Tension

members

BCEE 344
F. Gani PhD., ing.
 References
•  Kulak. G. L. and Grondin, G. Y., Limit States
Design in Structural Steel, Canadian InsDtute of
Steel ConstrucDon (CISC), 10th EdiDon, 2016.
•  Handbook of Steel Construc8on, Canadian
InsDtute of Steel ConstrucDon (CISC), Eleventh
Edi8on, 2014.
•  Beaulieu, D. et Picard, A., Calcul des charpentes
d’acier, Canadian InsDtute of Steel ConstrucDon,
2006.
•  Course notes of F. Gani (2008).

2
 Outline
•  IntroducDon
•  Net area/secDon
•  Slenderness raDo
•  Shear lag
•  Tensile resistance
•  Block shear

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4
5
6
 Behaviour of member in tension

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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 Behaviour of member in tension
A B
Tf Tf

A B

A− A B−B

Tf

Tf
σ A− A ≥ σ B−B

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Tension member failure

Fu = ulDmate strength
Fy = yield strength
Fe = limit of elasDc strength = 2/3 Fy

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Net secDon failure

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Net secDon failure

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Net secDon failure

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Net secDon failure

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CSA A23.3-14

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 Net secDon
Net secDon with
aligned bolt holes:

Line

Line
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 Net secDon
Net secDon with
aligned bolt holes:

Line


Line
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 Net secDon
Net secDon with
aligned and parallel
bolt holes: Aligned segment Parallel segment

Line

Line

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 Net secDon
Staggered holes:

Line
Line
Line
Line
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 Net secDon
Net secDon calculaDon for aligned, parallel and staggered lines:

Parallel lines
Aligned and
staggered lines
Lines

Lines

Lines

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Welded tension member

Shear Lag

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 Net secDon - Example #1
s s t w1 = 102 mm g1 = 65mm
w2 = 203mm g2 = 70mm
s = 50 mm g3 = 90mm
Tf g3 w2
t = 19.1mm,
g2 bolt M 20
g1 wg = 102 + 203 − 19.1 ≈ 286 mm
- L 203x102x19
- Punched holes w1 D = d + 4 = 20 + 4 = 24 mm
1 g 4 = 65 + 70 − 19.1 ≈ 116 mm
a) Line 1-2-4-5
2
An = wn t = (wg − 2D)t =(286 − 48)×19.1 = 4546 mm2
g3
wg 3 b) Line 1-2-3-4-5
g4 ⎛ s2 s2 ⎞
An = ⎜⎜ wg + + − 3D ⎟⎟ t
4 ⎝ 4 g3 4 g 4 ⎠
5 ⎛ 50 2 50 2 ⎞
An = ⎜⎜ 286 + + − 3 × 24 ⎟⎟ ×19.1 = 4323 mm 2
⎝ 4 × 90 4 ×116 ⎠
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 Net secDon - Example #1 (cont.)
s s t w1 = 102 mm g1 = 65mm
w2 = 203 mm g 2 = 70 mm
Tf g3 w2 s= ? g 3 = 90 mm
t = 19.1 mm, boulon M 20
g2
wg = 102 + 203 − 19.1 ≈ 286 mm
g1
- cornière 203x102x19 D = d + 4 = 20 + 4 = 24 mm
- trous poinçonnés w1
g 4 = 65 + 70 − 19.1 ≈ 116 mm
1

