UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
LESSON 1: PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY
• the love of knowledge, or the love of wisdom
SOCRATES (470-399 BCE)
• “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
• Greek philosopher
• the mentor of Plato
• considered to be the wisest of all men by the Oracle of
Delphi
• He did not write anything, he is not a writer
• a lot of his thoughts were only known through Plato’s writing
(The Dialogues)
• wanted to discover the essential nature of knowledge,
justice beauty, and goodness
• He believed that his mission in life was to seek the
highest knowledge and convince others who were
willing to seek his knowledge with him
SOCRATIC / DIALECTIC METHOD
• discovering what is essential in the world and in people
• the aim of the Socratic Method is to make people think,
seek, and ask again and again. And for them to realize
that they do not know everything, and to accept and
continue learning and searching for answers.
• using this method, the questioner should be skilled in
detecting misconceptions and revealing them by asking the
right questions
• the goal is to bring the person closer to the final
understanding
PLATO (428-348 BCE)
• “The self is an immortal soul.”
• Plato’s real name is Aristocles
• the student of Socrates
• He was nicknamed Plato because of his physical build
which means wide/broad
• Plato’s Metaphysics
o Philosophical study on the cause and nature of things
• Theory of Forms
o Dialogues (The Republic)
PLATO’S THEORY OF FORMS
• FORMS – refers to what is real. They are not objects that
are encountered with the senses but can only be grasped
intellectually
• The Forms are ageless and therefore are eternal
• The Forms are unchanging and therefore permanent
• The forms are unmoving and indivisible
PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• Plato describes the soul as having three components
1. THE REASON – is rational and is the motive for
goodness and truth
2. THE SPIRITED – is non-rational and is the will of
the drive toward action
3. THE APPETITES – are irrational and lean toward
the desire for pleasures of the body
• Plato believed that people are intrinsically good.
Sometimes, however, judgments are made in ignorance
and Plato equates ignorance with evil
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
• “The self has an immortal soul.”
• Christian philosopher of the medieval era
• concern was with God and man’s relationship with God
ST. AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• God as the source of all reality and truth
o people close to God will be the ones closest to
understanding the world
• The sinfulness of man
o moral goodness can only be achieved through God
o the cause of evil is not God’s will but rather the free will
given to man by God.
RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650)
• “I think, therefore I am.”
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• He applied scientific and mathematic methods in
Philosophy
• Proponent of the Cartesian method and analytic geometry
• Descartes’ System
• Discovered that the human mind has two powers
o INTUITION – the ability to apprehend the direction of
certain truths
o DEDUCTION – the power to discover what is not
known by progressing in an orderly way from what is
already known. Truths are arrived at using a step-by-
step process
DESCARTES’ VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• He deduced that a thinker is a thing that doubts,
understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, imagines, and
feels
• The Cognitive aspects of human nature are the basis for the
existence of the self
• APRIORI
o means that knowledge is independent from experience
o He believed that reasoning could produce absolute
truths
• MIND-BODY PROBLEM
o Descartes believed in the concept of dualism that the
mind/soul was separated from the body
o the body is like a machine that is controlled by the will
and aided by the mind
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
• “The self is consciousness.”
• “Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses.”
• He believed in the concept of empiricism
• The self is a thinking intelligent being that has reason and
reflection and can consider itself as itself
• PERSONAL IDENTITY
o The sameness of a rational being
o A matter of psychological continuity
o Founded on consciousness or memory and cannot be
the substance of the soul or the body
• Locke contended that ideas are not innate but rather the
mind at birth is a “Tabula rasa” or blank slate
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
LESSON 1: PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY
DAVID HUME (1711-1776)
• “There is no self.”
• He examined the process of how ideas are formed
• He discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism
turned into skepticism
• self must be a constant, persisting, stable thing, and yet all
knowledge is derived from impressions, which are transient,
non-persisting things/variable things, it follows that we do
not really have knowledge of a “self” and therefore, there is
no self
• there is no such thing as “personal identity” behind
perceptions and feelings that come and go; THERE IS NO
PERMANENT/UNCHANGING SELF
• Hume’s analysis proceeded this way: the mind received
materials from the senses and calls its perceptions
HUME’S TWO TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS
• IMPRESSIONS – immediate sensations of external reality.
These are more vivid than the ideas it produces
• IDEAS – recollections of these impressions
IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)
• “We construct the self.”
• We all have inner and outer selves which together form our
consciousness
o INNER SELF – comprised of our psychological state
and our rational intellect.
o OUTER SELF – senses and the physical world
• apperception is how we mentally assimilate a new idea into
old ones (inner self)
• it is mental imaginary based on past sensations and
experience
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
• “The self is multilayered.”
• Austrian Neurologist
• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
o has characteristics of philosophical thought
o Freud made use of methods like free association and
dream analysis for his clinical practice
FREUD’S THREE LAYERS OF THE SELF
• ID – pleasure principle
• EGO – reality principle
• SUPER EGO – morality principle. The last structure to
develop is primarily dependent on learning the difference
between right and wrong
FREUD’S 2 KINDS OF INSTINCTS
• EROS – life instinct. The energy is called LIBIDO and urges
necessary for individual and species survival like thirst,
hunger, and sex
• THANATOS – death instinct. The behavior that is directed
towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence
PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• Man as a product of his past lodged within his
subconscious. Man’s behavior by his pleasure-seeking for
life instinct and his destructive death instinct
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976)
• “The self is the way people behave.”
• English philosopher
• He rejected the idea of Dualistic Metaphysics
• decided to focus on the observable behavior of the self by
ignoring or denying the existence of an internal,
nonphysical self. No more inner selves, immortal souls,
states of consciousness, or unconsciousness
• He defined the self as the behavior that is presented to the
world, a view that is known today as behaviorism
RYLE’S TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
• KNOWING-THAT – refers to knowing facts and
information. Ryle considered this to be empty
intellectualism, as it is worthless if you cannot use it to solve
practical problems
• KNOWING-HOW – refers to using facts in the performance
of some skills or technical abilities
PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND
• “The self is the brain.”
• NEUROPHILOSOPHY – the philosophy of neuroscience is
the study of the philosophy of the mind, the philosophy of
science, neuroscience, and psychology
• Churchland views the self as the brain
• argued the more you know your brain, the clearer it
becomes that the brain is each of us
• There is no “mind” beyond the brain. No “self” beyond it and
no soul
MAURICE MERLEU-PONTY (1908-1961)
• “The self has embodied subjectivity.”
• He developed the concept of body-subject
• the mind is part of the body, and the body is part of the mind
• PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
o “Inside and outside are inseparable. The world is
wholly inside, and I am wholly outside myself.”
therefore, the physical body is part of the self
• focus on the relationship between self-experience and the
experience of other people
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 2: PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)

