)𝑛+1) + 10 ]
𝑛𝜋 2
But 𝑙 = 20 𝑐𝑚
2 3
𝐵𝑛 = [ ( .20 − 10) ((−1)𝑛+1) + 10 ]
𝑛𝜋 2
2
= [ 20((−1)𝑛+1 ) + 10 ]
𝑛𝜋
20
𝐵𝑛 = [ 1 + 2((−1)𝑛+1 ) ]
𝑛𝜋

49
∞ 𝑛2𝜋2 𝑐2 𝑡
20 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (20)2
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑥 + 40 + ∑ [ 1 + 2((−1)𝑛+1 ) ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑛𝜋 20
𝑛=1
∞
120 𝑛+1
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 𝑛2 𝜋2𝑐2 𝑡
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑥 + 40 + ∑ [ 1 + 2((−1) ) ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 400
𝜋 𝑛 20
𝑛=1
Two– Dimensional Heat Equation ( or ) Laplace Equation :

Example 23 :
An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at right angle
to them. The breadth is 𝜋 : this end is maintained at a temperature 𝑢0 at all points and other
edges are at zero temperature. Determine the temperature at any point of the plate in steady state.
Two - Dimensional Heat Equation is
𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
𝟐
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Put 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥 ) . 𝑌(𝑦) in Laplace equation

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
Then = 𝑋"(𝑥 ) . 𝑌(𝑦) and = 𝑋(𝑥 ) . 𝑌"(𝑦)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑦 )
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑦 )
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝑒 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑦 )
Given temperature is zero at 𝒚 = ∞ then (iii) is the required solution
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝑒 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑦 ) -------(1)
50
𝑈(𝑥, ∞) = 0 , 𝑈 (𝜋, 𝑦) = 0 , 𝑈(0, 𝑦) = 0 and 𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑢0

u=0
If 𝑈(𝑥, ∞) = 0 → 𝐶=0
If 𝑈 (0, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝐴=0 u=0 u=0

𝑛𝜋
If 𝑈(𝜋, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝑝= =𝑛
𝜋
𝑈 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑢0 X
From (1) The Most General Solution is
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 𝑩𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙 𝒆−𝒏𝒚 − − − −(2)

𝒏=𝟏
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Where 𝐵𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑢0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑢0 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛 0
2 𝑢0 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋+𝐶𝑜𝑠 0
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛
2 𝑢0 −(−1)𝑛 +1
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛
51
2 𝑢0
𝐵𝑛 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋

∞
2 𝑢0
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛𝑦
𝑛𝜋
𝑛=1
∞
2 𝑢0 1
= ∑ [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛𝑦
𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
2 𝑢0 1
= ∑ [2] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛𝑦
𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,….
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [ 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] = { )
∞
4 𝑢0 1
= ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛𝑦
𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,….
∞
4 𝑢0 1
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 −𝑛𝑦
𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,…..
is required solution
Example 24 :
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Solve the Laplace equation 𝟐
+ =0, subject to the conditions
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝑢(∞, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑙) = 0 and 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 𝑦0

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
𝟐
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐
52
Put 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥 ) . 𝑌(𝑦) in Laplace equation

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

(i) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑦 )
(ii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑦 )
(iii) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝑒 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑦 )
Given temperature is zero at 𝒙 = ∞ then (i) is the required solution
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑦 ) -------(1)
Given 𝑢(∞, 𝑦) = 0 , 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 0 , 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0 and 𝑢 (0, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦0
Y
u=0 If 𝑢(∞, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝐴=0
g(y) u=0 If 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0 → 𝐶=0
𝑛𝜋
and if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑙) = 0 → 𝑝=
𝑙
u=0 X
From (1) The Most General Solution is
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 𝑫𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒆 𝒍 − − − −(2)
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑦
Where 𝐷𝑛 = ∫0 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝐷𝑛 = ∫0 𝑦0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦
𝑙 𝑙
53
2𝑦0 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑦
= ∫0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑦 𝑙
2𝑦0 −𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑙
= [ 𝑛𝜋 ]
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0
2𝑦0 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋+𝐶𝑜𝑠 0

= [ 𝑛𝜋 ]
𝑙 ( )
𝑙
2𝑦0 𝑙
= ( ) [−(−1)𝑛 + 1]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋
2 𝑦0
𝐷𝑛 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋
Put 𝐷𝑛 value in (2)

∞
2 𝑦0 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑙
𝑛𝜋 𝑙
𝑛=1
∞
2 𝑦0 1 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∑ [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑙
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1
∞
= ∑ [2] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑙
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,….
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [ 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] = { )
∞
= ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑙
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,….
∞
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑙
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,….
54
Example 25 :
The function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the Laplace equation. In rectangular coordinates

(𝑥, 𝑦) and for points within the rectangle 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏 it satisfies
the conditions 𝑢 (0, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑏) = 0 and 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥), 0<𝑥<𝑎

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
𝟐
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Put 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥 ) . 𝑌(𝑦) in Laplace equation

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

(i) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑦 )
(ii) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 )( 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑦 )
(iii) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝑒 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑦 )
Given 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 0 , 𝑢(𝑎, 𝑦) = 0 , 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑏) = 0 and 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥)
i.e. Finite plate So (iii) is the required solution
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 )( 𝐶 𝑒 𝑝𝑦 + 𝐷 𝑒 −𝑝𝑦 ) -------(1)
u=0
Y
Temperature u=0 u=0
𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) X
55
𝑈(0, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝐴=0
𝑛𝜋
𝑈(𝑎, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝑝=
𝑎
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑏) = 0 → 𝐶𝑒 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑎 𝑏 = 0
Therefore ,
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝑎 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉
𝑎
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Where 𝑪𝒏 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑎 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
2 𝑎 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎

2 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠
2) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= [(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑛𝜋 − (𝑎 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑛𝜋 2
+ (−2) 𝑛𝜋 3
]
𝑎 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 0
2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋−𝐶𝑜𝑠 0
= [0 − 0 − 2 𝑛𝜋 3
]
𝑎 ( )
𝑎
2 𝑎 3
= ( ) (−2) [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑎 𝑛𝜋
4 𝑎2
𝐶𝑛 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛3 𝜋 3
56
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
4 𝑎2 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ 3 3 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
4 𝑎2 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 3 ∑ 3 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
= 3 ∑ [2] 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 3 𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,…. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [ 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] = { )
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
= 3 ∑ 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,…. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎
∞ 𝑛𝜋(𝑏 − 𝑦)
𝑼(𝒙, 𝒚) = 3 ∑ 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛𝜋𝑏 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,…. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎
57
VC & FT ( R 19)
UNIT IV
FIRST ORDER PDE
Worked Out Examples

Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants :
Example 1 :
Find the partial differential equation by eliminate arbitrary constants a,b from
𝑥2 𝑦2
2𝑧 = 2 + 2
𝑎 𝑏
Given
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐𝒛 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 − − − − − (𝟏)
𝒂 𝒃
Differentiate partially w.r.t 𝒙
𝝏𝒛 2𝑥
2 = 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒂
𝝏𝒛 𝑥
= 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒂
𝑥
𝒑=
𝒂𝟐
𝑥
𝒂𝟐 = − − − −(𝟐)
𝑝
Differentiate Equation (1) partially w.r.t 𝒚

𝝏𝒛 2𝑦
2 = 𝟐
𝝏𝒚 𝒃
58
𝝏𝒛 𝑦
= 𝟐
𝝏𝒚 𝒃
𝑦
𝒒=
𝒃𝟐
𝑦
𝒃𝟐 = − − − −(𝟑)
𝒒
Put (2) and (3) in given equation (1)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚
( ) ( )
𝒑 𝒒
Example 2 :
Find the partial differential equation by eliminate arbitrary constants a,b from
𝑏(𝑦 − 1)
𝑧 = 𝑎 log ( )
(1 − 𝑥)
Given
𝒃(𝑦 − 1)
𝒛 = 𝒂 log ( ) − − − − − (𝟏)
(1 − 𝑥)
𝒛 = 𝒂 [log(𝒃(𝑦 − 1)) − log(1 − 𝑥)]

𝝏𝒛 −1
= 𝒂 [0 − ]
𝝏𝒙 (1 − 𝑥)
𝒂
𝒑=
(1 − 𝑥)
𝒂 = 𝒑 (𝟏 − 𝒙) − − − −(𝟐)

59
𝝏𝒛 𝒃
= 𝒂[ − 0]
𝝏𝒚 𝒃(𝑦 − 1)
𝒂
𝒒=
(𝑦 − 1)
𝒂 = 𝒒 (𝒚 − 𝟏) − − − −(𝟑)
From (2) and (3) we get 𝒑 (𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝒒 (𝒚 − 𝟏)
𝒑 − 𝒑𝒙 = 𝒒𝒚 − 𝒒
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 = 𝒑 + 𝒒
Which is required PDE
Example 3 :
Find the partial differential equation of all spheres of fixed radius having
their centres in the XY plane.
The equation of all spheres of fixed radius having their centres in the XY
plane is
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 − − − − − (𝟏)
Where 𝒂 , 𝒃 are arbitrary constants

𝝏𝒛
2(𝒙 − 𝒂) + 𝟐𝒛. = 0
𝝏𝒙
2(𝒙 − 𝒂) + 𝟐𝒛. 𝒑 = 0
(𝒙 − 𝒂) = −𝒛 𝒑 − − − −(𝟐)

𝝏𝒛
2(𝒚 − 𝒃) + 𝟐𝒛. = 0
𝝏𝒚
60
2(𝒚 − 𝒃) + 𝟐𝒛. 𝒒 = 0
(𝒚 − 𝒃) = −𝒛 𝒒 − − − −(𝟑)
Put (2) and (3) in given equation (1)
(−𝒛 𝒑 )𝟐 + (−𝒛 𝒒 )𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒛𝟐 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒛𝟐 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝒓𝟐
Elimination of Arbitrary Functions :
Note : (i) If there is only one function 𝑓 in the equation
then we evaluate 𝒑, 𝒒, only
(ii) If there are two functions (𝑓1, 𝑓2 ) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑓, 𝑔) in the equation
then we evaluate 𝒑, 𝒒, 𝒓, 𝒔, 𝒕 also
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
( = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
Example 4 :
Find the partial differential equation by eliminate arbitrary function from
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝒇(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − − − −(𝟏)

𝝏𝒛
1+. = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) (2𝑥)
𝝏𝒙
1 + 𝒑 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) (2𝑥)
61
1+𝒑
𝒇′ ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = − − − −(𝟐)
2𝑥
𝝏𝒛
1+. = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) (−2𝑦)
𝝏𝒚
1 + 𝒒 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) (−2𝑦)
1+𝒒
𝒇′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = − − − −(𝟑)
−2𝑦
From (2) and (3) we get

