Kinematics:

Motion in 2 & 3 Dimensions

Session Objectives
1. Define relative velocity
2. Solve problems involving relative velocities.
3. Describe the vertical and horizontal component of
object’s motion when undergoing projectile motion.
4. Calculate range, time of flight and maximum heights of
projectiles
5. Solve problems involving two-dimensional motion in
contexts such as, but not limited to ledge jumping, movie
stunts, basketball, safe locations during firework displays

2
 Relative Motion
 The wind can influence the move -
ment of a boat moving from one to
the opposite side of the river.
 The movement will be affected by
the river’s flow.
 This implies that the boat will not
reach the shore directly across
from the point where it started.

Figure 1: Boat moving relative to the

flow of current in the river
3
 Relative Motion
 The boat will be carried down -
stream.
 Although speedometer of the boat
will read a certain value of its
speed, the observer on the other
side of the shore will be reading
greater than its value.

Figure 1: Boat moving relative to the

flow of current in the river
4
 Relative Velocity

- is defined as the velocity of an

object B in the rest frame of
another object A.

Figure 1: Boat moving relative to the

flow of current in the river
5
 Relative Velocity

𝒗 m/t
𝒗 t/E

 In any time interval, the displacement of the man relative to the

Earth is just the sum of displacement relative to the train and
their (man and train) displacement relative to the Earth.
𝑋𝑚an/𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑋𝑚an/train + 𝑋train/𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑥 𝑚/𝐸 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑋 𝑚/t 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑋 t/𝐸 𝑑𝑡
𝒗𝒎/𝑬 = 𝒗𝒎/t + 𝒗t/𝑬 means velocity of man with respect to Earth

6
Relative Velocity

𝒗 m/t = 1.0 m/s

𝒗 t/E = 40.0 m/s

𝑣m/𝐸 = 𝑣m/t + 𝑣t/𝐸

𝑣m/𝐸 = 1.0 m/s + 40.0 m/s
𝑣m/𝐸 = 41.0 m/s

7
Relative Velocity

𝒗 m/t = 1.0 m/s

𝒗 t/E = 40.0 m/s

𝑣m/𝐸 = 𝑣m/t + 𝑣t/𝐸

𝑣m/𝐸 = -1.0 m/s + 40.0 m/s
𝑣m/𝐸 = 39.0 m/s

8
 Relative Velocity
A boat heads north in still water at 4.5 m/s directly
across a river that is running east at 3.0 m/s. What
is the velocity of the boat with respect to Earth?
𝒗 𝑩 /𝑬
=𝒗
𝑩/ 𝑹
+𝒗
𝑹/𝑬

𝒗 = 𝒗 2+ 𝒗 2
𝑩 /𝑬 𝑩/ 𝑹 𝑹/𝑬

𝒗𝑹 𝑬
= (4.5m/s)2 + (3.0m/s)2 θ=tan ( / )
−1
𝒗𝑩 𝑹
/

𝒗𝑩/𝑬
= 5.4m/s θ=tan (
−1 3.0 𝑚/𝑠
)
4.5 𝑚/𝑠
θ=34o
9
 Relative Velocity
A truck is traveling south at a speed of 70 km/h toward
an intersection. A car is traveling east toward the
intersection at a speed of 80 km/h. What is the
velocity of the car relative to the truck?
𝒗 𝑪/𝑻
=𝒗
𝑪/𝑬
+𝒗
𝑬/ 𝑻

10
vT/E=vT/Y+vY/E

-88km/h=vT/Y+104km/h

-88km/h -104km/h =vT/Y

vT/Y = -88km/h -104km/h

vT/Y =-192km/h

11
-> is a form of motion where an object moves in a
bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic path.

-> 2D motion
-> assume no air resistance
-> only gravitational acceleration

12
 Objects that are projected from, and land on the same
horizontal surface will have a vertically symmetrical path.

13
time of flight

- the time it takes from an object to be projected and

land

- depends on the initial velocity of the projectile and

the angle of projection.