• aims to discover the ways by which the social surrounding
influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior
• understanding human societies and their social processes
which may aid in people understanding themselves better
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
• born 27th February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
• American philosopher, and social theorist who studied the
self from a social behaviorist perspective
• the self cannot be separated from the society
MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF
• SOCIAL BEHAVIORISM – the approach George Mead
used to describe the power of the environment in shaping
human behavior
• He described the self as a ‘dimension of personality that is
made up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image’
STAGES OF SELF FORMATION
1. PREPARATORY STAGE – self did not exist at birth. Instead,
the self develops over time. Its development is dependent on
social interaction and social experience
o children’s behavior is primarily based on imitation
2. PLAY STAGE – skills at knowing and understanding the
symbols of communication are important for this constitutes the
basis for socialization
o role-taking is the process of assuming the perspective
of another person to see how this person might behave
or respond in each situation
3. GAME STAGE – the child is about eight or nine years of age
and now does more than just role-take. The term ‘generalized
other’ was what Mead used to explain the behavior of the person
when he sees/considers other people during his actions
• an American sociologist who made use of the
sociopsychological approach to understanding how
societies work
• LOOKING GLASS SELF – the self that is a product of
social interaction
o Seeing oneself is based on contemplating one’s
personal qualities and the view of the self is also
influenced by the impression of other people
PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE SELF (3 PHASES)
1. People imagine how they present themselves to others
2. People imagine how others evaluate him
3. People develop some sort of feeling about themselves
because of those impressions
ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982)
• a Canadian American sociologist who is known for his role
in the development of Modern American Sociology
• IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT – the process of altering
how the person presents himself to others
o He observed that people in their social interactions
learned to slant their presentation of themselves to
create preferred appearances and satisfy particular
people
• He sees similarities between real social interaction to a
theatrical presentation. This is the reason for the label
dramaturgical approach to his view

EXISTENCE OF
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS
SELF
PREPARATORY
none imitates one another
STAGE
PLAY STAGE developing role-taking
GAME STAGE present generalized other

MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF

• the self is not present at birth but begins as a central
character in a child’s world
• Family plays a major role in the formation of the self. They
are the Significant others that strongly influence the
child’s development

THE “I” AND “ME”

• explains that a person’s capacity to see the self through
others
• I SELF – when the person initiates or performs a social
action
• ME SELF – when the person takes the role of the other, the
self-function as an object

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 3: PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY
• field of the social sciences that focus on the study of man
• looks into man’s physical/biological characteristics, his
social relationships, and the influences of his culture
from the dawn of civilization up to the present