1+𝒑 1+𝒒
=
2𝑥 −2𝑦
(1 + 𝒑)(−𝒚) = (1 + 𝒒)𝒙
−𝑦 − 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥
𝒒𝒙 + 𝒑𝒚 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Note : 𝝓(𝒖, 𝒗) = 𝟎 can be written as 𝒖 = 𝒇 ( 𝒗) or 𝒗 = 𝒇( 𝒖)
Example 5 : Find the partial differential equation by eliminate arbitrary

function from 𝜙(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0
Given 𝜙 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑓( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2)

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
1+ = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ( 2𝑥 + 2𝑧. )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
1 + 𝒑 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) (2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝒑)
62
1+𝒑
𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = − − − −(𝟐)
2(𝑥 + 𝑧𝒑)

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
1+. = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) ( 2𝑦 + 2𝑧. )
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
1 + 𝒒 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) (2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝒒)
1+𝒒
𝒇′ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = − − − −(𝟑)
2(𝑦 + 𝑧𝒒)
From (2) and (3) we get

1+𝒑 1+𝒒
=
2(𝑥 + 𝑧𝒑) 2(𝑦 + 𝑧𝒒)
1+𝒑 1+𝒒
=
(𝑥 + 𝑧𝒑) (𝑦 + 𝑧𝒒)
(1 + 𝒑)(𝑦 + 𝑧𝒒) = (1 + 𝒒)(𝑥 + 𝑧𝒑)
𝒚 + 𝒛𝒒 + 𝒑𝒚 + 𝒛𝒑𝒒 = 𝒙 + 𝒛𝒑 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒛𝒑𝒒
𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒛) + 𝒒(𝒛 − 𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒚

63
Note : If there are two functions (𝑓1, 𝑓2 ) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑓, 𝑔) in the equation
then we evaluate 𝒑, 𝒒, 𝒓, 𝒔, 𝒕 also
Example 6 :
𝑧 = 𝑓1(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + 𝑓2 (4𝑥 − 5𝑦)
or
𝑧 = 𝑓 (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + 𝑔(4𝑥 − 5𝑦)
Given 𝑧 = 𝑓 (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + 𝑔(4𝑥 − 5𝑦) ---------(1)

𝝏𝒛
= 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) ( 2.1 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) ( 4.1 )
𝝏𝒙
𝑝 = 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) (2 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) ( 4 ) -------(2)

𝝏𝒛
= 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) ( 3.1 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (−5.1 )
𝝏𝒚
𝑞 = 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) (3 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (−5 ) -------(3)
Differentiate partially equation (2) w.r.t 𝒙

𝝏𝒑
= 2𝒇′′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) ( 2.1 ) + 𝟒𝒈′′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) ( 4.1 )
𝝏𝒙
𝑟 = 𝒇′′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) (4 ) + 𝒈′′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) ( 16 ) -------(4)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = =𝒓)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒑
= 2𝒇′′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) ( 3.1 ) + (4)𝒈′′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (−5.1 )
𝝏𝒚
𝑠 = 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) (6 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (−20 ) -------(5)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = =𝒔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒒
= 3𝒇′′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) ( 3.1 ) + (−5)𝒈′′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (−5.1 )
𝝏𝒚
𝑡 = 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) (9 ) + 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦) (25 ) -------(6)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
64
From (4) , (5) and (6) eliminate 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) and 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦)
By matrix method
𝑟 4 16
|𝑠 6 −20| = 0
𝑡 9 25
𝑟 [6(25) − 9(−20)] − 𝑠[4(25) − 9(16)] + 𝑡 [4(−20) − 6(16)] = 0
𝑟[150 + 180] − 𝑠[100 − 144] + 𝑡 [−80 − 96] = 0
𝑟[330] − 𝑠[−44] + 𝑡 [−176] = 0
165 𝑟 + 22 𝑠 − 88 𝑡 = 0
or
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
165 2 + 22 − 88 2 = 𝟎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
165 2 + 22 − 88 2 = 𝟎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Example 7 :

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡)
Given 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) ---------(1)

𝝏𝒛
= 𝒇′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 1 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) ( 1 )
𝝏𝒙
𝑝 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) + 𝒈′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) -------(2)
65
Differentiate Equation (1) partially w.r.t 𝒕

𝝏𝒛
= 𝒇′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−𝑖 )
𝝏𝒕
𝑞 = 𝒇′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−𝑖 ) -------(3)

𝝏𝒑
= 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 1 ) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) ( 1 )
𝝏𝒙
𝑟 = 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) -------(4)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = =𝒓)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒑
= 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 ) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−𝑖 )
𝝏𝒕
𝑠 = 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 ) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−𝑖) -------(5)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = =𝒔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒑
= (𝑖 ) 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 ) + (−𝑖 )𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−𝑖 )
𝝏𝒚
𝑠 = 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) ( 𝑖 2 ) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (𝑖 2 )
𝑠 = 𝒇′′ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡) (−1) + 𝒈′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (−1) -------(6)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝝏𝒕
From (4) , (5) and (6) eliminate 𝒇′ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) and 𝒈′ (4𝑥 − 5𝑦)
By matrix method
𝑟 1 1
|𝑠 𝑖 −𝑖 | = 0
𝑡 −1 −1
𝑟[−1(𝑖) − (−1)(−𝑖)] − 𝑠[1(−1) − 1(−1)] + 𝑡 [−𝑖(1) − 1(𝑖)] = 0
𝑟[−𝑖 − 𝑖] − 𝑠[−1 + 1] + 𝑡[−𝑖 − 𝑖] = 0
𝑟[−2𝑖] − 𝑠[0] + 𝑡 [−2𝑖] = 0

66
−2𝑖 𝑟 + 0 − 2𝑖 𝑡 = 0
−2𝑖 (𝑟 + 𝑡) = 0
𝑟+𝑡 =0
or
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
+ =𝟎
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑡 2 𝝏𝒕
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
+ =𝟎
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
Example 8 :
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
Given 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ---------(1)

𝝏𝒛
= 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑥𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑎. 1 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑎. 1 )
𝝏𝒙
𝑝 = 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑥𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑎 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑎 )
𝑝 = 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎 [ 𝑥𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ] -------(2)

𝝏𝒛
= 𝑥 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑏. 1 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑏. 1 )
𝝏𝒚
67
𝑞 = 𝑥 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑏 ) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ( 𝑏 )
𝑞 = 𝑏 [ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ]

𝑞
= [ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝒈′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) ] -------(3)
𝑏
𝑞
From (2) and (3) 𝑝 = 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎 ( )
𝑏
𝑎
𝑝 = 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + ( ) 𝑞 ---------(4)
𝑏

𝝏𝒑 𝑎 𝝏𝒒
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑎. 1) +
𝝏𝒙 𝑏 𝝏𝒙
𝑎
r= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) (𝑎. 1) + 𝑠
𝑏
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
𝑎
r− 𝑠 = 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑎)
𝑏
𝑏𝐫−𝑎 𝑠
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑎)
𝑏
𝑏𝐫−𝑎 𝑠
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) --------------(5)
𝑎𝑏
Differentiate partially equation (4) w.r.t 𝒚

𝝏𝒑 𝑎 𝝏𝒒
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑏. 1) +
𝝏𝒚 𝑏 𝝏𝒚
𝑎
𝒔 = 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑏. 1) + 𝑡
𝑏
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
𝑎
s− 𝑡 = 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) (𝑏)
𝑏
𝑏 𝐬−𝑎 𝑡
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) (𝑏)
𝑏
68
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
𝑏(𝑏)
= 𝒇′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) --------------(6)
𝑏2
𝑏 𝐬−𝑎 𝑡 𝑏𝐫−𝑎 𝑠
From (5) and (6) =
𝑏2 𝑎𝑏
𝑏𝐬−𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝐫 − 𝑎 𝑠
=
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎(𝑏 𝐬 − 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑏(𝑏 𝐫 − 𝑎 𝑠)
𝑎𝑏 𝑺 − 𝑎2 𝒕 = 𝑏2 𝒓 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑺
𝑏 2 𝒓 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑺 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑺 + 𝑎2 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑏2 𝒓 − 𝟐𝑎𝑏 𝑺 + 𝑎2 𝒕 = 𝟎
2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝑧
𝑏 − 𝟐𝑎𝑏 +𝑎 =𝟎
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝜕2 𝑧 𝝏𝒑 𝝏𝒒 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝝏𝒒
(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝒓 , = = = 𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒕)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦 2 𝝏𝒚
2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝑧
𝑏 − 𝟐𝑎𝑏 +𝑎 =𝟎
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

69
Solve Lagrange’s Linear PDE :

Example 1 :
Solve 𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
Given PDE is 𝒑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝒒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
This is in the form of Lagrange’s Linear PDE
𝑃𝒑 + 𝑄𝒒 = 𝑅
Where 𝑷, 𝑸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑹 are functions of 𝒙, 𝒚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒛

Here 𝑷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑸 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑹 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
Then Subsidiary Equations or Auxillary Equations are
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
= =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − − − −(1)
So 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + log 𝒄𝟏
log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = log 𝒄𝟏

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥
log ( ) = log 𝒄𝟏
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 𝒄𝟏
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦
70
Similarly from (1)
𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑧 + log 𝒄𝟐
log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − log 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = log 𝒄𝟐

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦
log ( ) = log 𝒄𝟐
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑧
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦
= 𝒄𝟐
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑧
The general Solution is 𝝓(𝒄𝟏 , 𝒄𝟐 ) = 𝟎
Therefore
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝝓( , )=𝟎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑧
Is the required solution
Example 2 :
Solve 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Given PDE is
𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝒑 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝒒 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Here 𝑷 = 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑸 = 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑹 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
71

= =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
= = − − − − − (𝟏)
𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛) 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙) 𝒛(𝒙 − 𝒚)
Here 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛) + 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙) + 𝒛(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟎
So
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
0
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∫(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) = 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝒄𝟏
(1) can be written as

𝒅𝒚
(𝒅𝒙⁄𝒙) ( ⁄𝒚) (𝒅𝒛⁄𝒛)
= =
(𝒚 − 𝒛) (𝒛 − 𝒙) (𝒙 − 𝒚)
Here (𝑦 − 𝑧) + (𝑧 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0
So
𝒅𝒚
(𝒅𝒙⁄𝒙) + ( ⁄𝒚) + (𝒅𝒛⁄𝒛)
0
𝑑𝑦⁄
i.e. (𝑑𝑥⁄𝑥 ) + ( 𝑑𝑧
𝑦) + ( ⁄𝑧) = 0
∫( + + )=𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 +log 𝑧 = log 𝒄𝟐

