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Acid-Base Balance: Respiration and
Acid-Base Balance: Respiration and
Loncepts
And
clinical
Applicatlons, 16th Editionn
319
EXERCISE
Respiration and
Acid-Base Balance 8.4
MATERIALS
LEARNING OUTcOMES entilation has two different but related functions: (1) oxy-
You should be able to: genation of the blood, accomplished by bringing new air into
the alveoli during the inhalation phase, and (2) elimination of
1. Describe the pH scale, and define the terms acid
carbon dioxide from the blood, accomplished by the diffusion of
and base.
CO, from the blood into the alveoli and the extrusion of this C0
2.Explain how carbonic acid and bicarbonate are
by exhalation. The first function serves to maintain aerobic cell
formed in the blood, and describe their functions.
3. Define the terms acidosis and alkalosis, and respiration; the second serves to maintain the normal pH of the
explain
how these conditions relate to hypoventilation and blood.
hyperventilation. The pH (see appendix 1) indicates the concentration of
4. Explain how ventilation is adjusted H* (hydrogen ion) in a solution and is defined by the following
to help maintain
acid-base balance. formula:
pH = log
[H*]
in
where Ht is the concentration of H in moles (atomic weight
Textbook/Multimedia grams) per liter. Some water molecules ionize to produce equal
Correlations amounts of Ht and OH (hydroxyl ion).
In pure water, the H*
has an atomic
concentration is 10 moles/L. (Because hydrogen
Before g/L.) This is equal to a pH of
performin this exercise, you should study the weight of 1, this is the same
as
10
OOUctory material presented here. Further information solution. An acidic solution has a higher
7.0 and is called a neutral
relating
h i s exercise can be found in these sections Ht concentration and a
lower pH; a basic solution has a lower
(table 8.5).
and Krista nysiology,
Rompolsksi: sixteenth edition, by
Stuart Ira Fox Ht concentration and a higher pH free H* to a solution
molecule that can donate
An acid is a
formed from the combi
Carbonic acid (H,CO,) is
l i o n of Breathing. Chapter 16, section 16.5. and lower its pH. blood cells. This reaction is
water within the red
Carbon Dioxide Transpo Chapter 16, nation of C0, and
carbonic anhydrase (fig. 8.21).
called
section 16.7. catalyzed by an enzyme
d-Base Balance of the Blood. Chapter 16, carboni anhydrase H,CO, |
section 16.8. CO, + H,o
can immediately dis-
ntilation During Exercise. Chapter 16,
section 16.9. Some of the
carbonic acid formed
H,CO HCO + H*
Tissue cells
Capillary
Ad one
electrodes back to the buffer.
drop of concentrated 5. Add one drop of concentrated HCT to a beaker containing
the beaker of
hydrochloric acid (HCI) to standard bufler solution (pth = 7.000)
distilled
water and mix
thoroughly. Transter
e
ciectrodes NaOH to tresh beaker of
this solution, turn the selector
to 6. Add one drop of concentrated a
have THE
dequatelycleaned thee electrodes. during exercise results
in an
4 Add Increased muscle
metabolism
and pH
one drop of
concentra NaOH to fresh beaker a
in cO, production.
Despite this, the CO,
levels
COnt
the
ai
nningg50 mL of distilled water, and record the pit o
increase
blood do not
normaly change
significantly during
water before and after addingthe NaOH. of arterial
321
H u m e n P h y s i o l o g y
322
DIOXIDE IN E
ROLE OF CARBON
production
C.
REGULATION OF VENTILATION
rate of CO,
This is
because
the
increased
of its
elimination
through
concentration of the blood reflects a hal
alance
exercise. the rate dioxide
increase in hyperpnea
by an for exercise The carbon (by robic cell respiration
aero
is
matched
mechanisms
responsible understood.
the rate of its production
through the lungs. When
The incompletely between
a perso
complex and
ventilation.
elimination
are of its
(increased
breathing) and the rate
his or her
breath for a sufficiently lona time,
holds
consciously
level rises (and the pH falls)
to such an xtent
thecarbon dioxide
occurs.
Remember that the chemorecento
Clinical Applications that reflex breathing
is usually by rise in blood co
stimulated a
control of breathing a decrease in blood
retention of car-
and consequent fall in pH, rather than by
Hypoventilation
results in the
accumulation
It is the fall in blood pH
that stimulates the peripheral chemore.
excessive
in CSF and brain
bon dioxide and in the
fall in blood and carotid bodies) and the fall
acid: this produces
a ceptors (aortic
of carbonic
acidosis. Hyperventila interstitial fluid pH that stimulates the chemoreceptors in the
called respiratory
pH elimination of CO2, medulla oblongata.
excessive
tion results in the During hyperventilation, conversely, the arterial CO0,
and a rise in pH causing
lowered carbonic acid,
This differs from
alkalosis.
the nor- falls and blood pH rises. As a result, the chemoreceptor drive
respiratory
total minute volume) to breathe is inhibited. When breathing is reduced, the blood
mal hyperpnea (increased
increased
exercise, where
that occurs during CO is allowed to rise until it reaches the level where it will again
production so
increased CO2
respiration matches stimulate breathing.
and pH remain in the
that the arterial CO2 levels
normal range.
Procedure
. Count the number of breaths you take in I minute of
relaxed, unforced breathing. Enter this number in your
Procedure laboratory report.
. Fill a beaker with 200 mL of distilled water and add 5.0 2. Force yourself to hyperventilate for about 10 seconds
mL of 0.10N NaOH and a few drops of phenolphthalein stop if you begin to feel dizzy.
indicator. This indicator is pink in alkaline solutions and
3. Immediately after hyperventilation. count the number
clear in neutral or acidie solutions. Divide this solution
into two beakers. of breaths you take in one minute of relaxed, unforced