FOUR MAJOR SUBFIELDS

• ARCHEOLOGY – the study of earlier cultures and their way
of life through retrieving, and examination of material
remains of previous human societies
o Archeologists’ focus is on the past and how it may
have contributed to the present ways of how people
conduct their daily lives. As a result, what
archaeologists have so far discovered are the unique
ways in which human beings adapted to changes in
their environment for them to survive
o Archeological data suggest that in many places
around the world, the species homo sapiens did not
become extinct because of their ability to think, use
tools, and learn from experience
• BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – gives emphasis on the
biological adaptations of man to his environment
o Biological Anthropologists focus primarily on how the
human body adapts to the different earth
environments. They look at the probable causes of
disease, physical mutation, and death
• LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – focuses on the study of
human speech and language
o LANGUAGE identifies a group of people
o Linguistic anthropologists also study how language
and modes of communication change over time
• CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – gave emphasis on the
study of societies and human behavior
o CULTURE – group of people’s ways of life. Including
their behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols that they
accept, socially transmitted through communication
and imitation from generation to generation
o Cultural Anthropologists are interested in knowing
what makes one group’s manner of living particular to
that group and forms an essential part of the member’s
personal and social identity

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DEPTH (CULTURE)

1. SYMBOL – words, gestures, and symbols, that have
recognized meaning in a particular culture
2. HEROES – persons from the past or present who have
characteristics that are important in a culture
3. RITUALS – activities participated in by a group of people for
the fulfillment of desired objectives and are socially essential
4. VALUES – considered to be the core of every culture

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 4: PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES

• the field of the social sciences that deals with the • The Multiple Selves theory suggests that there exists in
description, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior the individual different aspects of the self
• derived from the Greek words psyche which means soul, • A unified being is essentially connected to consciousness,
and logos which means the study of awareness, and agency
• the study of the soul
D.W. WINNICOTT (1896-1971)
WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) • an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied
• an American philosopher and psychologist child development
• known for his Theory of the Self • He stated that children/people have true and false selves
• He wrote many articles on both philosophy and psychology
and published several books, one of which is The TRUE SELF FALSE SELF
Principles of Psychology in 1980 • creative • lacks spontaneity
• spontaneously • dead and empty
THEORY OF THE SELF (THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’ experiencing each day of • the mask that hides the
their lives true person for fear of the
• William James in his studies of human thoughts concluded • appreciate being alive pain of rejection and failure
that thoughts have five characteristics: • high level of awareness in • at times, enable the person
1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self the person of who he is to form superficial but
2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static • recognizes his strengths productive social
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from • accepts his limitations relationship
one object to another • enjoys winning and
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and success
independent of consciousness itself • learns from mistakes
5. Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not
others ALBERT BANDURA (1925-PRESENT)
• the proponent of the personality theory known as The
3 COMPONENTS OF THE ‘ME’ SELF Social Cognitive Theory
• ‘ME’ self – refers to the total of one’s experience – it is all • The Social Cognitive Theory suggested that human beings
that a person can call his/her own are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and self-
1. THE MATERIAL SELF – consists of the things or objects organizing
that belong to the person entitled that a person belongs to
2. THE SOCIAL SELF – refers to who the person is in a FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
particular situation • refers to the essence of being human
3. THE SPIRITUAL SELF – refers to the self that is more 1. INTENTIONALITY – refers to the actions performed by the
concrete or permanent when compared to the material and person intentionally or with full awareness of behavior
social selves 2. FORETHOUGHT – refers to the person’s anticipation of likely
outcomes of his behavior
THE GLOBAL SELF 3. SELF-REACTIVENESS – refers to the process in which the
• represents the overall value that a person places upon person is motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes
himself his progress in achieving his goals
• product of all experiences that he had in society which 4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS – refers to the person looking
accounts for the kind of person he presently is inward and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals, and
other people’s effect on him
MURRAY BOWEN
• an American Psychiatrist who conceptualized the theory of SELF REGULATION
the differentiated self • the process of conscious personal management that
• the Differentiated Self emphasizes the person’s capability involves guiding one’s own thoughts, behaviors, and
to develop and sustain his/her unique identity feelings to reach goals
• allows the person to set goals that are better, and higher
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) than before through introspection
• an American psychologist who proposed the personality
theory known as the Person-Centered Theory

2 TYPES OF SELF CONCEPT

• REAL-SELF CONCEPT – refers to all information and
perception the person has about himself
• IDEAL-SELF CONCEPT – the model version the person
has of himself