2 c) s le plus efficace, ligne 1-2-3-4-5

g3 ⎛ s2 s2 ⎞
wg An = ⎜ wg +
⎜ + − 3D ⎟⎟ t
3 ⎝ 4 g3 4 g 4 ⎠
g4 ⎛ s2 s2 ⎞
An = ⎜⎜ 286 + + − 3 × 24 ⎟⎟ ×19.1 = 4546 mm 2
4 ⎝ 4 × 90 4 ×116 ⎠
5 103s 2
4087 + = 4546 mm 2 ⇒ s = 70 mm
1093
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 Net secDon - Example #2
5 1
45 Punched holes
2 t = 10 mm, bolt M 20
40 Tf wg = 2 × 45 + 2 × 40 + 35 = 205 mm
6
40
3 D = d + 4 = 20 + 4 = 24 mm
45
7 Failure line Net width (mm)
35 8 4 30 2
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 8 205 − 3(24) + = 138
30 30 4 × 45
30 2 30 2
Failure line Net width (mm) 5⋅ 6 ⋅3⋅ 7 ⋅8 205 − 3(24) + +
4 × 40 4 × 45
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 205 − 2(24) = 157 = 143.625
5⋅ 6 ⋅3⋅ 4 30 2 2 × 30 2 30 2
205 − 2(24) + = 162.625 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 8 205 − 4(24) + +
4 × 40 4 × 40 4 × 45
30 2 = 125.25 √
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 8 205 − 3(24) + = 138.625
4 × 40
2 × 30 2 An = 125 .25 ×10 = 1252.5 mm 2
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 205 − 3(24) + = 144.25
4 × 40
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Slenderness raDo for tension member
For serviceability limit (vibraDon, fluder under
normal wind load, addiDonal load etc.)
l’élancement is limited to these following values:
•  300 for general structural elements of
buildings acc. to S16 (Cl. 10.4.2.2) except:
•  240 for truss structural members (Cl. 15.2.7)
•  240 for bodom chord of open-web steel joist
(Cl. 16.5.5.1)
•  200 for bridge elements (Code S6 Cl. 10.8.1.1)

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 Shear lag effect

Aghayere & Vigil (2015)

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 Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area
CSA A23.3-14

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Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area
CSA A23.3-14

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 Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area
CSA A23.3-14

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 Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area
CSA A23.3-14

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Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area

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 Shear lag effect: EffecDve net area

⎛ x⎞
Ane = ⎜1 − ⎟ An
⎝ L⎠

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 Shear lag effect: Eccentricity of connecDon
•  Angle member with minimized connecDon eccentricity

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 EffecDve Net SecDon - Example #1
-  L 152x102x16

102 − 15.9
x= + 15.9 = 59 mm
2
w3 = 102 − 15.9 = 86.1 mm
a) soudures frontale et latérale
Ane = An1 + An 2 + An 3
An1 = w1t = 152 ×15.9 = 2417 mm 2
An 2 = 0
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 59 ⎞ 2
L ≥ w3 ⇒ An 3 = ⎜1 − ⎟ w3t = ⎜1 − ⎟ × 86.1×15.9 = 964 mm
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎠
Ane = 2417 + 0 + 964 = 3381mm 2
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 EffecDve Net SecDon - Example #1 (cont.)
-  L 152x102x16

200 + 150 102 − 15.9

L = Lmoy = = 175 mm x= + 15.9 = 59 mm
2
2
b) 2 lateral weld only w3 = 102 − 15.9 = 86.1 mm
Ane = An1 + An 2 + An 3
An1 = 0
w1 ≤ L < 2w1 ⇒ An 2 = 0.5w1t + 0.25 Lt
An 2 = 0.5 ×152 ×15.9 + 0.25 ×175 ×15.9 = 1904 mm 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 59 ⎞ 2
L ≥ w3 ⇒ An 3 = ⎜1 − ⎟ w3t = ⎜1 − ⎟ × 86.1×15.9 = 964 mm
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎠
Ane = 0 + 1904 + 964 = 2868 mm 2
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 Member and connecDon resistance
CSA A23.3-14

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Block shear

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Block shear

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 Member and connecDon resistance
CSA A23.3-14

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 Types of block shear failures

Kulak and Grondin

(2015) 39
 Tensile resistance - Example #1
Fy = 300 MPa, Fu = 450 MPa, boulons M22

D = 22 + 4 = 26 mm

a) PlasDficaDon of gross secDon b) Net secDon failure (secDon 1-1)

Ag = 200t An = ( 200 − 2 × 26 ) t = 148t
Tr = φAg Fy ≥ T f Tr = ϕ u Ane Fu ≥ Tf
Tr = 0.9 × 200t × 300 ×10 −3 ≥ 625kN Tr = 0.75 ×148t × 450 ×10 −3 ≥ 625kN
t ≥ 11.6 mm t ≥ 12.5 mm
Choose t = 14 mm 40
 Tensile resistance - Example #2
Fy = 300 MPa, Fu = 450 MPa, bolt M20

D = 20 + 4 = 24 mm

1) Preliminary choice (plasDficaDon of gross secDon) :

Tf 530 ×10 3
Tr = φAg Fy ≥ T f ⇒ Ag ≥ = = 1963 mm 2
φFy 0.9 × 300
For two back-to-back L76x64x9.5 : Ag = 2480 mm2