72
log(𝑥𝑦𝑧) = log 𝒄𝟐
𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝒄𝟐
Therefore
𝝓(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 0
Example 3 : Solve 𝑝 √𝑥 + 𝑞 √𝑦 = √𝑧
Given PDE is 𝒑 √𝑥 + 𝒒√𝑦 = √𝑧

Here 𝑷 = √𝑥 𝑸 = √𝑦 𝑹 = √𝑧
= =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
= = − − − − − (𝟏)
√𝑥 √𝑦 √𝑧
So
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
√𝑥 √𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ =∫
√𝑥 √𝑦
2√𝑥 = 2√𝑦 + 𝑐
73
2(√𝑥 − √𝑦 ) = 𝑐
𝑐
√𝑥 − √𝑦 =
2
√𝑥 − √𝑦 = 𝒄𝟏
Similarly from (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
√𝑦 √𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∫ =∫
√𝑦 √𝑧
2√𝑦 = 2√𝑧 + 𝑐
2(√𝑦 − √𝑧 ) = 𝑐
𝑐
√𝑦 − √𝑧 =
2
√𝑦 − √𝑧 = 𝒄𝟐
Therefore
𝝓(√𝑥 − √𝑦 , √𝑦 − √𝑧) = 𝟎
Example 4 : Solve (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)

Given PDE is (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝒑 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝒒 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)

74

Here
𝑷 = (𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑸 = (𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑹 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)
= =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
= = − − − − − (𝟏)
(𝒚 − 𝒛) (𝒛 − 𝒙) (𝒙 − 𝒚)
Here (𝒚 − 𝒛) + (𝒛 − 𝒙) + (𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟎
So
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
0
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∫(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) = 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝒄𝟏
(1) can be written as
𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝒛 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛) 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙) 𝒛(𝒙 − 𝒚)
Here 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛) + 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙) + 𝒛(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟎
So
75
𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝒚 𝑑𝑦 + 𝒛 𝑑𝑧
0
i.e. 𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝒚 𝑑𝑦 + 𝒛 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∫(𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝒚 𝑑𝑦 + 𝒛 𝑑𝑧) = 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
+ + =𝑐
2 2 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2 𝑐
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2 𝑐
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝒄𝟐
Therefore
𝝓(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) = 0
Solve Non Linear PDE (Standard Forms) :
Example 5 : Solve 𝑝 𝑞 = 1
Given PDE is 𝑝𝑞=1
This is in Standard Form - I i.e. 𝒇(𝒑, 𝒒) = 𝟎
Let 𝒁 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 be the solution -------------- (1)

Put 𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏 in given PDE
1
So 𝑎𝑏 = 1 then 𝑏=
𝑎
Put 𝑏 value in (1)

Therefore
76
𝟏
𝒁 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒚+𝒄
𝒂
Which is the required solution
Example 5 : Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑧 2
Given PDE is 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑧 2
This is in Standard Form - II i.e. 𝒇(𝒛, 𝒑, 𝒒) = 𝟎
Let 𝑍 = 𝑓(𝑢) be the solution

Wher 𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑎𝑦
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛
Put 𝒑 = and 𝒒=𝒂 in given PDE
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒛 2 𝒅𝒛 2
( ) + (𝑎 ) = 𝑧2
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
( ) + 𝑎 ( ) = 𝑧2
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2
( ) (1 + 𝑎2 ) = 𝑧 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧2
( ) =
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧2
= √
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
=
𝑑𝑢 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
By Variable Seperable
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑧 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
Integrating on both sides

77
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ =∫
𝑧 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑢
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
But 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 in the solution

𝑥+𝑎𝑦
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
Therefore
𝑥+𝑎𝑦
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
Example 6 : Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑚2
Given PDE is 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑚2
This is in Standard Form - I i.e. 𝒇(𝒑, 𝒒) = 𝟎
Let 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 be the solution -------------- (1)

So
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑚 2
𝑏 2 = 𝑚 2 − 𝑎2
𝑏 = √𝑚2 − 𝑎2
Find 𝑏 value in (1)
Therefore
𝒁 = 𝒂𝒙 + √𝒎𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄
78

Example 7 : Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Given PDE is 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑞2
This is in Standard Form - III i.e. 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒑) = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚, 𝒒)
Let 𝑓1(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝑓2 (𝑦, 𝑞) = 𝑎 ( 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 )

𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑞2 = 𝒂
𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 − 𝑞2 = 𝑎
𝑝2 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑞2 = 𝑦 − 𝑎
𝑝 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑞 = √𝑦 − 𝑎
Put 𝑝 and 𝑞 values in 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒒 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒛 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 + √𝑦 − 𝑎 𝒅𝒚
∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ √𝑦 − 𝑎 𝒅𝒚
1⁄ 1⁄
𝒛 = ∫ (𝑎 + 𝑥 ) 2 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝑦 − 𝑎) 2 𝒅𝒚
3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑥 ) ⁄2 (𝑦 − 𝑎) ⁄2
𝒛= + +𝑐
3 3
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 3
𝒛 = (𝑎 + 𝑥 ) ⁄2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎) ⁄2 + 𝑐
3 3
Is required solution
Example 8 : Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + √1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞2
Given PDE is 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + √1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞2
This is in Standard Form - IV i.e. 𝒁 = 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 + 𝒇(𝒑, 𝒒)

79

: 𝒁 = 𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒚 + 𝒇(𝒂, 𝒃) is the solution
Therefore
𝑍 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + √1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
is the required solution
Reduced to STANDARD Forms :

Example 9 :
Solve 𝑝2 𝑥 2 + 𝑞2 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
Given 𝑝2 𝑥 2 + 𝑞2 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
(𝑝𝑥)2 + (𝑞𝑦)2 = 𝑧 2 − − − −(𝟏)
This equation is in the form of 𝒇(𝒙𝒎 𝒑 , 𝒚𝒏 𝒒 , 𝒁) = 𝟎
Here 𝑚=1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛=1
Then
Put 𝑿 = log 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀 = log 𝑦
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
We know that 𝑝= and 𝑞=
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
P= and 𝑸=
𝝏𝑿 𝝏𝒀
So 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑸
Then the equation (1) becomes
(𝑷)2 + (𝑸)2 = 𝑧 2

Wher 𝑢 =𝑿+𝒂𝒀
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
80
( ) + (𝑎 ) = 𝑧2
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
( ) + 𝑎 ( ) = 𝑧2
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2
( ) (1 + 𝑎2 ) = 𝑧 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧2
( ) =
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧2
= √
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
=
𝑑𝑢 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑧 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
Integrating on both sides

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ =∫
𝑧 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑢
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
But 𝑢 = 𝑿 + 𝒂 𝒀
𝑿+𝒂𝒀
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
But 𝑿 = log 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀 = log 𝑦

Therefore
81
log 𝑥 + 𝒂 log 𝑦
log 𝑧 =
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
+𝑐
Example 10 : Solve 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Given PDE is 𝑧 2 (𝑝 2 + 𝑞2) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑧 2𝑝2 + 𝑧 2 𝑞2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑧𝑝)2 + (𝑧𝑞)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑧𝑝)2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − (𝑧𝑞)2 − − − −(𝟏)
This equation is in the form of 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑝) = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑞 )
Then
Put 𝒁 = 𝑧 1+𝑚 = 𝑧 1+ = 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
We know that 𝑝= and 𝑞= ( Here small z )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
P= and 𝑸= ( Here capital Z )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
1 1
So 𝑧𝑚𝑝 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑧 𝑚𝑞 = 𝑸
(1+𝑚) (1+𝑚)
1 1
𝑧𝑝 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑧𝑞 = 𝑸
(1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1
𝑧𝑝 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑧𝑞 = 𝑸
2 2
(𝑧𝑝)2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − (𝑧𝑞)2
𝑷 2 2 2
𝑸 2
( ) − 𝑥 = 𝑦 −( )
2 2
82
𝑷2 2 2
𝑸2
− 𝑥 = 𝑦 −
4 4
This is in Standard Form - III i.e. 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒑) = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚, 𝒒)
Let 𝑓1(𝑥, 𝑝) = 𝑓2 (𝑦, 𝑞) = 𝑎

𝑷2 2 2
𝑸2
− 𝑥 = 𝑦 − = 𝑎2
4 4
𝑷2 𝑸2
− 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑦2 − = 𝑎2
4 4
𝑷2 𝑸2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2
4 4
𝑷2 = 4 ( 𝑎 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑸2 = 4( 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 )
𝑷 = √4( 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) Q= √4( 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 )
𝑷 = 2√ 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 Q= 2√ 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2
Put 𝑷 and 𝑸 values in 𝒅𝒛 = 𝑷 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑸 𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒛 = 2√ 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝒅𝒙 + 2√ 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝒅𝒚
∫ 𝒅𝒛 = 2 ∫ √ 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝒅𝒙 + 2 ∫ √ 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝒅𝒚
𝑥 𝑎2 −1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑦
2 2
𝒁 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 + 2 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ ( ) + √ 𝑦 − 𝑎 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝒄
2 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎
But 𝒁 = 𝑧2
Therefore
2
𝑥 𝑎2 −1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑦
2 2
𝑧 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 + 2 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ ( ) + √ 𝑦 − 𝑎 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝒄
2 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎
Which Is required solution

Example 11 : Solve 𝑝2 𝑥 4 + 𝑞2 𝑦 4 = 𝑧 2
Given PDE is 𝑝2 𝑥 4 + 𝑞2 𝑦 4 = 𝑧 2
83
(𝑝 𝑥 2)2 + (𝑞 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑧 2 − − − −(𝟏)
This equation is in the form of 𝒇(𝒙𝒎 𝒑 , 𝒚𝒏 𝒒 , 𝒁) = 𝟎
Here 𝑚=2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛=2
Then
Put 𝑿 = 𝑥 1−𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀 = 𝑦1−𝑛
𝑿 = 𝑥 1−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀 = 𝑦1−2
1 1
𝑿= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀=
𝑥 𝑦
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
We know that 𝑝= and 𝑞=
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
P= and 𝑸=
𝝏𝑿 𝝏𝒀
So 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝 = (1 − 𝑚)𝑷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑸

𝑥 2 𝑝 = (1 − 2)𝑷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2𝑞 = (1 − 2)𝑸
𝑥 2 𝑝 = −𝑷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2𝑞 = −𝑸
(−𝑷)2 + (−𝑸)2 = 𝑧 2
𝑷2 + 𝑸2 = 𝑧 2

