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Basic Technical Terms of Centrifugal Pump
Basic Technical Terms of Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Construction and Component
Casing
Volute
- area enlarge along flow direction
- create uniform velocity distribution
Diffuser
- large size centrifugal pump
- guide vanes surround the impeller
- fluid flow decelerated while
directed to enter the volute
Working Principles
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Fluid
Installation
Inlet head : Outlet head : Total head developed by the pump:
pi Vi 2 po Vo2 po pi Vo2 Vi 2
Z i Z o H Z o Z i
g 2 g g 2 g g 2g
H H s losses
H s h fi h fo hin hout
H = manometric head
hfi = friction loss at inlet
hfi = friction loss at outlet
hin= inlet loss
hout = outlet loss
Impeller
Theoretical Assumptions:
No tangential flow in
the blade passage
Impeller blades are
infinitely thin
No Velocity variation
across impeller width
Analysis only at inlet
and outlet
Radial inlet flow
Head and Flow Capacity H - Q
Theoretical Head Rise / Euler Head
h E
U 2C x 2 U1C x1
g
1
2g
C22 C12 U 22 U12 W22 W12
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate
s 1
sin 2
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
Buseman 30o < < 80o
s
A BCr 2 U 2 cot 2
1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
A and B are function of 2 , Z and r2 r1
Stanitz 80o < < 90o
0.63
s 1
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
Example
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades inclined at
30o to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm. The flow
rate through the pump is 0.028 m3/s and a slip factor of 0.77 may be
assumed. Assume also the blades of infinitesimal thickness. Determine the
theoretical and actual head developed by the impeller, and the number of
impeller blades
Solution:
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate
Q D2Cr 2b2
Cr 2 Q D2b2
Cr 2 0.028 0.250.02
Cr 2 1.78 m/s
For ideal outlet velocity triangle = 30o
U 2C x 2 U1C x1
E C x1 0( flow enters radially at inlet )
g
E
1915.92 30.83 m (ans.)
9.81
Actual head with slip
C x' 2 s .C x 2
E N s .E 0.77 30.83 23.74 m (ans.)
Number of blade
s 1 sin 2 Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
0.77 1 sin 30o Z 1 1.78 19 cot 30o
Z 8.15 8 (ans.)
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power 2. Impeller (Disc) friction
loss, Pm power loss, Pi
Head loss : hi
Flow rate : Qi Pi = g Qi hi
Pump Losses
3. Leakage and recirculation power loss, Pl
Head loss : hc
Flow rate : Q Pc = g Qhc
Pump Losses
H-Q Diagram
Efficiency
H ci
o ci v m H v m
Pump Shaft Power, Ps
Ps Pm g hi Qi hc Q H i q QH
PS
Ps T PM PM
T
Pump’s Characteristic Curve
E U 2 U 2 Q A cot 2 g
E K1 K 2Q
EN K1 K 2Q s
hshock K3 Q QD
2
where :
QD is design flowrate
h f K 4Q 2
Effect of Flow Rate Variation
Inlet velocity
Outlet velocity
Q;H Q;H
Effect of Blade Outlet Angle
C x 2 U 2 Cr 2 cot 2
Actual
characteristic curves
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Volute Casing
Function:
1. Collector
2. Diffuser
P 495 KHD2 B2
where : K 0.36 1 Q QD
2
Function:
P = radial force (N)
H = Head (m)
D2 = peripheral diameter (m)
B2 = impeller width (m)
Circular section to
reduce losses due to
friction and impact
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Vaneless Diffuser
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Vaneless Diffuser Continuity:
m ACr 2rbCr 2r2b2 2Cr 2
Cr r2b2 2Cr 2 rb
Conservation of angular momentum:
C x C x 2 r2 r usually C x Cr
Then: C Cx
Radius, r
C C x 2 r2 r Outlet kinetic energi
pi Vi 2 pvap
NPSH all pressures are absolute
g 2 g g
A measure of the energy available on the suction side of the
pump
A measure to indicate the occurrence of cavitation
pi Vi 2 pvap
NPSH g 2 g g
Head Developed by pump H
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH Required (NPSHR)
Net Suction Head as required by the pump
in order to prevent cavitation for safe and
reliable operation of the pump.
The required NPSHR for a particular pump
is in general determined experimentally by
the pump manufacturer (will vary
depending on the size and speed of the
pump) and a part of the documentation of
the pump.
Measurement of NPSHR by 3%
head reduction
NQ1/ 2
N suc f , N suc
g NPSH 3 / 4
Cavitation parameter
Ns
NPSH
3/ 4
3/ 4
N suc H 3/ 4
Similarity Laws
NPSH 1
N1 N 2 D1 D2 1 2
2 2
NPSH 2
Example
When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found that, for a
pump total head of 36 m at discharde of 0.05 m3/s, cavitation began when the
sum of the static pressure plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.5
m. The atmospheric pressure was 750 mmHg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. If the pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric
pressure is reduced to 620 mmHg and the vapour pressure of water is 830
Pa, what is the value of the cavitation parameter when the pump develops the
same total head and discharge? Is it necessary to reduce the height of the
pump above the supply, and if so by how much?