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 5: THE PHYSICAL SELF

PHYSICAL SELF SIGNS OF PHYSICAL MATURATION

• the concrete dimensions of the body, it is the tangible
aspect of the person that can be directly observed and
examined
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• defining traits or features of the person’s body that can
easily be distinguished with the naked eye
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• the study of the human cycle from conception to death
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
CHROMOSOMES
• rod shapes structures that contain all basic hereditary
information of an organism
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
GENE
• composed of sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
through which genetic information is transmitted
• produces the characteristics of each person
• XX combination results in a female child
• XY combination results in a male child
GENETICS DEFECTS
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
• refers to a child who is not able to produce an enzyme that
is required for normal development
1. DOWN SYNDROME
• refers to a disease wherein the zygote receives an extra
chromosome at the moment of conception
2. SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA
• refers to a disease characterized by abnormally shaped red
blood cells
3. TAY-SACHS DISEASE
• refers to a disease wherein the body is not capable of
breaking down fats
• PUBERTY
o denotes two general types of physical changes that
mark the transition from childhood to adulthood
▪ BODILY CHANGES
▪ SEXUAL CHANGES
o brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in
early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical
changes that occur in the adolescent stage of human
development
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHANGES
• changes in the reproductive organs that prepare both boys
and girls for procreation
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHANGES
• physical changes that distinguish boys from girls
MENARCHE
• refers to the onset of menstruation that typically occurs at
age of 13
SPERMARCHE / SEMENARCHE
• refers to the first spontaneous ejaculation or nocturnal
emission (wet dreams) that occurs at about 13
ESTROGEN (FOR GIRLS)
• promote physical changes such as an increase in height,
widening of hips, and increase in fatty tissues in the breast
of girls
ANDROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE (FOR BOYS)
• responsible for the boy’s growth of facial and body hair,
muscles, and changes in the voice
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOURSELF?
SELF UNDERSTANDING
• According to Santrock (2014), self-understanding is the
individual’s cognitive representation of the self which
consists of the substance and the content of self-
conceptions
GROWING UP

STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT PUBERTY

1. GERMINAL • a period of rapid changes
2. EMBRYONIC
3. FETAL
BODY IMAGE
• refers to the way one sees himself /herself or the way
STAGES OF POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT
he/she imagines how he/she looks
1. INFANCY (Birth to 2 years)
2. EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-6 years)
3. SCHOOL AGE (7-12 years)
4. ADOLESCENCE (13-20 years)
5. EARLY ADULTHOOD (20-30 years)
6. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (30-50 years)
7. LATE ADULTHOOD (50-60 years)
8. OLD AGE (60+ years)

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 5: THE PHYSICAL SELF

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SELF VS IDENTITY

PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL SELF
PERSONAL FACTORS
A. INTROSPECTION AND SELF REFLECTION
• Looking inward is one of the simplest ways to achieve self-
knowledge
• the process by which one observes and examines one’s
internal state (mental and emotional) after behaving in a
certain way
B. SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
• explains that since one’s internal state is difficult to interpret,
people can infer their inner states by observing their own
behavior – as if they are an outside observer
C. SELF-CONCEPT
• a cognitive representation of self-knowledge which includes
the total of all beliefs that people have about themselves
D. PERSONAL IDENTITY
• the concept a person has about himself that develops over
the years
SELF
• belongs to an individual level analysis which includes self-
esteem, self-states, self-efficacy, and the like
IDENTITY
• based on societal or cultural level analysis such as the
cultural concept of oneself and cultural make-up which
makes a person who he is
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND
SELF-ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY
• CULTURE – defined as a social system that is
characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to
people and events by its members
• BEAUTY – the quality of being physically attractive or the
qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the
senses or the mind
THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
EUROCENTRISM
• the tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or
Anglo-American values or experiences

SOCIAL FACTORS COLORISM

• an aspect of Eurocentrism defined as “the prejudicial or
A. ATTACHMENT PROCESS AND SOCIAL
preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on
APPRAISAL the color of their skin”
• people learn about their value and lovability when they
experience how their mothers or caregivers care for them SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE
and respond to their needs • SELF-ESTEEM – the overall evaluation that a person has
of himself which can be positive or negative, high or low
B. MAINTAINING, REGULATING, AND EXPANDING
THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ADOLESCENT’S BODY IMAGE
• the sense of self is continuously shaped through ongoing 1. Perception of their physical self when they look in the mirror
interaction with others or with significant relationship 2. Feeling of like or dislike about the physical self that they see
partners 3. Their thought and how they relate to their physical self
4. Perception of how other people view them physically
C. THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY
• a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal
interactions and the perception of others

D. SOCIAL COMPARISON
• a process of comparing oneself with others to evaluate
one’s own abilities and opinions
o UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – when an n
individual compares himself to others who are better
than him
o DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – when an
individual compares himself to someone who is in a
worse situation than he is especially when he is feeling
low

E. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (COLLECTIVE

IDENTITY)
• provides a framework about how people achieve an
understanding of themselves by being a member of their
group

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

SEXUAL SELFHOOD BIOLOGICAL

• defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a • knowing the structures and functions of the reproductive
sexual individual system is essential to the understanding of sexuality

PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY BRAIN

• initiates and organizes sexual behavior
HISTORICAL
• Male assumes the dominant role PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
• PENIS – (male symbol) viewed as the symbol of fertility
• prepare the male and female’s bodies for procreation
• WIVES – considered as objects to be possessed just like
property MALE FEMALE
• WOMEN – forbidden to own property and had no legal and • testes • ovaries
political rights. • penis • fallopian tubes
• GYNE – the Greek word for a woman that means bearer of • scrotum • uterus
the child • seminal vesicles and • vagina
prostate glands
MIDDLE AGES
• bore witness the strong influence of the church, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
particularly in matters of sexuality • physical changes that distinguish the males from females
• The church decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to
procreation were considered evil MALE FEMALE
• Women were labeled as either temptress (like Eve) or a • voice becomes much lower • breasts enlarge
woman of virtue (like the Virgin Mary) (breaks) • hair growth on under arms
• hair growth on chest, face, and pubic area
TH underarms, arms, legs, • hip widens
PROTESTANT REFORMATION OF THE 16 and pubic area • skin becomes oily and
CENTURY (1483-1546) • increase in muscle size pores enlarge
• Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Protestant leaders • skin becomes oily and
initiated a movement against the corruption of the pores enlarge
Roman Catholic Church
• Protestantism believed that sexuality is a natural part of SOCIOBIOLOGICAL / EVOLUTIONARY
life and that priests should be able to marry and have • studies how evolutionary forces affect sexual behavior
families • According to sociobiological theory, natural selection is a
process by which organisms that are best suited to their
17TH AND 18TH CENTURY environment are most likely to survive
• Puritans, a group of people who were discontented with the
Church of England rallied for religious, moral, and societal
PSYCHOLOGICAL
reformation • sexuality is not a mere physical response, it also involves
emotions, thoughts, and beliefs
VICTORIAN ERA (1837-1901)
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF
• Homosexuality and prostitution were rampant and DEVELOPMENT
considered to be threats to social order.
• Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud became 1. ORAL STAFE – the child’s erogenous zone is the mouth
popular which receives gratification through eating and sucking
2. ANAL STAGE – the erogenous zone is the anus in which
sexual gratification is derived from defecation
20TH CENTURY
3. PHALLIC STAGE – erogenous zone is the genitals, the child
• Interest in sexuality became more evident and accepted in experiences sexual attraction towards the opposite sex parent
society o OEDIPUS COMPLEX – boy child towards the mother
• The separation of church and state reduced the influence o ELECTRA COMPLEX – girl child towards the father
the church had over sexual mores 4. LATENCY STAGE – sexual impulses lie dormant as the child
• Rise of feminism allowed for changes in employment, home is occupied by social activities
life, and sexual standards for women 5. GENITAL STAGE – where the erogenous zone is again the
genitals, the sexual attraction is directed towards others, usually
one of the opposite sexes

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LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

RELIGIOUS THE PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

• Masters and Johnsons categorized the human erotic
JUDAISM response into four stages which they called the Human
• holds a positive and natural outlook toward marital sex Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC):
which they consider as blessed by God and pleasurable for o EXCITEMENT
both man and woman o PLATEAU
o ORGASM
o RESOLUTION
ISLAM
• family is considered of utmost importance, and celibacy THE TRIAPHASIC MODEL OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
within marriage is prohibited
• Muslim men are allowed to have up to four wives, but • introduced by Helen Singer Kaplan which includes only
Muslim women can only have one husband sexual desire, excitement, and orgasm