Wher 𝑢 =𝑿+𝒂𝒀
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
( ) + (𝑎 ) = 𝑧2
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
( ) + 𝑎 ( ) = 𝑧2
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2
( ) (1 + 𝑎2 ) = 𝑧 2
𝑑𝑢
84
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧2
( ) =
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧2
= √
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
=
𝑑𝑢 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ =∫
𝑧 √(1 + 𝑎2 )
𝑢
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
1 1
But 𝑢 = 𝑿 + 𝒂 𝒀 , 𝑿= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒀=
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
So 𝑢 = +𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
+𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )
Therefore
1 1
+𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
log 𝑧 = +𝑐
√(1 + 𝑎2 )

85
CHARPIT’s Method :
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
86
Example 3 :
87
VC & FT ( R 19)
UNIT III
FOURIER SERIES & FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Worked Out Examples

Examples 1 :
1. Find the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 in the interval [𝟎, 3]

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
And hence prove that 𝟐
− 𝟐
+ 𝟐
− 𝟐
± − − −−=
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 and interval [𝟎, 2l] = [𝟎, 3]
2l=3 So 𝒍 = 𝟑⁄𝟐
Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) is given by

∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟑⁄ 𝟑⁄
𝒏=𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) − − − −(𝟏)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
Now
𝟐𝒍
𝟏
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍
𝟎
88
𝟑
𝟏
= ∫( 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
( ⁄𝟐 )
𝟎
𝟑
𝟐
= ∫( 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟎
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟑
= [ 𝒙 − ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝟑
= ⌈ 𝟑 − ⌉
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
= ⌈𝟎⌉
𝟑
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒍
𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
(𝟑⁄𝟐 ) 𝟑⁄
𝟐
𝟎
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝟎
89
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( ) −𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )
= (
[ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐) 𝟑 (
− 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 ) 𝟑
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( ) ( )
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( )
+ (−𝟐) 𝟑 ]
𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
( )
𝟑 𝟎
𝟑
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟐 −𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )
= [ 𝟎 − (𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑 + 𝟎]
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( )
𝟑 𝟎
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎)
𝟑
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟐 −𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )
= [ 𝟎 − (𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑 + 𝟎]
𝟑 𝟒 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
( )
𝟗 𝟎
𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 (𝟑)
= ⌈ ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) (𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟑))𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) − (𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟎)) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟎)⌉
𝟑 𝟒𝒏 𝝅 𝟑
𝟐 𝟗
= ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) ⌈ (−𝟒)𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐 𝒏 𝝅) − 𝟐⌉
𝟑 𝟒𝒏 𝝅
𝟐 𝟗
= ( ) ⌈ (−𝟒). 𝟏 − 𝟐⌉ (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎)
𝟑 𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝟐 𝟗
= ( ) ⌈ −𝟔⌉
𝟑 𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
−𝟗
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
90
And
𝟐𝒍
𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
(𝟑⁄𝟐 ) 𝟑⁄
𝟐
𝟎
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝟎
𝟐 −𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) −𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( )
= (
[ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐) 𝟑 (
− 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 ) 𝟑
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( ) ( )
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
−(−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ))
+ (−𝟐) 𝟑 ]
𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
( )
𝟑 𝟎
𝟑
𝟐 −𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )
= [(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟑 + 𝟎 + (−𝟐) 𝟑 ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
( ) ( )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎)
𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= [ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )) + (−𝟐) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )]
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟑 𝟖 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 (𝟑) 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 (𝟑)
= ⌈ (𝟐(𝟑) − 𝟑𝟐 ) (−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ))− ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟑 𝟒 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑 𝟑
− 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎)⌉
91
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
= ⌈ (−𝟑) (−𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐 𝒏𝝅 ) ) − ( 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐 𝒏𝝅 ) − 𝟏)⌉
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟒 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
= ⌈ (−𝟑) (−𝟏 ) − ( 𝟏 − 𝟏)⌉
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟒 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
= ⌈ (−𝟑) (−𝟏 ) − ( 𝟎)⌉
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟒 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
= ⌈ (−𝟑) (−𝟏 ) − 𝟎⌉
𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅
𝟑
𝒃𝒏 =
𝒏𝝅
−𝟗 𝟑
Put 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒏 = values in (1)
𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝝅
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟎 −𝟗 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= + ∑ ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )+ ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 𝟑 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
∞
−𝟗 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟑 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
Which is required Fourier Series for given f(x)
We have
∞
−𝟗 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟑 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟑 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
92
Put 𝒙 = 𝟑⁄𝟐 then
𝟐 𝒏 𝝅( 𝟑⁄ ) 𝟑
𝟐 ) + ( 𝟑 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐 𝒏 𝝅( ⁄𝟐 ))
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟗
𝟐( 𝟐 ) − ( 𝟐 ) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 ( 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒏𝝅 𝟑
∞
𝟗 −𝟗 𝟑
𝟑 − = ∑ ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏 𝝅) + ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏 𝝅)
𝟒 𝒏 𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟑 −𝟗 𝟑
= ∑ ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) (−𝟏)𝒏 + ( ) (𝟎)
𝟒 𝒏 𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟑 −𝟗 𝟏
= 𝟐 ∑ ( 𝟐 ) (−𝟏)𝒏
𝟒 𝝅 𝒏𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟑 −𝝅𝟐 𝟏
( ) = ∑ ( 𝟐 ) (−𝟏)𝒏
𝟒 𝟗 𝒏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝒏
− 𝝅𝟐
∑( ) (−𝟏) =
𝒏=𝟏
𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝝅𝟐
+ + + −−−−=
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
− + − ± − − −−=
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Examples 2 :
Find the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 in the interval [−𝒍, 𝒍]
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 is Even Function

93

∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − − − − − (𝟏)
𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Where
𝒍
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍
𝟎
𝒍
𝟐
= ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒍
𝟎
𝒍
𝟐 𝒙𝟑
= [ ]
𝒍 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐 (𝒍)𝟑 − (𝟎)𝟑
= ( )
𝒍 𝟑
𝟐 𝒍𝟑
= ( )
𝒍 𝟑
𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒂𝟎 =
𝟑
𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝒍
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒍 ) −𝒄𝒐𝒔 (
𝒍
) −𝒔𝒊𝒏 (
𝒍
)
= [𝒙 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟐𝒙. 𝟐
+ 𝟐. 𝟑
]
𝒍 ( ) 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒍 ( ) ( )
𝒍 𝒍 𝟎
94
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏(𝝅) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏(𝟎)

= [𝟎 + 𝟐 𝒍 − 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟎] (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎)
𝒍 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( ) ( )
𝒍 𝒍
𝟐 𝒍𝟐
= [𝟐𝒍 (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟎] (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 )
𝒍 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝟐 𝒍𝟐
= [𝟐𝒍 (−𝟏)𝒏 ]
𝒍 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝟒 𝒍𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
Put 𝒂𝟎 and 𝒂𝒏 values in (1)

∞
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝟒 𝒍𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ( )+∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒍𝟐 𝟒 𝒍𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙
𝟑 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
Which is required Fourier Series for given 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Examples 3 : Find Half Range Fourier Sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 in 0<x<2
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 and 𝒍=𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 [𝟎 . 𝒍] = [𝟎, 𝟐 ]
Fourier Sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) is given by

95
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Where
𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) −𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
= [𝒙. 𝒏𝝅 − ]
( ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝟐 ( )
𝟐 𝟎
−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏(𝝅)
=[𝟐 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟎] (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎)
( )
𝟐
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 )
−𝟐
= [𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 ]
𝒏𝝅
−𝟒
= (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒏𝝅
−𝟒
𝒃𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒏𝝅
Put 𝒃𝒏 values in (1)

∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
96
∞
−𝟒 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
Discontinuous Functions :
Example for Evaluate Integral
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝟎<𝑥<1
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟏<𝑥<2
𝟏+𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟐<𝑥<3
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅 𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
= ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
Note :
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏𝝅 ( )
𝐒𝐢𝐧 ( ) = { (−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒅𝒅
𝟐 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒏
𝒏𝝅 ( )
) = {(−𝟏) 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝟐
𝐂𝐨𝐬 (
𝟐 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒅𝒅
Examples 4 :
97
Obtain a Half Range Cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) =

𝒌𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍⁄𝟐
{
𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒊𝒇 𝒍⁄ ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
And deduce that + − +−−−−∞
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝒌𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍⁄𝟐
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒊𝒇 𝒍⁄ ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍
𝟐
and interval [𝟎, l] = [𝟎, l]
So 𝒍= 𝒍

∞
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − − − −(𝟏)
𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
Where
𝒍
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍
𝟎
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐
= {∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐
= {∫ 𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐𝒌
= {∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
98
𝒍⁄ 𝒍
𝟐𝒌 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= { [ ] + [𝒍𝒙− ] }
𝒍 𝟐 𝟎
𝟐 𝒍⁄
𝟐
𝟐𝒌 (𝒍⁄𝟐)𝟐 (𝒍)𝟐 (𝒍⁄𝟐)𝟐
= { [ − 𝟎] + [ (𝒍 (𝒍) − 𝒍
) − (𝒍 ( ⁄𝟐) − ) ] }
𝒍 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 (𝒍 ⁄𝟒) 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 (𝒍 ⁄𝟒)
= { [ − 𝟎] + [ ( ) − ( − ) ] }
𝒍 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
= { [ ] + [ − + ] }
𝒍 𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
= { [ + ] }
𝒍 𝟖 𝟖
𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒍
= { }
𝒍 𝟖
𝒌 𝒍
=
𝟐
𝒌 𝒍
𝒂𝟎 =
𝟐
𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= {∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= {∫ 𝒌𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
99
𝒍⁄
𝟐 𝒍
𝟐𝒌 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= {∫ 𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙}
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 𝒍⁄
𝟐
𝒍⁄
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) −𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝒍 𝒍
= [𝒙 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟏. ]
𝒍 ( ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒍 ( )
𝒍 𝟎
{
𝒍
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) −𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝒍 𝒍
+ [(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒏𝝅 − (𝟎 − 𝟏). 𝟐 +]
( ) 𝒏𝝅
𝒍 ( )
𝒍 𝒍⁄
𝟐 }
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍⁄𝟐) 𝒏𝝅 (𝒍⁄𝟐)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝒍 𝒍
𝟐𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎
= (𝒍⁄𝟐) 𝒏𝝅 + − (𝟎 + )
𝒍 ( 𝒍 ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( 𝒍 ) ( 𝒍 )
{[ ]
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍) 𝒏𝝅 (𝒍)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (
𝒍 𝒍 )
+ (𝒍 − 𝒍 ) 𝒏𝝅 −
( 𝒍 ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( 𝒍 )
( )
[
𝒏𝝅 (𝒍⁄𝟐) 𝒏𝝅 (𝒍⁄𝟐)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝒍 𝒍
− (𝒍 − 𝒍⁄𝟐) 𝒏𝝅 −
( 𝒍 ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
( 𝒍 )
( )] }
100
𝟐𝒌 𝒍 𝒍 𝒏𝝅 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒍𝟐
= { [( ) ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) + ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )− ( 𝟐 𝟐)]
𝒍 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝝅
𝒍𝟐
+ [(𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝝅))
𝒏 𝝅
𝒍 𝒍 𝒏𝝅 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
− (( ) ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ))] }
𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒍𝟐
= {( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) + ( 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )− ( 𝟐 𝟐)
𝒍 𝟐𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝝅
𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
− 𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝝅) − ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝒏 𝝅 𝟐𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
+ 𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) }
𝒏 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
= {( − ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝒍 𝟐𝒏𝝅 𝟐𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
+ 𝟐 𝟐 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝝅)) }
𝒏 𝝅 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
= { 𝟎 + 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝝅)) }
𝒍 𝒏 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝟐 𝒏𝝅
= { 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 ) }
𝒍 𝒏 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐𝒌𝒍 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝟐 { 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 }
𝒏 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐𝒌𝒍 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = { 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 }
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
101
Put 𝒂𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏 values in (1)

