I.

II. Give some applications of the following chemical reactions.

a. Decomposition Reaction

1. Photographic films have a coating of silver bromide, which on exposure to light

splits into silver and bromine.

2. While baking a cake with baking powder (sodium bicarbonate), decomposition

leads to the formation of carbon dioxide and sodium hydroxide.

3. When a soda bottle is opened, carbonic acid breaks down to produce water
and carbon dioxide, which causes the fizz.

b. Double replacement reaction

1. As a cleaning agent, especially to clean the water disposal pipes in the

kitchen and bathroom sinks.

2. Can be collected and used as a chemical fire extinguisher

3. To make a chemical volcano.

III. Give the application of the following gas laws and explain Boyle’s Law or
Charles’ Law behind it.

a. Boyle’s Law
1. Deep Sea Fish– The average depth of oceans is around 3000 meters. At
such depths, new lifeforms are evolved. The pressure at such depths is
tremendous, which makes a normal life survival impossible. But deep-sea
creatures are evolved and get accustomed to such harsh environments.
When these lifeforms are brought to the surface of oceans, relatively low-
pressure environment, the gases inside their bodies will expand as per
Boyle's law, and they immediately collapse.
The same is true for us. If a human being is dropped into oceans, its body will
be crushed by the external pressure at great depths.

2. Bicycle Pump – A hand bicycle pump works similar to a syringe. When the
handle of a pump is pushed down, the pressure inside the pump will increase
momentarily. In other words, the gas inside is compressed. As a result, the
pressurized gas is forced inside the tire of a vehicle.

3.The bends – The bends are decompression sickness experienced by scuba

divers when they ignore Boyle's law. As a diver dives deep inside water, the
 surrounding pressure of the water increases. The high pressures increase the
solubility of the bodily gases in the blood of the diver.

Note: Every 10 meters of depth, pressure increases by 1 atm or 14.7 psi.

The deeper a diver goes, the more the quantity of gases dissolves inside the
blood of the diver. When he/she ascends, the dissolved gases start
expanding since the pressure gets lower. A well-trained diver will always
ascend slowly. But if he/she somehow makes a rapid ascent, the diver will
suffer in severe pain. The gases in the body of the diver will expand quickly,
making the blood a foamy solution. Moreover, the gases between joints will
also expand, which will cause the diver's body to blend. This sometimes can
be a life-threatening condition.

b. Charles’ Law

1. Bakery – Charle’s Law finds its way into our kitchens as well. In case you
have ever tried your hand at baking, you might be familiar with the substance
most commonly used in cooking, i.e., the yeast. Yeast is often used in baking
to make the bakery products fluffy. Yeast is responsible for releasing carbon
dioxide bubbles. These carbon dioxide bubbles expand further with high
temperature. The expansion of the carbon dioxide bubbles with an increase in
temperature works as a leavening agent and cause the bakery products to
become fluffy.

2. Hot Air Balloon – You might have wondered about the working of the hot
air balloon. Charle’s Law describes that temperature and volume are directly
proportional to each other. When a gas is heated, it expands. As the
expansion of the gas takes place, it becomes less dense and the balloon is
lifted in the air. The warm is less dense than the cold air, which means that it
is lighter than the cold air. Also, the warm air has less mass per unit volume.

3. Deodorant Spray Bottle – If you get a chance to read the instructions on a

bottle of deodorant, you might have read the warning signs indicating the
bottle to be kept away from the sunlight and high temperature. Ever wondered
why? The answer lies in Charle’s Law. Under high temperatures, the air
molecules inside the bottle will expand which can lead to the bursting of the
deodorant bottle.