TAOISM THE EROTIC STIMULUS PATHWAY THEORY

• sex is not only natural and healthy, but sacred union • by David Reed did not focus on the physical changes of
necessary to people’s physical, mental, and spiritual being sexual response but on the psychosocial aspects of sexual
response. His theory includes four stages:
o SEDUCTION – all actions that enhance attractiveness
HINDUISM
such as what people wear and how they act
• sexuality is seen as a spiritual force, and the act of ritual o SENSATION – sound, touch, and smell that affect
lovemaking is a means of both celebrating and arousal
transcending the physical o SURRENDER – orgasm
o REFLECTION – a positive or negative sexual
ROMAN CATHOLIC experience that affects future sexual patterns
• marriage is purely for intercourse and procreation
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST,
SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT
• SEX – derived from the Latin word secare which means ‘to • ATTRACTION – a characteristic that causes pleasure or
divide interest by appealing to a person’s desires or tastes and
• SEXUALITY – means to unite causes one to be drawn to the other
• SEXUAL IDENTITY – includes sexual orientation, his ability • A desire for beauty lies within the brain
to manage sexual feelings, and his capacity to regulate his • Criteria of beauty are subjective and vary over time in
sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences different cultures
• GENDER – refers to the characteristics of people as males • Most romantic relationships begin with two individuals
or females falling in love with each other
• GENDER ROLE – a set of expectations that prescribes how • Early passionate love is not an emotion in and of itself.
females and males should think, act, and feel Rather, it is best characterized as a motivation or goal-
• GENDER ASSIGNMENT (natal gender) – refers to initial oriented state that leads to various specific emotions, such
assignment as male or female which usually occurs at birth as euphoria or anxiety
• GENDER REASSIGNMENT – denotes an official usually a • The emotions associated with love – elation, anxiety, joy,
legal change of gender fear – may come and go. But the motivation to be with the
• GENDER IDENTITY – a category of social identity that beloved – remains
refers to an individual’s identification as male, female, or
some category than male or female THE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE
• MASCULINE – qualities and behaviors judged by a
particular culture to be ideally associated with or especially STAGE CHARACTERISTICS HORMONES AND
appropriate to men and boys NEURAL PATHWAYS
• FEMININE – qualities and behaviors judged by a particular INVOLVED
culture to be ideally associated with or especially Lust Phase intense craving for sexual androgen, estrogen,
contact pheromones, and
appropriate to women and girls
senses
• ANDROGYNY – those who have both masculine and Attraction couples are infatuated and high dopamine and
feminine traits, feelings, and qualities Phase pursue a relationship. the norepinephrine; low
• ASEXUALS – persons who do not experience sexual energy and attention are serotonin
drives or attraction to either sex focused on one person
• HYPERSEXUAL – persons with an excessive interest in Attachment the long-term bond oxytocin, vasopressin
sex to the point where it can cause problems in one’s life Phase between partners. it is a
feeling of security,
comfort, and emotional
union

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF
JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES
1. EROS – love is based on the strong sexual and emotional
components
2. AGAPE – altruistic and selfless love
3. STORGE – love-relation friendship based on nonsexual
affection
4. LUDUS – for ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for
fun and entertainment
5. MANIA – characterized by an intense feeling which may lead
to obsessive and possessive love towards the loved ones
6. PRAGMA – a practical and business-like love
THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
BY: ROBERT STENBERG
• love is made up of three (3) components:
1. INTIMACY – the desire to give and receive emotional
closeness, support, caring, and sharing
2. PASSION – the hot component of love that can be described
as intensely romantic or sexual desire for another person usually
accompanied by physical attraction and physiological arousal
3. COMMITMENT – cold component of love
STENBERG’S SEVERAL TYPES OF LOVE
1. LIKING (intimacy) – involves emotional intimacy and has no
passionate intention for a long-term commitment
2. INFATUATION (passion) – associated with a high degree of
physiological arousal
3. EMPTY LOVE (commitment) – involves only commitment
4. ROMANTIC LOVE (passion and intimacy) – a combination
of both passion and intimacy that may be present during the first
phase of a relationship
5. COMPANIONATE LOVE (intimacy and commitment) – the
components are both intimacies that are experienced in a long
deeply committed friendship or marriage where passion is faded
6. FATUOUS LOVE (passion and commitment) – a
combination of passion and commitment experienced by a
couple who spent a short time in courtship and suddenly decided
to get married
7. CONSUMMATE LOVE (passion, intimacy, and
commitment) – there exists a healthy balance of passion,
intimacy, and commitment shared by couples considered to be
ideal for each other
THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE
• The chemistry of love explains how several chemical
substances in the body have been found to naturally
influence the experience of love:
1. DOPAMINE (DA) and NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) –
neurotransmitters involved in mood, motivation, attention, and
excitement
2. SEROTONIN – a neurotransmitter associated with mood,
obsession, sex, and sleep
3. PHENYTHYLAMINE (PEA) – a neurochemical that can
increase the levels of DA and NE, especially in the pathways
involving mood and pleasure also called the “love drug”
4. OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN – neuropeptides released
from the pituitary gland
5. ENDORPHINS – were named for “endogenous morphine”,
the body’s natural opiates, like the man-made drugs morphine
and heroin
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE (PSYCHOLOGICAL
THEORIES WHY PEOPLE FALL IN LOVE)
1. BEHAVIORAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY – when
someone received a reward such as free ride or other favors
from another, a positive feeling may be experienced
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL THEORY – explains the most
acceptable theories about emotions: the bodies experience a
physiological change first, then people assign an emotion to that
physical sensation
3. EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES – explains that love arose due
to some sociobiological need
FACTORS THAT WOULD DETERMINE WITH WHOM
PEOPLE FALL IN LOVE
1. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS – beauty is in the eye of the
beholder
2. RECIPROCITY – people tend to like an individual who also
likes them
3. PROXIMITY – being around anytime physically or virtually
4. SIMILARITIES – same age, religion, education, race,
physical attractiveness, intelligence, and socio-economic class
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
1. SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – sexual behavior involving
more than one person. It is generally expressed in heterosexual
behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male
with male or female with female)
2. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR – self-masturbation or self-
stimulation with the intention of causing sexual arousal, a feeling
of pleasure and often results in orgasm
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
• Rosenthal (2013) defined sexual orientation as a person’s
predisposition or inclination regarding sexual behavior,
emotional attachment, or physical attraction to one or both
sexes
TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
1. HOMOSEXUAL – refers to a person whose sexual orientation
is toward another of the same sex
o LESBIAN – a term used to describe a woman whose
sexual and romantic attraction is toward women
o GAY – man whose sexual and romantic attraction is
towards other men
2. HETEROSEXUAL – person whose sexual orientation is
toward others of the opposite sex
3. BISEXUAL – person who may be sexually oriented to both
men and women.
4. PANSEXUAL – new sexual orientation of persons who are
sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender
identity
5. TRANSGENDER – refers to the broad spectrum of individuals
who transiently or persistently identify with a gender different
from their natal gender
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI’S) 4. STERILIZATION