∞
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝒌 𝒍 )
( ∞
𝟐 𝟐𝒌𝒍 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ ( 𝟐 𝟐 { 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 }) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒌 𝒍 𝟐𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝒏 })
𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ ( { 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − ( −𝟏 ) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝒍
If 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗, − − − − − 𝑶𝒅𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓
𝒏𝝅
Then 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟐
[ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅𝟐 ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏) = 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ]
And If 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐, , − − − − −(𝟒 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆)

𝒏𝝅
Then 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟐
[ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝝅) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝟒 = 𝟐(𝟏) − 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ]
If 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟎, , − − − − −
𝒏𝝅
Then 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 = −𝟒
𝟐
[ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅) − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐(−𝟏) − 𝟏 − 𝟏 = −𝟒 ]

So the required Fourier Cosine Series is
𝒌 𝒍 𝟐 𝒌 𝒍 −𝟒 𝟐 𝝅𝒙 −𝟒 𝟔 𝝅𝒙 −𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟐 ( 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + − − −)
𝟒 𝝅 𝟐 𝒍 𝟔 𝒍 𝟏𝟎 𝒍
𝒌 𝒍 𝟐(−𝟒)𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟔 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ( 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + − − −)
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒍 𝟔𝟐 𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒍
102
𝒌 𝒍 𝟖 𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟔 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = − ( 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + − − −) 2
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟔 𝒍 𝟏𝟎 𝒍
Which is required Fourier Cosine Series
Putting 𝒙=𝒍 ,
𝒌𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍⁄𝟐
Given 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) 𝒊𝒇 𝒍⁄ ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍
𝟐
For 𝒙 = 𝒍 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒍) = 𝟎
From Equation 2
We get
𝒌 𝒍 𝟖𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒍 𝟏 𝟔𝝅𝒍 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝝅 𝒍
𝟎= − 𝟐
( 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ( ) + − − −)
𝟒 𝝅 𝟐 𝒍 𝟔 𝒍 𝟏𝟎 𝒍
−𝒌 𝒍 𝟖𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=− 𝟐
( 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟐 𝝅 ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟔 𝝅 ) + 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎 𝝅 ) + − − −)
𝟒 𝝅 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟎
𝒌 𝒍 𝟖𝒌𝒍 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( ( 𝟏 ) + ( 𝟏 ) + (𝟏) + − − −)
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝒌 𝒍 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( ) = ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + − − −)
𝟒 𝟖𝒌𝒍 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
+ + + − − −=
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
+ + + −−− =
(𝟐. 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐. 𝟑)𝟐 (𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
( + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + − − −) =
𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑𝟐
103
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
( + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + − − −) =
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
+ + + − − − = 𝟒 .
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 + + + − − − =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟖
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note : 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
(i) 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝒏 𝝅 = 𝟎
(ii) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏
(iii) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒏 𝝅 = 𝟏
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏𝝅 ( −𝟏 ) (
𝟐
)
𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒅𝒅
𝐒𝐢𝐧 ( )={
𝟐 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒏
𝒏𝝅 ( )
) = {(−𝟏) 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝟐
𝐂𝐨𝐬 (
𝟐 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒅𝒅
𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑩 = 𝟐 { 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝑨 − 𝑩)}
𝟏
𝑪𝒐𝑺 𝑨 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑩 = { 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 − 𝑩)}
𝟐
𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨 . 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩 = 𝟐 { 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩)}
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 = (𝒂 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙)
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒃 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐
∞
𝒃
∫ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 =
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟎
∞
𝒂
∫ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 =
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟎
𝒂 𝒂
: (𝒊) ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
104
𝒂
(𝒊𝒊) ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1 𝑖𝑓 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
Example 1 : Express 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥>𝜋
as a Fourier Sine Integral and hence evaluate

∞
1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝜆)
∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 𝜆) 𝑑𝜆
𝜆
0
We Know that Fourier Sine Integral is
∞ ∞
2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝝀
𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
∞ 𝝅 ∞
2
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 (∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ) 𝒅𝝀
𝜋
𝟎 𝟎 𝝅
∞ 𝝅 ∞
2
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 (∫ 𝟏. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟎. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ) 𝒅𝝀
𝜋
𝟎 𝟎 𝝅
∞ 𝝅
2
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 (∫ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ) 𝒅𝝀
𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
∞
𝝅
2 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝝀 𝒕
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 [ ] 𝒅𝝀
𝜋 𝝀 𝟎
𝟎
105
∞
2 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
𝜋 𝝀
𝟎
Therefore Fourier Sine Integral of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is

∞
𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅)
𝑓 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀
𝟎
So
∞
𝜋 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
2 𝝀
𝟎
∞
𝝅 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅)
{ = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
𝟐 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝜋 𝝀
𝟎
𝝅 ∞
𝒊𝒇 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅)
{ 𝟐 = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝜋 𝝀
𝟎
∞ 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅) 𝒊𝒇 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀 = { 𝟐
𝝀 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝜋
𝟎
At 𝒙=𝝅 which is a point of discontinuity ,
𝒇(𝝅 + 𝟎) + 𝒇(𝝅 − 𝟎)
=
𝟐
𝜋
(2 ) + 𝟎
=
𝟐
𝝅
=
𝟒
Therefore
106
∞
𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 𝝅) 𝝅
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝝀 =
𝝀 𝟒
𝟎
1 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥 | < 1
Example 2 : Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥| > 1
and hence evaluate

∞
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜆
0
Fourier Transform of function 𝑓(𝑥 ) is
𝐹(𝑝) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥

−∞
−𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥

−∞ −𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= ∫ 𝟎. 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝟏. 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝟎. 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥

−∞ −𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝟏. 𝒆𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝑑𝑥
−𝟏
𝟏
𝑒 𝑖𝑝𝑥
= [ ]
𝑖𝑝 −𝟏
𝑒 𝑖𝑝(1) − 𝑒 𝑖𝑝(−1)
=
𝑖𝑝
𝑒 𝑖𝑝 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑝
=
𝑖𝑝
107
𝟐 𝒊 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑
= ( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒆𝒊 𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝒊 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 )
𝒊𝒑
Therefore
𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑
𝑭(𝒑) =
𝒑
Ii ) By Inverse Fourier Transform of 𝐹 (𝑝) is
∞
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝑭(𝒑) 𝒆−𝒊𝒑𝒙 𝒅𝒑
𝟐𝝅
−∞
∞
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 | 𝒙| < 1 1 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑 −𝑖𝑝𝑥
{ = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑝
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 |𝒙| > 1 2𝜋 𝒑
−∞
Putting 𝒙=𝟎 we get

∞
1 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑 −𝑖𝑝 (0)
1= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑝
2𝜋 𝒑
−∞
∞
2𝜋 = ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑝
𝒑
−∞
∞
2𝜋 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑝
𝒑
𝟎
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑
[ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ]
𝒑
∞
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑
2𝜋 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝑑𝑝
𝒑
𝟎
∞
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑 𝟐𝝅 𝝅
∫ 𝑑𝑝 = =
𝒑 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎
108
Therefore
∞
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝝅
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒙 𝟐
𝟎
Example 3 :
Find the Fourier Sine and Cosine transform of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
(i) Fourier Sine Transform 𝑓(𝑥 ) is
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟎
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟎
𝑝
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = 𝑎 2 +𝑝2
∞
𝒃
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∫ 𝒆− 𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = )
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟎
(ii) Fourier Cosine Transform 𝑓(𝑥 ) is

∞
𝐹𝑐 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟎
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟎
𝑎
𝐹𝑐 (𝑝) = 𝑎2 +𝑝2
∞
𝒂
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∫ 𝒆− 𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = )
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟎
109
Example 4 :
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
Find the Fourier Sine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
(i) Fourier Sine Transform 𝑓(𝑥 ) is

𝟎
∞
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟎
Differentiate with respect to p on both sides

∞
𝑑 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = ∫ ( 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑥
𝟎
∞
𝑑
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
𝟎
𝑑 𝑎
𝐹 (𝑝 ) = 𝑎2+𝑝2
𝑑𝑝 𝑠
Integrating with respect to p on both sides
𝑎
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑑𝑝
𝑎2 + 𝑝2
𝑝
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎
If 𝒑 = 𝟎 then 𝑭𝒔 (𝟎) = 𝟎 So 𝒄=𝟎
Therefore
𝑝
𝐹𝑠 (𝑝) = tan−1 (𝑎)
110
Example 5 :
−𝑑 𝑑
(a) Show that 𝐹𝑠 [𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝐹𝑐 (𝑝) and 𝐹𝑐 [𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝑑𝑝 𝐹𝑠 (𝑝)
𝑑𝑝
(b) Find the Fourier Sine and Cosine transform of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
Fourier Sine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is

∞

𝟎

∞
𝑑
𝐹 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) (𝒙 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑠
𝟎
∞
𝑑
∫ [ 𝒙. 𝒇(𝒙) ] 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑝 )
𝑑𝑝 𝑠
𝟎
Therefore 𝑑
𝐹𝐶 [𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝐹 ( 𝑝)
𝑑𝑝 𝑆
Fourier Cosine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is

