BLOOD and IMMUNITY

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 Chick List
• What type of tissue is blood and what are its components?

• Name the 3 formed elements in blood and their functions.

• How are ABO blood types determined?

• What blood types are compatible for blood transfusions?

• What is the Rh factor and how is this important to

pregnancy?

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• Contains cellular and liquid components
Composition Of Blood
• A specialized connective tissue
•Contains
Blood cells – and liquid components
cellular
A specialized connective tissue
•1- Erythrocytes
Blood cells :–
•1-2-Leucocytes
Erythrocytes
•2-Leucocytes
3- Platelets
3- Platelets
• Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen
Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen
• Blood volume
Blood volume
5 – 6 liters
• Males:
Females:54––65 liters
Males: liters
•The pH of blood
Females: 4 – 5isliters
about 7.35-7.45

• The pH of blood is about 7.35-7.45

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 Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
–Known as red blood cells (RBC)
•Tiny biconcave-shaped disks
•Thinner in center than around edges
•No nucleus in mature red blood cell
–Average life span = approximately 120
days
–Main component = hemoglobin
–Function = transport oxygen to cells of
body
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 White Blood Corpuscles

White Blood cells are also known as

Leucocytes as they are colorless due to lack
of Hemoglobin.
There are about 6000-8000mm of WBC for
1ml of blood.
These are also called Scavengers

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WBC’s
 Five Types
 Classified according to the presence or
absence of granules and the staining
characteristics of their cytoplasm.
 Leucocytes appear brightly colored in
stained preparations, they have a nuclei
and are generally larger in size than
RBC’s.

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6.3 White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease

How are white blood cells

categorized?
• Granular leukocytes – contain granules, lobed
nuclei
– Neutrophil
– Eosinophil
– Basophil

• Agranular leukocytes – no granules, nonlobed

nuclei
– Lymphocyte
– Monocyte
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Type of WBC’s
 Granulocytes—have large
granules in their cytoplasm

 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils

 Basophils

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Types of WBC’s
 Agranulocytes—do not have
granules in their cytoplasm

 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes

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 Granulocytes
 Neutrophils
 Stain light purple with neutral dyes
 Granules are small and numerous—course
appearance
 Several lobes in nucleus
 65% of WBC count
 Highly mobile/very active
 —Can leave blood vessels and enter tissue
space
 Phagocytosis ,contain several lysosomes

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 Granulocytes
 Eosinophils or Acidophils:
 Large, numerous granules
 Nuclei with two lobes
 2-5% of WBC count
 Found in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
 Important functions involve protections against
infections caused by parasitic worms and
involvement in allergic reactions
 Secrete anti-inflammatory substances in allergic
reactions

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 Granulocytes

 Basophils
 Least numerous--.5-1%
 Can leave blood vessels
and enter tissue space
 Contain
histamine,serotonin,heparin
—inflammatory chemical

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 Lymphocytes
 Smallest WBC
 Large nuclei/small amount of cytoplasm
 Account for 25% of WBC count
 Two types—T lymphocytes—attack an
infect or cancerous cell, B lymphocytes—
produce antibodies against specific
antigens (foreign body)

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 Agranulocytes
 Monocytes
 Largest of WBCs

 Dark kidney bean

shaped nuclei

 Highly phagocytic

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 WBC Numbers
 Doctors look at WBC numbers.
 If number goes up there is some kind of
infection and surgery might be needed.
 Clinics will count the number of WBC’s in a
blood sample, this is called differential count.
 A decrease in the number of white blood cells
is leukopenia
 An increase in the number of white blood
cells is leukocytosis.

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Formation of WBC’s
 Leucocytes are formed in the red
marrow of many bones.
 They can also be formed in lymphatic
tissue.
 They live for about 13-20 days.

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6.1 Blood: An Overview
Where do the formed elements
come from and what are they?

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 Blood Types

• Blood Type A
–Has A-antigen present on RBC
–Has Anti-B antibody present in plasma
• Blood Type B
–Has B-antigen present on RBC
–Has Anti-A antibody present in plasma

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• Blood Type AB
–Has AB-antigens present on RBC
–Has no antibodies present in plasma
• Blood Type O
–Has no antigens present on RBC
–Has both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
present in plasma

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 Terms Related
to Blood Transfusions

• Universal Donor Blood

–Type O
–No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs
• Universal Recipient Blood
–Type AB
–No anti-A or Anti-B antigens present in its plasma

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Rh Factor
and
Pregnancy

Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem

Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
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Rh Factor and Pregnancy

RH+ indicates protein

RH- indicates no protein
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Eosinophil

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 Neutrophil and
Neutrophil Basophil

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Lymphocyte Monocyte

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Neutrophil and Monocyte

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Thrombocytes

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