1. HIV/AIDS – HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
while AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
o HIV – a virus
o AIDS – condition or syndrome
2. GENITAL HERPES – a sexually transmitted infection caused
by a large family of viruses of different strains
3. GENITAL WARTS – an STI caused by the human
papillomavirus; genital warts are very contagious and are the
most acquired STI
4. GONORRHEA – a sexually transmitted infection caused by
the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae which thrives in the moist
mucous membranes linings of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix,
urethra, and the anal tract
5. SYPHILIS – a sexually transmitted infection caused by the
bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
6. CHLAMYDIA – one of the most common sexually transmitted
infections, named for Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism that
spreads through sexual contact and infects the genital of both
sexes
• procedure that makes an individual permanently incapable
of conceiving or fertilizing a partner
a. TUBAL LIGATION / STERILIZATION – the surgery for
woman in which fallopian tubes are tied to prevent eggs from
travelling to the uterus so a woman cannot get pregnant
b. VASECTOMY – an operation in which the surgeon makes a
small cut in the upper part of scrotum then ties or blocks the vas
deferens
5. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
• a small device that is placed in the uterus by a doctor to
prevent pregnancy
6. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (EC)
• a measure that protects against pregnancy after
unprotected sex has already occurred

METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
(ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL)

1. HORMONAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION

• prevents the release of an egg or ovulation
a. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES (pills) – daily oral contraceptives
b. THE PATCH – a small patch you stick on the skin that
releases estrogen and progestogen
c. THE RING – a small ring a woman inserts into her vagina
every month and releases hormones to stop ovulation
d. IMPLANTS – a small flexible rod that is placed under the skin
of the upper arm by a health professional and releases
progesterone to stop ovulation
e. INJECTIBLE –long-acting reversible contraception does not
depend on you taking it daily and is more than 99 percent
effective

2. BARRIER METHODS
• methods that physically or chemically block the sperm from
reaching an egg and provide a barrier between direct skin-
to-skin contacts
a. DIAPHRAGM – soft dome made of latex or silicone and is
used with spermicide
b. CERVICAL CAPS – like the diaphragm, though generally
made of silicone
c. MALE AND FEMALE CONDOMS OR SPERMICIDES – male
condom is made up of thin latex over the penis to stop the sperm
from entering the vagina

3. BEHAVIORAL METHODS
a. RHYTHM OR CALENDAR METHOD – a way to determine a
woman’s most fertile and infertile times by charting the
menstrual cycle
b. ABSTINENCE OR CELIBACY – refer to the avoidance of
sexual intercourse
c. OUTERCORSE – a sexual activity that does not include the
insertion of the penis into the vagina
d. WITHDRAWAL (Latin: coitus interruptus) – happens when a
man removes his penis from the vagina and ejaculates outside
the woman’s body