∞
𝐹𝐶 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟎

∞
𝑑
𝐹 (𝑝) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) (−𝒙 . 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝐶
𝟎
∞
−𝑑
∫ [ 𝒙. 𝒇(𝒙) ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑝 )
𝑑𝑝 𝐶
𝟎
Therefore
−𝑑
𝐹𝑆 [𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝐹 ( 𝑝)
𝑑𝑝 𝐶
111
−𝑑
(i) We know that 𝐹𝑠 (𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝐹𝑐 (𝑝)
𝑑𝑝
−𝑑
𝐹𝑠 (𝒙 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )) = 𝐹 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
𝑑𝑝 𝑐
−𝑑 𝑎
=
𝑑𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝2
2
𝑎
( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑐 (𝑝) = 𝐹𝑐 ( 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )) = )
𝑎 2 +𝑝2
𝑎(−2𝑝)
=−
(𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2
2𝑎𝑝
𝐹𝑠 (𝒙 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )) =
(𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2
(i) We know that
𝑑
𝐹𝐶 (𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝐹 ( 𝑝)
𝑑𝑝 𝑆
𝑑
𝐹𝐶 (𝒙 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )) = 𝐹 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
𝑑𝑝 𝑆
𝑑 𝑝
=
𝑑𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝2
2
𝑝
( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑆 (𝑝) = 𝐹𝑆 ( 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 +𝑝2 )
1. (𝑎2 + 𝑝2 ) − 𝑝. (2𝑝)
=
(𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2
𝑎2 + 𝑝2 − 2 𝑝2 𝑎2 − 𝑝2
= = =
(𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2 (𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2
Therefore
𝑎2 − 𝑝2
𝐹𝐶 (𝒙 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )) =
(𝑎2 + 𝑝2 )2
112
Finite Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms :

Example 6 :
Find the Fourier Sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , 0<x<2
(i) Finite Fourier Sine Transform of 𝑓(𝑥 ) for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is defined as
𝒍
𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝐹𝑠 (𝑛) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒍
𝟎
Given 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍=𝟐

𝟐
𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒙 𝐒𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 ) −𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐 )
= [𝒙. 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟏. ]
(𝟐) 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
(𝟐)
𝟎
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐
−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 )
= [𝒙. 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟎]
(𝟐)
𝟎
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 )
𝒏𝝅 𝟐
−𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 )
=𝟐. 𝒏𝝅 − 𝟎
(𝟐)
𝟐
= −𝟐 . ( ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅
𝒏𝝅
𝑊𝑒 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
Therefore
−𝟒
𝑭𝒔 (𝒏) = (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒏𝝅
113
Example 7 :
𝟏−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅
If the Fourier Sine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is , 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 Then find 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
Given Finite Fourier Sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is

1−𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝑭𝒔 (𝒏) = , 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅 So 𝒍=𝝅
𝑛 2 𝜋2
Invewrse Finite Fourier Sine Transform of 𝐹𝑠 (𝑛) is

∞
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙) = ∑ 𝐹𝑠 (𝑛) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟐 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 𝒏𝝅𝒙
= ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝝅 𝑛2𝜋 2 𝝅
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore
∞
𝟐 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝟑 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙
𝝅 𝑛2
𝒏=𝟏
114
VC & FT
UNIT 2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
Laplace Transform :
Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) , for positive integral value of 𝑡 is

∞
𝐿 {𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑓 ̅(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES :
1. Find (a) 𝑳{ 𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭 }

𝒅
𝑳{ 𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭 } = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑳{ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭 }
𝒅𝒏
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝐋{𝒕𝒏 𝐟 (𝐭)} = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒅𝒔𝒏 𝐟(𝐬) )
𝒅 𝒂
=−
𝒅𝒔 𝑺 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟐
𝒂 ( −𝟐 𝑺 )
= −
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝑺
𝑳{ 𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭 } =
(𝒔𝟐+ 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
2. Find Laplace Transform of the following

𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒕 𝒆−𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
(𝒂) 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐭 (b) ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐭
𝒕 𝒕
𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
L{ 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 }
𝒕
𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
= [𝐋 { ∫ 𝒅𝒕 } ]
𝒕
𝟎 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
115
( Since First Shifting Theorem )
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
= [ 𝐋{ }]
𝒔 𝒕 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
∞
𝟏
= [ ∫ 𝐋 { 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐭 } 𝐝𝐬 ]
𝒔
𝐬 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏)
𝒕 𝐅(𝐬)
( Since L{ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕) dt } = )
𝒔
∞
𝟏 𝟏
=[ ∫ 𝟐 𝐝𝐬 ]
𝒔 𝑺 + 𝟏𝟐
𝐬 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏)
𝟏
= [ 𝒔 (𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺)∞
𝑺 ]
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏
= [ ( 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ∞ − 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺 ) ]
𝒔 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏 𝝅
= [ 𝒔 ( 𝟐 − 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺 )]
𝟏
= [ 𝒔 𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝑺]
𝟏
= [𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝑺 + 𝟏 )]
( 𝒔+𝟏 )
𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟏
L{ 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 }= ( 𝑺+𝟏 ) [𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝑺 + 𝟏 )]
𝒕
𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
(ii) L{ ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 } = 𝒔 L{ 𝑒 −𝑡 }
𝒕 𝒕
𝑡 F(s)
( Since L{ ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) du } = )
𝑠
𝟏 ∞
= 𝒔 [∫𝑆 𝐋{ 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐭 } 𝐝𝐬 ]
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
= 𝒔 [∫𝑆 𝐝𝐬 ]
𝑺𝟐 +𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏
= 𝒔 [(𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺)∞
𝑺 ]𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
116
𝟏
= 𝒔 [𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ∞ − 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺]𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏 𝝅
= [ − 𝐓𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑺]
𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏
= 𝒔 [𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝑺]𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑺 𝒕𝒐 ( 𝑺+𝟏 )
𝟏
= 𝒔 [𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝑺 + 𝟏 )]
Therefore
𝑡 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟏
L{ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 }= 𝒔 [𝐂𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝑺 + 𝟏 )]
𝒕
Partial Fractions :
𝟐𝑺𝟐 −𝟔𝑺+𝟓
Find 𝑳−𝟏 { }
𝒔𝟑 −𝟔𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒔−𝟔
𝟐𝑺𝟐 −𝟔𝑺+𝟓 𝟐𝑺𝟐 −𝟔𝑺+𝟓

= (𝑺−𝟏)(𝑺−𝟐)(𝑺−𝟑)
𝒔𝟑 −𝟔𝒔𝟐+𝟏𝟏𝒔−𝟔
𝟐𝑺𝟐 − 𝟔𝑺 + 𝟓 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
(𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟐)(𝑺 − 𝟑) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟐) (𝑺 − 𝟑)
𝟐𝑺𝟐 − 𝟔𝑺 + 𝟓 = 𝑨 (𝑺 − 𝟐)(𝑺 − 𝟑) + 𝑩 (𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟑) + 𝑪 (𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟐)
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝑺 = 𝟏 , 𝑺 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺 = 𝟑
If 𝑺 = 𝟏
𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟔(𝟏) + 𝟓 = 𝑨 (𝟏 − 𝟐)(𝟏 − 𝟑) + 𝑩 (𝟎) + 𝑪 (𝟎)
𝟏 = 𝑨 (−𝟏)(−𝟐)
𝟐𝑨= 𝟏
𝟏
𝑨=
𝟐
If 𝑺 = 𝟐
𝟐 (𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟔 (𝟐) + 𝟓 = 𝑨 (𝟎) + 𝑩 (𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐 − 𝟑) + 𝑪 (𝟎)(𝟎)

117
𝟏 = 𝑩 (𝟏)(−𝟏)
𝑩 = −𝟏
If 𝑺 = 𝟑
𝟐 (𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟔 (𝟑) + 𝟓 = 𝑨 (𝟎) + 𝑩 (𝟎) + 𝑪 (𝟑 − 𝟏)(𝟑 − 𝟐)
𝟓 = 𝑪 (𝟐)(𝟏)
𝟓
𝑪=
𝟐
Then
𝟏 𝟓
𝟐𝑺𝟐 − 𝟔𝑺 + 𝟓 ( ) (−𝟏) ( )
= 𝟐 + + 𝟐
(𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟐)(𝑺 − 𝟑) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟐) (𝑺 − 𝟑)
Now
𝟏 𝟓
𝟐𝑺𝟐 − 𝟔𝑺 + 𝟓 ( 𝟐) (−𝟏) ( 𝟐)
−𝟏 −𝟏 { }
𝑳 { }= 𝑳 + +
(𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟐)(𝑺 − 𝟑) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟐) (𝑺 − 𝟑)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
= ( ) 𝑳−𝟏 { } − 𝑳−𝟏 { } + ( ) 𝑳−𝟏 { }
𝟐 (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟐) 𝟐 (𝑺 − 𝟑)
𝟏 𝟓
= ( ) 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒2 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑒3 𝑡
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
( Since 𝑳−𝟏 { } = 𝒆𝒂 𝒕 )
𝑺−𝒂
Therefore
𝟐𝑺𝟐 − 𝟔𝑺 + 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
𝑳−𝟏 { 𝟑 𝟐
} = 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒2 𝑡 + 𝑒3 𝑡
𝒔 − 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟏𝟏𝒔 − 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
118
Convolution Theorem :
̅ (𝒔)
𝑰𝒇 𝑳 {𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳 {𝒈(𝒕)} = 𝒈
̅ (𝒔) 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒕
̅ (𝒔). 𝒈
𝑳−𝟏 {𝒇 ̅ (𝒔)} = 𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒈(𝒕 − 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
𝟎
𝑺
Find 𝑳−𝟏 { } using Convolution Theorem
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
𝑺 𝟏 𝑺
̅ ( 𝒔) . 𝒈
= 𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 . 𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 = 𝒇 ̅ (𝒔)
(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏 𝑺
Here ̅ (𝒔) =
𝒇 and ̅ (𝒔) =
𝒈
𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
̅ (𝒔) } = 𝑳−𝟏 {
𝒇 ( 𝒕 ) = 𝑳−𝟏 { 𝒇 }= 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕
𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝑺
𝒈 ( 𝒕 ) = 𝑳−𝟏 { 𝒈
̅ (𝒔) } = 𝑳−𝟏 { } = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒕
𝑺𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
By Convolution Theorem
𝒕
̅ (𝒔). 𝒈
𝑳−𝟏 {𝒇 ̅ (𝒔)} = 𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒈(𝒕 − 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
𝟎
𝒕
𝟏
= ∫ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒂 𝒖) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒂 ( 𝒕 − 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
𝒂
𝟎
𝒕
𝟏
= ∫ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒂 𝒖) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒂 𝒕 − 𝒂 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
𝒂
𝟎
𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ [ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒂 𝒖 + 𝒂 𝒕 − 𝒂 𝒖 ) + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒂 𝒖 − 𝒂 𝒕 + 𝒂 𝒖 ] 𝒅𝒖
𝒂 𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑩 = [ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝑨 + 𝑩 ) + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝑨 − 𝑩)] )
𝟐
119
𝒕
𝟏
= ∫ [ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒂 𝒕 ) + 𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐𝒂 𝒖 − 𝒂 𝒕 ) ] 𝒅𝒖
𝟐𝒂
𝟎
𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 𝒂 𝒖 − 𝒂 𝒕 ) 𝒕
= [ 𝒖 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 + ]
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟎
𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 𝒂 𝒕 − 𝒂 𝒕 ) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟎 − 𝒂 𝒕 )
= [ ( 𝒕 − 𝟎 )𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 + ]
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒂 𝒕 ) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒂 𝒕 )
= [ ( 𝒕 ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 + ]
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
𝟏
= [ 𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 + 𝟎 ]
𝟐𝒂
𝒕
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕
𝟐𝒂
Therefore
𝑺 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 { } = = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕
(𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 𝟐𝒂
Example 2 :
1
𝐿−1 {(𝑠 2+1)(𝑠 2+9)}
1 1 1
(𝑠 2+1)(𝑠 2+9)
= 𝑆 2 +1 . 𝑆 2 +9 = 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) . 𝑔̅ (𝑠)
1 1
Here 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠 ) = and 𝑔̅ (𝑠) =
𝑆 2 +1 𝑆 2 +9
1
𝑓 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐿−1 { 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) } = 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑆 2 +1
1 1
𝑔 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐿−1 { 𝑔̅ (𝑠) } = 𝐿−1 { }= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡
𝑆 2 +9 3
By Convolution Theorem
120
𝐿−1 {𝑓 (̅ 𝑠). 𝑔̅ (𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

