PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE

Requirements of pavement:

• Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to

a safe value on the sub-grade soil,
• Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses
imposed upon it,
• Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of
vehicles,
• Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at
high speed,
• Produce least noise from moving vehicles,
• Dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by
reducing visibility,
• Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected,
• Long design life with low maintenance cost.
Types of Damages
 Cracking
 Distortion
 Disintegration
 Polished aggregate
 Bleeding
 Utility cut depression
Hairline Crack

Cracks that are 1/8 inches (3

millimeters) or less.

Cause:
• poor pavement materials
• instability subgrade

If there are numerous hairline

cracks over a large area, a surface
seal (such as fog seal, chip seal,
slurry seal or sand seal) should be
used. The particular surface seal
must be fluid enough to flow into
the all the hairline cracks.
Alligator Crack

Cause:
• pavement materials are not
good
• surface weathering
• instability of subgrade
• saturate condition of subbase

Alligator crack should be filled with

an asphalt emulsion slurry seal, a
hot mix asphalt sand mix, or a hot-
poured sealant.
Edge Crack

Cause:

• Poor edge soil supporting

• Settlement on base course
• Poor drainage
• growing roots of plants in the
surrounding streets

Edge crack should be filled with

a mixture of bitumen and sand,
improvement of drainage in the
vicinity, and shoulder
compaction.
Widening Crack

Cause:
• the difference in the carrying capacity
of the new and the old pavement,
• a poor connection the new and the
old pavement

Widening crack should be filled with a

mixture of liquid asphalt and sand.
Reflection crack

Damage in the form of transverse

cracking, longitudinal, diagonal or
box form that occurs in pavement
overlay which describes the pattern
of cracks at the bottom of the layer.

Cause:
Fracture or failure damage is not
repaired before the overlay work.

Reflection crack should be filled with

a mixture of liquid asphalt and sand.
Shrinkage Cracks

Damage in the form of continuous cracks

forming huge boxes with sharp corners.

Cause:
• Volume changes in the surface layer
• Using asphalt with low penetration,
• Volume changes in base course and
subgrade.

Shrinkage cracks should be repaired

by resurfacing or crack sealing.
Slippage Crack

This form of damage such as cracks curved

like a crescent moon.

Cause:
• Poor bonding between the surface layer
with the layer below it (due to dust, oil or
non-adhesive objects).
• Not enough bonding material (tack coat).
• On the surface of the coating mixture
contained too much sand.
• Poor compacting surface layer.

Slippage crack can be repaired by

application of dry bonding sealant.
Types of Distortion
Rutting

Rutting is surface depression in the

wheelpath.

Mix rutting occurs when the subgrade does

not rut yet the pavement surface exhibits
wheelpath depressions as a result of
compaction/mix design problems.
Subgrade rutting occurs when the subgrade
exhibits wheelpath depressions due to
loading. In this case, the pavement settles
into the subgrade ruts causing surface
depressions in the wheelpath.
Pavement with deeper ruts should be leveled
and overlaid.
Corrugation

A form of plastic movement typified by

ripples (corrugation) or an abrupt wave
(shoving) across the pavement surface.
The distortion is perpendicular to the
traffic direction.

Cause:
• An unstable (i.e. low stiffness) hot
mix asphalt (HMA) layer (caused by
mix contamination, poor mix design,
poor HMA manufacturing, or lack of
aeration of liquid asphalt emulsions)
• Excessive moisture in the subgrade.
Corrugation should be removed and
overlaid.
Grade Depressions
Localized pavement
surface areas with slightly lower
elevations than the surrounding
pavement.
Cause:
subgrade settlement resulting
from inadequate compaction
during construction.
Depressions should be repaired
by removing the affected
pavement then digging out and
replacing the area of poor
subgrade.
Disintegration
Disintegration is the breakup of a pavement into
small pieces that are lost with time and traffic.

Raveling is the wearing away of the aggregate

particles from the mixture.This condition
indicates that the asphalt has hardened or that a
poor quality mixture was used. Raveling occurs
in the presence of traffic.

Potholes are bowl-shaped holes caused by the

localized disintegration of the pavement surface.
Potholes typically result from the continued
deterioration of another type of distress.
Segregation, cracks or failed patches may serve
as the start of a pothole.
Polished Aggregate

Some aggregates are susceptible to wearing to a smooth finish or

texture under traffic. These aggregates should not be used in
wearing courses.

Cause:
Repeated traffic applications.
as a pavement ages the protruding rough, angular particles
become polished. This can occur quicker if the aggregate is
susceptible to abrasion or subject to excessive studded tire wear.

Micro-milling of the pavement can restore or enhance skid

resistance. A thin lift overlay will provide a new, highly skid
resistant surface, while also adding strength to the pavement
structure.
Bleeding
A pavement surface can become flushed with asphalt and lose
its skid resistance. Bleeding can be caused by too much
asphalt in the mix, excess tack or bond coat, or by poor
construction of a sealcoat. Traffic can also over-compact an
unstable mix and force asphalt to the surface.

Utility Cuts Depression

Whether for pipe, cabling, or other utility purposes, cutting into
the pavement leaves small nicks, trenches, or holes in the
surface of pavement. This creates points of penetration for
moisture and incompressible debris, which can cause damage
to the base and widening cracks.
 Present Serviceability Index (PSI)

PSI is introduced by AASHTO (American Association

of State Highway and Transportation Officials).
In Indonesia, PSI is known as “Indeks Permukaan
(IP)”
PSI Rating

4–5 Very good

3–<4 Good
2–<3 Fair
1–<2 Poor
0–<1 Very poor
 International Roughness Index (IRI)

The International Roughness Index (IRI) is used as a standard to

quantify road surface roughness. A continuous profile along the
road is measured and analyzed to summarize qualities of pavement
surface deviations that impact vehicle suspension movement.

IRI describes how much total vertical movement a standard

passenger vehicle's body would experience if driven over a 1-mile
segment of the subject pavement at 50 mph.

IRI is useful for assessing overall pavement ride quality; a higher

IRI value indicates a rougher road surface.
IRI reported in units of meter per kilometer (m/km) or mm/m, and
can be converted to obtain Road Condition Index (RCI).
Road Condition Index (RCI)

RCI =10´ Exp(-0,0501´ IRI 1,220920 )

Pavement Condition Index (PCI)

The PCI provides a numerical rating for the condition of

road segments within the road network, where 0 is the worst
possible condition and 100 is the best.

8 – 10 Excellent Very smooth

6–8 Good Smooth with a few bumps or depressions
4–6 Fair Comfortable with intermittent
bumps or depressions
2–4 Poor Uncomfortable with frequent
bumps or depression
0-2 Very Poor Uncomfortable with constant
bumps or depression
To fulfill riding quality:

• Thickness layer of road pavement

• Design of asphalt mixture
• Quality controll during construction