Course Name: Power System

Course Code: ECE 3215

Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
 ABCD parameter of Transmission Line

ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters) are

generalized circuit constants used to help model transmission lines. More
specifically, ABCD parameters are used in the two port network representation of
a transmission line. The circuit of such a two-port network is shown below:

As the name suggests, a two port network consists of an input port PQ and an
output port RS. In any 4 terminal network, (i.e. linear, passive, bilateral network)
the input voltage and input current can be expressed in terms of output voltage
and output current.

Each port has 2 terminals to connect itself to the external circuit. Thus it is
essentially a 2 port or a 4 terminal circuit.
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 ABCD parameter of Transmission Line

Now the ABCD parameters of transmission line provide the link between the supply and
receiving end voltages and currents, considering the circuit elements to be linear in
nature.

Thus the relation between the sending and receiving end specifications are given using
ABCD parameters by the equations below.

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 ABCD parameter of Transmission Line

The receiving end is open circuited meaning

receiving end current IR = 0.
Applying this condition to equation (1) we get,

Receiving end is short circuited meaning

receiving end voltage VR = 0

Applying this condition to equation (2) we get,

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 ABCD parameter of Transmission Line

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 Lecture 3

Network Representation
(Reactive Power Compensation and
Introduction to DC transmission)

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 What is Reactive Power?

Purely Reactive Load

Power can be
positive and
negative

Power is
positive all-time

Active Power Reactive Power

9/22/2020 Amit Kumer Podder Source: TheElectricalGuy Youtube Channel 7
 What is Reactive Power?

Power flows from source to load only Power flows from source to load only
and also from load to source
Denoted by P and measured in Watts Denoted by Q and measured in VAR

Measured using Wattmeter Measured using VAR meter (𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)

Active power produces heat, Reactive power only represents power
mechanical power, light etc that oscillates back and forth

9/22/2020 Amit Kumer Podder Source: TheElectricalGuy Youtube Channel 8

 Need for Reactive Power

Reactive power

Horse - Boat Analogy

The power required to keep the boat steady in navigating straightly is

delivered by the rudder movement (reactive power)

Without reactive power there can be no transfer of real power, likewise

without the support of rudder, the boat cannot move in a straight line

9/22/2020 Amit Kumer Podder Source: TheElectricalGuy Youtube Channel 9

 Need for Reactive Power

Voltage control in an electrical power system is important for proper operation

for electrical power equipment to prevent damage such as overheating of
generators and motors, to reduce transmission losses and to maintain the
ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage collapse.

In general terms, decreasing reactive power causing voltage to fall while

increasing it causing voltage to rise. A voltage collapse occurs when the system
try to serve much more load than the voltage can support.

 Reactive power (VARS) is required to maintain the voltage to deliver active

power (watts) through transmission lines.
 Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert the flow of
electrons into useful work.
 When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags down and it is
not possible to push the power demanded by loads through the lines.

9/22/2020 Amit Kumer Podder Source: TheElectricalGuy Youtube Channel 10

 Reactive Power Compensation

 It is very much necessary to maintain an acceptably good voltage profile in

an interconnected grid system.

 The flow of current through the transmission/distribution lines in the

direct current systems causes only voltage drop

 But in alternating current there may be either voltage drop or voltage rise
depending upon the load and its power factor. The voltage drop as well as
rise is heavily influenced by the parameters of the line.

The voltage drop is quite obvious and was expected but the rise phenomenon was
unknown to the engineers at a certain point of time.

It was first noticed and explained by Ferranti. So the effect is called Ferranti effect.

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 Ferranti Effect

 The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission
line is more than the sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect.

 Such type of effect mainly occurs because of light load or open circuit at
the receiving end.
Why Ferranti Effect
Capacitance and inductance are the main parameters of the lines having a length
240km or above. On such transmission lines, the capacitance is not concentrated
at some definite points. It is distributed uniformly along the whole length of the
line.

When the voltage is applied at the sending end, the current drawn by the
capacitance of the line is more than current associated with the load. Thus, at
no load or light load, the voltage at the receiving end is quite large as compared
to the constant voltage at the sending end.
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 Need for Reactive Power Compensation

Reactive power generated by the ac power source is stored in a

capacitor or a reactor during a quarter of a cycle and in the next
quarter of the cycle it is sent back to the power source.