0
𝑡
1
= ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑢 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3( 𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
3
0
𝑡
1 1
= ∫ [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑢 − 3 𝑡 + 3 𝑢 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑢 + 3𝑡 − 3𝑢) ] 𝑑𝑢
3 2
0
1
( 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 + 𝐵)] )
2
𝑡
1
= ∫ [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4𝑢 − 3𝑡 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 3𝑡 − 2𝑢) ] 𝑑𝑢
6
0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 4𝑢 − 3𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 3𝑡 − 2𝑢) 𝑡

= [ − ]
6 4 −2 0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 4𝑡 − 3𝑡) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( −3𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 3𝑡 − 2𝑡) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 3𝑡)

= [ + ]
6 4 2
1 sin 𝑡 + sin 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 − sin 3𝑡

= [ + ]
6 4 2
1 sin 𝑡 + sin 3𝑡 + 2sin 𝑡 − 2sin 3𝑡 3sin 𝑡 − sin 3𝑡
= [ ]=
6 4 24
Therefore
1 3sin 𝑡 − sin 3𝑡
𝐿−1 { } ==
(𝑠 2 2
+ 1)(𝑠 + 9) 24
Applications : Solve the Differential Equations using Laplace Transform :
(i) 𝑳 {𝒚′′′ (𝒕)} = 𝒔𝟑 𝒚

̅(𝒔) − 𝒔𝟐 𝒚(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒚′ (𝟎) − 𝒚′′ (𝟎)
(ii) 𝑳 {𝒚′′ (𝒕)} = 𝒔𝟐 𝒚

̅(𝒔) − 𝒔𝒚(𝟎) − 𝒚′ (𝟎)
(iii) 𝑳 {𝒚′ (𝒕)} = 𝒔𝒚

̅(𝒔) − 𝒚(𝟎)
121
Example 1 : Use transform method to solve
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 with 𝒙 = 𝟐, = −𝟏 at 𝑡 = 0
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given − 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) − 2𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡
Apply Lapalce Transforms on both sides
𝑳{𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) − 2𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑥(𝑡)} = 𝑳{𝑒 𝑡 }

𝟏
𝑳{𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)} − 2 𝑳{𝑥 ′ (𝑡)} + 𝑳{𝑥(𝑡)} = 𝑺−𝟏
𝟏
[𝑺𝟐 ̅𝒙(𝒔) − 𝑺 𝒙(𝟎) − 𝒙′ (𝟎)] − 𝟐[𝒔 ̅𝒙(𝒔) − 𝒙(𝟎)] + ̅𝒙(𝒔) =
𝑺−𝟏
𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑡 = −1 at 𝑡 = 0
i.e. 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟐 and 𝒙′ (𝟎) = −𝟏
𝟏
[𝑺𝟐 ̅𝒙(𝒔) − 𝑺 (𝟐) − (−𝟏)] − 𝟐 [𝑺 ̅𝒙(𝒔) − 𝟐] + ̅𝒙(𝒔) =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏
[𝑺𝟐 ̅𝒙(𝒔) − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏] − 𝟐 𝑺 ̅𝒙(𝒔) + 𝟒 + ̅𝒙(𝒔) =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏) − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏 + 𝟒 =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏) − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟓 =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏) = +𝟐𝑺−𝟓
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏 + (𝟐 𝑺 − 𝟓)(𝑺 − 𝟏)
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟏) =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏 + (𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟓)
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟏 + (𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟓)
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 =
𝑺−𝟏
𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔
̅𝒙(𝒔) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 =
𝑺−𝟏
122
𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔
̅𝒙(𝒔) =
(𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝟐𝑺𝟐 –̅ 𝟕𝑺 + 𝟔
̅𝒙(𝒔) =
(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
Apply Inverse Laplace Transforms on both sides

𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔
𝑳−𝟏 {̅̅̅(𝒔)
𝒙 } = 𝑳−𝟏 { }
(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
𝟐𝑺𝟐 –̅ 𝟕𝑺 + 𝟔
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 { } − − − − − − − (1)
(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝟑
= + 𝟐
+
(𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
( By Partial Fractions )
𝟐𝑺𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔 = 𝑨 ((𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝑩 (𝑺 − 𝟏) + 𝑪

𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝑺 = 𝟏 then
𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 ̅ − 𝟕 (𝟏) + 𝟔 = 𝑨 ((𝟎)𝟐 + 𝑩 (𝟎) + 𝑪
𝑪=𝟏
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝟐=𝑨
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔

𝟔 = 𝑨 (𝟏) + 𝑩 (−𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟔=𝟐−𝑩 +𝟏
𝑩 = −𝟑
Therefore
𝟐𝑺𝟐 –̅ 𝟕𝑺 + 𝟔 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑 (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
𝟐
𝟐𝑺 ̅ − 𝟕 𝑺 + 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏
= + +
(𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑 (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
Now from (1)
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 { + 𝟐
+ }
(𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝑳−𝟏 { } − 3 𝑳−𝟏 { } + 𝑳 −𝟏 { }
(𝑺 − 𝟏) (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑺 − 𝟏)𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 (𝒆𝒕 ) − 3 𝒆𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 { 𝟐 } + 𝒆𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 { 𝟑 }
𝑺 𝑺
−𝟏 { 𝟏 𝒂 𝒕
( Since 𝑳 }= 𝒆 and First Shifting Theorem )
𝑺−𝒂
𝒕𝟐
= 𝟐 𝒆𝒕 − 𝟑 𝒆𝒕 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒆𝒕
𝟐
123
𝟏 𝒕𝒏
( 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳−𝟏 { }= )
𝑺𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!
The Solution is
𝒕𝟐
𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) = 𝒆𝒕 (𝟐 − 3 𝒕 + )
𝟐
Some more Examples for

Partial Fractions :
Example 1 :
𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝟐
= + +
(𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 + 𝟐) (𝒔 + 𝟐) (𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝒔 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝟒𝑺 + 𝟓 = 𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝑩 (𝑺 − 𝟏)(𝑺 + 𝟐) + 𝑪 (𝑺 + 𝟐)
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝑺 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺 = −𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔
Example 2 :
𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩𝑺+𝑪
𝟐
= + 𝟐
(𝒔 − 𝟐)(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) (𝒔 − 𝟐) (𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟐
𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 = 𝑨(𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟐) + (𝑩 𝑺 + 𝑪)(𝑺 − 𝟐)
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝑺=𝟐
and
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝟐 , 𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔
Example 3 :
𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟐

= =
𝒔𝟐−𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝟐 −𝟐.𝟐.𝒔+𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝟐−𝟐.𝟐.𝒔+𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 +𝟏𝟑
𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟐

= 𝟐 𝟐
= =
(𝒔 − 𝟐) − 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑 (𝒔 − 𝟐) + 𝟗 (𝒔 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟐
124
VC & FT ( R 19)
UNIT I
VECTOR CALCULUS
1. A fluid motion is given by 𝑉̅ = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑧 + 𝑥 )𝑗̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘̅

(a) Is the motion is irrotational , if so find its velocity potential.
(b) Is the motion possible for an incompressible fluid
Solution :
The fluid motion is given by 𝑉̅ = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑧 + 𝑥 )𝑗̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘̅
i̅ j̅ k̅
∂𝑓̅
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl 𝑓 ̅ = ∇ × 𝑓 ̅ = ∑ i̅ × ∂x = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
f1 f2 f3
i̅ j̅ k̅
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl 𝑉̅ = ∇ × 𝑉̅ = = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
y+z z+x x+y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= i̅ (∂y (x + y) − ∂z (z + x)) − j̅ (∂x (x + y) − ∂z (y + z)) + k̅ (∂x (z + x) − ∂y (y + z))
= i̅ (1 − 1) − j̅ (1 − 1) + k̅ (1 − 1)
= i̅ (0) − j̅ (0) + k̅ (0)
Curl 𝑉̅ = 0
Therefore ̅̅̅
𝑉 is irrotational
(i) Scalar Potential :
Here Curl 𝑉̅ = 0 , We know that 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ɸ) = 0
So 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ɸ = 𝑉̅
125
Then ∇ ɸ = 𝑉̅
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
i̅ ∂x + j̅ ∂y + k̅ ∂z = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑧 + 𝑥 )𝑗̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘̅
∂∅
= y + z ⥰ ɸ = ∫(y + z) dx + ɸ1 (𝑦, 𝑧)
∂x
ɸ = yx + zx + ɸ1 (𝑦, 𝑧) ---------- (1)

∂∅
= z + x ⥰ ɸ = ∫(z + x) dy + ɸ2 (𝑥, 𝑧)
∂y
ɸ = zy + xy + ɸ2 (𝑥, 𝑧) ----------- (2)

∂∅
and = x + y ⥰ ɸ = ∫(x + y) dz + ɸ3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∂z
ɸ = xz + yz + ɸ3 (𝑥, 𝑦) ---------- ( 3)
From (1) , (,2) and (3) we get Scalar potential
ɸ(x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx
∂𝑓̅ ∂f1 ∂f2 ∂f3

(ii) Solenoidal : We know that Div 𝑓 ̅ = ∇ . 𝑓 ̅ = ∑ i̅. ∂x = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
Now Div 𝑉̅ = ∇ . 𝑉̅ = (𝑦 + 𝑧) + ∂y (z + x) + ∂z (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂x
Div 𝑉̅ = 0
i.e. 𝑉̅ is Solenoidal
Therefore The motion 𝑉̅ possible for an incompressible fluid
2. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 )𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̅

taken over the surface of the reactangular parallelepiped formed by
0≤𝑥≤𝑎, 0≤𝑦≤𝑏, 0≤𝑧≤𝑐
Gauss Divergence Theorem : If S is a closed surface enclosed a volume V and
̅ is continuously differentiable vector point function then

𝑭
̅ .𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝑽
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∰ 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭
̅ is outward drawn unit normal vector to the surface S.