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
LESSON 7: THE MATERIAL SELF
MATERIAL SELF
• According to James William, it refers to tangible objects,
people, or places that carry the designation my or mine
BARBARA KRUGER
• “I shop, therefore I am.”
TWO SUBCLASSES OF MATERIAL SELF
1. BODILY SELF – speaks on our body part which is the inner
core of material self-such as arms, legs, hair, etc.
2. EXTRACORPOREAL SELF – or self-based outside living
body referred to by Rosenberg as the Extended Self. It includes
clothes (my jacket), possessions (my car), places (my
hometown), immediate family (my parents), and other things
that we consider as ours
HOW DO WE DETERMINE IF THE ENTITY
IS PART OF OUR MATERIAL SELF?
• There is an emotional investment
• We tend to react in an emotional way when a thing is
applauded, commended, admired, praised, and attacked
• Abundantly paying attention to the thing
• Maintaining or enhancing it
• Represents important aspects of self (avid collectors)
CONSUMER CULTURE
• plays a role in our sense of self-identity and has become
increasingly materialistic
• a socio-economic phenomenon where social status,
values, and activities are centered on the consumption of
goods and services. Identity may be expressed in many
types of consumption and may vary with the type of
consumer
EXAMPLES OF CONSUMER CULTURE
1. CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
• spending money on and acquiring luxury goods and
services to publicly display economic power
2. CONSPICUOUS CONSERVATION
• a desire to signal that you are a good person who is
concerned with the environmental and social issues
3. EARLY ADOPTERS
• consumers who pride themselves on being at the
forefront of product trends
4. FOLLOWERS
• worry about missing out on new trendy products and
brands
5. LOW-TECH
• enthusiasts of old technology
6. PEAK EXPERIENCES
• consumers who seek meaning and experience through
consumption
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
7. ESCAPISM
• consumers who enjoy fictional realities as a “means of
escape” from the harshness of day-to-day life
8. TRADITIONAL CULTURE
• products, services, and brands that are viewed as part of
traditional cultures such as the culture of a nation, people,
or city
9. SUPER CULTURE
• a large culture that exists on a global basis such as sport,
video games, or street fashion enthusiasts
10. SUBCULTURE
• a subculture is a relatively small culture that surrounds a
social group, profession, or pursuit
11. NORMCORE
• a subculture of people who just want to be normal such
that they avoid purchases that send a strong social signal
12. BRAND INDIFERRENCE
• consumers who view brands with complete indifference
and buy based on practical considerations or need and
price
13. ANTI-CONSUMERS
• consumers who believe people should minimize
purchases or be completely self-reliant. View
consumption as greed and branding as propaganda
ECONOMIC SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
ECONOMICS
• the study of things that a person is lacking, of how people
make use of the things they have, and of making the right
decisions
• the condition of the person, group, or region as regards to
material prosperity
ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
• the ability of individuals and families to consistently meet
their needs
ECONOMIC CONSCIOUSNESS
• the result of socialization and professionalization of the
subject that acquires a particular significance in human
affairs
• includes social perceptions, attitudes, relationships, and
opinions of persons/social group about different economic
objects and phenomena
ECONOMIC IDENTITY
• the psychological phenomenon that results from social
categorization. For instance, a category of economic status
is whether a person belongs to rich, sustainable, or poor
sectors of society
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 7: THE MATERIAL SELF

JOHN HESKETT SYMBOLIC MOTIVES

• British writer and lecturer on the economic, political,
cultural, and human value of industrial design
MATERIAL SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
BY: JOHN HESKETT
• Design combines “need” and “desire” in the form of a
practical object that can also reflect the user’s identity and
aspirations through its form and decoration
• there is a significance and function behind everyday things
• explains that there is a subconscious effect in everyday life
ROLAND BARTHES (1915-1980)
• French literary theorist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician
MATERIAL SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
BY: ROLAND BARTHES
• A sign is anything that conveys meaning
• In the 1950s, he popularized the field of semiology (the
study of objects as signs)
• revealed that everyday objects are not just things but a
complex system of signs which allows one to read meaning
into people and places
• STATUS – the extent to which people believe they can
derive a sense of recognition or achievement from owning
and using the right kind of product, can be an important
motivator of behavior
• AFFECTIVE MOTIVES – a concept in Environmental
Psychology. Affect (emotions) serves as a motivator of pro-
environmental behavior
THE ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON THE
SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY
• CONSUMER IDENTITY – the pattern of consumption that
describes the consumer
• CONSUMERISM – the preoccupation with and an
inclination towards the buying of consumer goods. It is also
based on the theory that an increasing consumption of
goods is economically desirable
• BEHAVIORAL FINANCE – a new field that combines
behavioral and cognitive psychological theory with
conventional economics and finance to provide
explanations for why people make irrational financial
decisions

SEMIOTIC
• the study of signs that Barthes introduced
• examine how words, photographs, images, and objects can
work as a language to communicate a range of ideas,
associations, and feelings

TWO ELEMENTS OF SIGNS

• SIGNIFIER – refers to its physical form (e.g., a diamond
ring)
• SIGNIFIED – refers to the mental concepts (e.g., engaged
to be married)

THEORY OF THE MEANING

OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
• suggests that material goods can fulfill a range of
instrumental, social, symbolic, and effective functions
1. INSTRUMENTAL FUNCTIONS – relate to the functional
properties of a product. For example, a person bought a pick-up
style car for family and business functions
2. SOCIAL SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONS – signify personal
qualities, social standing, group affiliation, and gender role. For
instance, buying an iPhone instead of other mobile phones
3. CATEGORICAL FUNCTIONS – refers to the extent to which
material possessions may be used to communicate group
membership and status. Example to buying or renting a condo
unit in Makati City
4. SELF-EXPRESSIVE FUNCTIONS – reflect a person’s unique
qualities, values, or attitudes. There are people who may
represent themselves by collecting objects with a Hello Kitty
brand. Others may express their favorite color through the color
of their accessories

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.