Therefore the reactive power oscillates between the ac source

and the capacitor or reactor at a frequency equals to two times
the rated value (50 or 60 Hz). So to avoid the circulation between
the load and source it needs to be compensated.

Also to regulate the power factor of the system and maintain

the voltage stability , it is necessary to compensate the reactive
power.

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 Methods of Reactive Power Compensation

 Shunt Compensation
 Series Compensation
 Static Compensator
 Static VAR Compensator
 Synchronous Condensers

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 Shunt Compensation

 The device that is connected in parallel with the transmission line is

called the shunt compensator. A shunt compensator is always connected
in the middle of the transmission line. It can be provided by either a
current source, voltage source or a capacitor.
 An ideal shunt compensator provides the reactive power to the system
 Shunt-connected reactors are used to reduce the line over-voltages by
consuming the reactive power, while shunt-connected capacitors are used
to maintain the voltage levels by compensating the reactive power to the
transmission line.

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 Series Compensation

 When a device is connected in series with the transmission line it is

called a series compensator. A series compensator can be connected
anywhere in the line.
 There are two modes of operation-capacitive mode and inductive mode.

 A simplified model of a transmission line with series compensation is

shown in Figure below.

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 Lecture 3

Introduction to DC transmission

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 DC Transmission Line

 In DC transmission line, the

mercury arc rectifier converts the
alternating current into the DC.

 The DC transmission line transmits

the bulk power over long distance.

 At the consumer ends the

thyratron converts the DC into the
AC.

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 DC versus AC Transmission Line

 The AC transmission line uses three conductors for long power

transmission. And the DC transmission line uses two conductors for power
transmission.
 The AC transmission line has inductance and surges whereas the DC
transmission line is free from inductance and surges. The inductance and
the surges are nothing but the wave of the high voltage which occurs for
short duration.
 The phenomenon of the skin effect occurs only in the AC transmission
line. The skin effect causes the losses, and this can be reduced by
decreasing the cross-section area of the conductor. The phenomenon of
skin effect is completely absent in the DC transmission line.
 At same voltage, the DC transmission line has less stress as compared to
the AC transmission line. Hence, DC requires the less insulation as
compared to AC.
 The communication line interference is more in the AC transmission line
as compared to the DC transmission line.

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 DC versus AC Transmission Line

 The dielectric loss occurs in the ac transmission line and not in the DC
transmission line.
 The AC transmission line has the difficulties of synchronization and
stability whereas the DC transmission line is free from stability and
synchronization.
 The AC transmission line is less expensive as compared to the DC
transmission line.
 The small conductor is used for AC power transmission as compared to
the DC transmission.
 The AC transmission line requires the transformer for step-up and step-
down the voltage. Whereas in DC transmission line the booster and
chopper are used for step-up and step-down the voltage.

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 DC Transmission line

The clearance required for the DC line is somewhat less than that
required for the AC equivalents

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 DC Transmission line

Break-even distance as a function of voltage.

The DC voltage conversion and circuit breakers have been dropping in price. The
break-even price continues to drop.

Over a certain distance, the so called ‘break-even distance’ (approx. 600–800

km), the HVDC alternative will always provide the lowest cost.

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 DC Transmission line in Bangladesh

 The first HVDC sub-station in Bangladesh is located in Bheramara,

Kushtia.

 The state-owned Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd (PGCB) is

currently building the second such sub-station at the same site, to
import electricity from India

 Bangladesh is set to build the country’s third 500MW back-to-back

high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) sub-station in Comilla to import
electricity from India. for importing an additional 340MW power
from India

Bangladesh is already importing 660MW of electricity from India:

500MW from Bahrampur through the existing HVDC substation in
Bheramara, and another 160MW from Tripura via Comilla.

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 Home task

Questions

 Draw the single diagram of overall power system in

Bangladesh.

 Describe the generation, transmission and distribution

section of Bangladesh along with the available voltage level
and related organizations

 Describe the DC/HVDC transmission scenario and future

prospect of it in perspective of Bangladesh.

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 Thank
You
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