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Tensile resistance - Example #2 (cont.)
2
For two back-to-back L76x64x9.5 : Ag = 2480 mm
2) VerificaDon of one angle:
i) PlasDficaDon de la secDon brute :
Tr = φAg Fy = 0.9 ×1240 × 300 ×10 −3 = 334.8 kN ≥ 265 kN

ii) Failure of net secDon:

An = Ag − Dt = 1240 − ( 24 × 9.53) = 1011mm 2
Ane = 0.6An = 0.6 ×1011 = 607 mm 2
Tr = ϕ u Ane Fu = 0.75 × 607 × 450 ×10 −3 = 205 kN < 265 kN

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Tensile resistance - Example #2 (cont.)
For two back-to-back L76x64x13 :
2
Ag = 3220 mm
3) VerificaDon for one angle:
i) PlasDficaDon of gross secDon:
Tr = φAg Fy = 0.9 ×1610 × 300 ×10 −3 = 434.7 kN ≥ 265 kN

ii) Net secDon failure (tension) :

An = 1610 − ( 24 ×12.7) = 1305 mm2
Ane = 0.6An = 0.6 ×1305 = 783 mm 2
Tr = ϕ u Ane Fu = 0.75 × 783× 450 ×10 −3 = 264.3 kN

iii) Block shear:

An = (38 − 0.5 × 24) ×12.7 = 330 mm2

Agv = 150 ×12.7 = 1905 mm 2
Tr = ϕ u (Ut An Fu + 0.6Agv (Fy + Fu ) / 2) = 0.75 × (0.6 × 330 × 0.45 + 0.6 ×1905 × (0.3+ 0.45) / 2) = 388 kN ≥ 265 kN

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Tensile resistance - Example #2 (cont.)
For two back-to-back L76x64x13 : Ag = 3220 mm2
4) Slenderness raDo :
L 6000
i) For one angle: rmin = 13.2 mm⇒ = = 455 > 300
rmin 13.2

Adached at the middle ⇒ L / 2 = 3000 = 227 < 300

rmin 13.2
ii) For two angles – long legs back-to-back: L 6000
= = 259 <300
rmin 23.2

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 Tensile resistance - Example #3
For two back-to-back L76x64x9.5 welded at the gusset plate:

Fy = 300 MPa, Fu = 450 MPa Deux lignes de soudure de 110 mm

+ Soudure frontale de 76 mm

For two back-to-back L76x64x9.5 : Ag = 2480 mm

2

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Tensile resistance - Example #3 (cont.)
For one L76x64x9.5 :

64 − 9.5
1) Net effecDve secDon x= + 9.5 = 36.75 mm
Ane = An1 + An 2 + An 3
2
w3 = 64 − 9.5 = 54.5 mm
An1 = w1t = 76 × 9.5 = 722 mm 2
w1 ≤ L < 2w1 ⇒ An 2 = 0.5w1t + 0.25Lt
An 2 = 0.5 × 76 × 9.5 + 0.25 ×110 × 9.5 = 622.25 mm 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 36.75 ⎞ 2
L ≥ w3 ⇒ An 3 = ⎜1 − ⎟ w3t = ⎜1 − ⎟ × 54.5 × 9.5 = 344.8 mm
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ 110 ⎠
Ane = max(722, 622.3) + 344.8 = 1067 mm 2 < 1240 mm 2
⇒ Ane = 1067 mm 2
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Tensile resistance - Example #3 (cont.)
For two back-to-back L76x64x9.5 : Ag = 2480 mm2
2) VerificaDon for one angle:
i) PlasDficaDon of gross secDon:
Tr = φAg Fy = 0.9 ×1240 × 300 ×10 −3 = 335 kN ≥ 265 kN
ii) Net secDon failure (tension) :
Tr == 0.75×1067 × 450 ×10−3 = 367 kN ≥ 265 kN

3) Slenderness raDo:
i) For one angle:
+ 4) Failure of the gusset
L 6000
rmin = 13.3 mm⇒ = = 451 > 300
rmin 13.3
L / 2 3000
⇒ = = 226 < 300
rmin 13.3
ii) For two angles – long legs back-to-back:
L 6000
= = 254 <300
rmin 23.6
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 Tension Rod
A B
Tf Tf

A B

A− A
B−B

Tf
σ A− A ≥ σ B−B
Tf

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