And 𝒏
126
Given 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 )𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̅
R. H. S. :
∂𝑓 ̅ ∂f ∂f ∂f
Div 𝑓 ̅ = ∇ . 𝑓 ̅ = ∑ i̅. ∂x = ∂x1 + ∂y2 + ∂z3
∂ ∂ ∂
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧) + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 ) + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑓 ̅ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧
𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒐 𝒕𝒐 𝒂
𝒚 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒐 𝒕𝒐 𝒃
𝒛 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒐 𝒕𝒐 𝒄
Now
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
̅ 𝒅𝑽 = ∫ ∫ ∫(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∰ 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ ∫(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 += ∫ ∫ ∫ (2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 += ∫ ∫ ∫(2𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
= [𝒙𝟐 ]𝒂𝟎 [𝒚]𝒃𝟎 [𝒛]𝒄𝟎 + [𝒙]𝒂𝟎 [𝒚𝟐 ]𝒃𝟎 [𝒛]𝒄𝟎 + [𝒙]𝒂𝟎 [𝒚]𝒃𝟎 [𝒛𝟐 ]𝒄𝟎
= 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
Therefore
̅ 𝒅𝑽 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
∰ 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭
L. H. S. :
̅.𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬𝑺 𝑭̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬𝑺 𝑭̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 +
𝟏 𝟐
̅. 𝒏
∬𝑺𝟑 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬𝑺 𝑭̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬𝑺 𝑭̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬𝑺 𝑭̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
(i)Along 𝑺𝟏 : 𝒙 = 𝟎 then
̅ = −𝒊̅ and
𝒏 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑐
127
𝑏 𝑐
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (−𝑖̅) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑺𝟏
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ −(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ −(02 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
𝑦2 𝑧2
=[ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑏2 𝑐 2
= .
2 2
𝑏2 𝑐 2
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 =
𝑺𝟏 4
(ii) Along 𝑺𝟐 : 𝒙 = 𝒂 then
̅ = 𝒊̅
𝒏 and 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝑏 𝑐
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (𝑖̅) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑺𝟐
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
128
𝑏 𝑐
𝑦2 𝑧2
=𝑎 2 [𝑦]𝑏0 [𝑧]𝑐0 − [ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑏2 𝑐 2
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 −
𝑺𝟐 4
(iii)Along 𝑺𝟑 : 𝒚 = 𝟎 then
̅ = −𝒋̅
𝒏 and 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑎 𝑐
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (−𝑗̅) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑺𝟑
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ −(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ −(02 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑧2
= [ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑎 𝑐 2 2
̅. 𝒏
∬𝑺 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 =
𝟑 4
(iv)Along 𝑺𝟒 : 𝒚 = 𝒃 then
̅ = 𝒋̅ and 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝒏
𝑎 𝑐
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (𝑗̅) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑺𝟒
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
129
𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑏2 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
= ∫ ∫(𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑧2
=𝑎 2 [𝑥 ]𝑎0 [𝑧]𝑐0 − [ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑎2 𝑐 2
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 −
𝑺𝟒 4
(v)Along 𝑺𝟓 : 𝒛=𝟎 then
̅ and 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
̅ = −𝒌
𝒏
𝑎 𝑏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (−𝑘̅) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭
𝑺𝟓
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ −(𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ −(02 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
=[ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑎2 𝑏2
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 =
𝑺𝟓 4
(vi)Along 𝑺𝟔 : 𝒛 = 𝒄 then
𝒏 ̅ and
̅=𝒌 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
130
𝑎 𝑏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹̅ . (𝑘̅) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
̅. 𝒏
∬ 𝑭
𝑺𝟔
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫(𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫(𝑐 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
=𝑐 2[
𝑥 ]𝑎0 [𝑦]𝑏0 − [ ] [ ]
2 0 2 0
𝑎 𝑏 2 2
̅. 𝒏
∬𝑺𝟔 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 −
4
Therefore
̅ .𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬ 𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬ 𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬ 𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬ 𝑭 ̅. 𝒏
̅ 𝒅𝒔 + ∬ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝑺𝟒 𝑺𝟓 𝑺𝟔
𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
̅.𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 − + + 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 − + + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 −
4 4 4 4 4 4
= 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏
̅.𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
̅ .𝒏
∯𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝑽 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
̅ 𝒅𝒔 = ∰ 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭
Hence verified Gauss – Divergence theorem
3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̅ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗̅ when around the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝑥 = ±𝑎 , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑏
131
Stoke ‘ s Theorem :
̅
If S is a open surface bounded by the closed curve C and 𝑭 is continuously
differentiable vector point function then
̅ . 𝒅𝒓 = ∯ 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭̅ . 𝒏
∮ 𝑭 ̅ 𝒅𝒔
𝑪
̅ is outward drawn unit normal vector at any point of the surface S.

Where 𝒏
Given 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̅ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗̅
D(−𝑎, 𝑏) C (𝑎, 𝑏)
A (−𝑎, 0) B (𝑎, 0)
R. H. S. : We Know that
i̅ j̅ k̅
∂𝑓̅ ∂ ∂ ∂
Curl 𝑓 ̅ = ∇ × 𝑓 ̅ = ∑ i̅ × ∂x = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
f1 f2 f3
i̅ j̅ k̅
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl 𝐹̅ = | ∂x ∂y ∂z
|
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −2xy 0
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= i̅ (∂y (0) − ∂z (−2xy)) − j̅ (∂x (0) − ∂z (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )) + k̅ (∂x (−2xy) − ∂y (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))
= i̅ (0 − 0) − j̅ (0 − 0) + k̅ (−2y − 2y)
132
= i̅ (0) − j̅ (0) + k̅ (−4y)
Curl 𝐹̅ = −4𝑦 k̅
Take Projection in XY plane then 𝑛̅ = 𝑘̅ and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
∯ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ . 𝑛̅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫(−4𝑦 k̅ ). (𝑘̅) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=0
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫(−4𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=0
𝑏
𝑦2
= −4[𝑥]𝑎−𝑎 [ ]
2 0
𝑏2
= −4(𝑎 − (−𝑎))
2
𝑏2
= −4(2𝑎)
2
= −4𝑎 𝑏2
Therefore
∯ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ . 𝑛̅ 𝑑𝑠 = −4𝑎 𝑏2
L. H. S. : For given 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̅ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗̅
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑 = ∮ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑪 𝑪
Along rectangle ABCD
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟
𝑪 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝐴
133
(i) Along AB : From A (−𝑎, 0) to B (𝑎, 0)
Here 𝒚=𝒐 then 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
and 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
Then
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ (𝑥 2 + 02 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦(0)
𝑨𝑩 𝑪
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−𝑎
𝑎
𝑥3 (𝑎)3 − (−𝑎)3
=[ ] =
3 −𝑎 3
𝑎3 + 𝑎3
=
3
2𝑎3
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 =
𝑨𝑩 3
(ii) Along BC : From B (𝑎, 0) to C (𝑎, 𝑏)

Heret 𝒙=𝒂 then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
and y 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
Then
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ (𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 ) . 0 − 2(𝑎)𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑩𝑪 𝑪
= ∫ −2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0
𝑏
𝑦2
= −2𝑎 [ ]
2 0
𝑏 2 − 02
= −2𝑎 ( )
2
134
= −𝑎 𝑏2
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑎 𝑏2
𝑩𝑪
Along CD : From C (𝑎, 𝑏) to D(−𝑎, 𝑏)

Here 𝒚=𝒃 then 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
and 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 −𝑎
Then
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ (𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥(𝑏)(0)
𝑪𝑫 𝑪
−𝑎
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
−𝑎
𝑥3
= [ + 𝑏2 𝑥]
3 𝑎
(−𝑎)3 − (𝑎)3
= + 𝑏2 (−𝑎 − 𝑎)
3
−𝑎3 − 𝑎3
= + 𝑏2 (−2𝑎)
3
−2𝑎3
= − 2𝑎𝑏2
3
−2𝑎3
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = − 2𝑎𝑏2
𝑪𝑫 3
Along DA : From D (−𝑎, 𝑏) to A (−𝑎, 0)

Here 𝒙 = −𝒂 then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0
Then
135
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ ((−𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 ) . 0 − 2(−𝑎)𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑫𝑨 𝑪
= ∫ 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑏
0
𝑦2
= 2𝑎 [ ]
2 𝑏
= 𝑎(0 − 𝑏2 )
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑎 𝑏2
𝑫𝑨
Now
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 + ∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟
𝑪 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝐴
2𝑎3 2𝑎3
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑎 𝑏2 − − 2𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑎 𝑏2
𝑪 3 3
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = −4𝑎 𝑏2
𝑪
Therefore
∮ 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟 = ∯ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹̅ . 𝑛̅ 𝑑𝑠 = −4𝑎 𝑏2
𝐶
Hence verified Stoke’s theorem

VC & FT Worked Out Examples (R 19) (ALL UNITS)

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VC & FT Worked Out Examples (R 19) (ALL UNITS)

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1

Worked Out Examples

Solve Homogoneous PDE :

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫=𝑎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 𝑏

Is required general solution

Solve 𝑟 + 4𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) or

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

Then general solution is

Is required general solution

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫=𝑎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 𝑏

Is required general solution

Given PDE is 𝑟 − 4𝑠 + 4𝑡 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+𝑦)

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑫=𝑎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫′ = 𝑏

Is required general solution

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

Here 𝑎=2 𝑏=1

Here 22 + (−2) − 6(−1) = 0

(𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′ ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

(𝟐𝑫) 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑫′ 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

𝟐(𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

Is required general solution

Solve 𝑟 + 𝑠 − 6𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) or

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

Here 22 + (−2) − 6(−1) = 0

(𝟐𝑫 − 𝑫′ ) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

(𝟐𝑫) 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝑫 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)

𝟐(−𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)) − (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚))

Is required general solution

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :

Then Auxillary equation is 𝒇(𝒎, 𝟏) = 𝟎

Particular Integral (P.I.) :

If the Partial differential equation is 𝑓 ( 𝑫 , 𝑫′ )𝑧 = 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚)

Is required general solution

Then general solution is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍

Complementary Function (C.F.) :