14
When the projectile reaches a vertical velocity of zero,
this is the maximum height of the projectile and
then gravity will take over and accelerate the object
downward.
vy=0

15
 The horizontal displacement of the projectile is
called the range of the projectile, and depends on the
initial velocity of the object

R
16
Forces involved on a projectile are drag, object’s weight,
wind and lift due to spinning motion.

R
17
 Along x –axis:
𝒗𝒙=𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝒙= 𝒙𝒐+𝒗𝟎𝒙𝒕 (1)

Along y –axis; where a = -g

𝒗 =𝒗 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒚 𝟎𝒚

1 𝟐
𝒚=𝒚𝟎+𝒗𝟎𝒚𝒕− 2𝒈𝒕 (2)
where g = 9.8 m/s2.
18
vy=0 The velocity along y com-
ponent decreases and becomes
zero when it reaches the highest
peak.
When it goes back to
Earth’s ground, the vy component
increases but directed in opposite
direction.
The velocity along x component,
on the other hand, is constant
throughout the path.

19
 The velocity along y com- Along x-axis:
ponent decreases and becomes 𝑣𝑥=𝑣 𝑥
0

zero when it reaches the highest 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣0𝑥= 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

0

peak.
When it goes back to Then, 𝒗𝒙=𝒗𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (3)
Earth’s ground, the vy component
Along y-axis:
increases but directed in opposite
direction. 𝑣𝑦=𝑣0𝑦 -𝑔𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣0𝑦= 𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
The velocity along x component,
on the other hand, is constant Then, 𝒗𝒚=𝒗𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽− 𝒈𝒕
throughout the path. (4)
20
 From equation 1, we substitute 𝑣0𝑥;
(1) 𝒙= 𝒙𝒐+𝒗𝟎𝒙𝒕 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡
where, 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒐 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕 (5)
(2) 𝒚=𝒚𝟎+𝒗𝟎𝒚𝒕− 2𝒈𝒕
From equation 2, we substitute 𝒗𝟎𝒚;

(3) 𝒗𝒙=𝒗𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑦 = 𝑦0 +
1 2
𝑣0𝑦𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡
where 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(4) 𝒗𝒚=𝒗𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽− 𝒈𝒕 1
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕𝟐 (6)
2

21
(1) 𝒙= 𝒙𝒐+𝒗𝟎𝒙𝒕 distance r of the projectile;
1 𝟐
(2) 𝒚=𝒚𝟎+𝒗𝟎𝒚𝒕− 𝒈𝒕 r = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 (7)
2

(3) 𝒗𝒙=𝒗𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 The speed of a projectile at any given

time:
(4) 𝒗𝒚=𝒗𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽− 𝒈𝒕
𝒗=√𝒗𝒙𝟐+𝒗𝒚𝟐 (8)
(5) 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒐 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕
1 The direction of projectile in
(6) 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕𝟐
2 terms of angle;
vy
𝒕𝒂𝒏 Ɵ =
-
vx
(9)

22
velocity along x-component
is constant
acceleration is zero
velocity along y-component is
moving at constant acceleration

acceleration is equal to
9.8 m/s2

23
PROJECTILE MOTION
Given these assumptions, the following steps are then used
to analyze projectile motion:
Step 1. Resolve or break
the motion into horizontal
and vertical components
along the x- and y-axes.
Vx = V cos θ
Vy = v sin θ

24
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Given these assumptions, the following steps are then used
to analyze projectile motion:
Step 2. Treat the motion as two independent one-dimensional m
otions, one horizontal and the other vertical.
Horizontal Motion (ax = 0) Vertical Motion (assuming positive is up
ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2)
x = x0 + vxt
1
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + (𝑣0𝑦+ 𝒗𝒚 ) 𝑡
vx = v0x = vx = velocity is a 2
𝒗𝒚 = 𝑣0𝑦 −gt
constant.
1 2
y=y0+v0yt−2 gt
vy2=v0y2−2g(y−y0)

25
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Given these assumptions, the following steps are then used
to analyze projectile motion:
Step 3. Solve for the unknowns in the two separate motions
—one horizontal and one vertical.
Note that the only common variable between the motions
is time t.
Step 4. Recombine the two motions to find the total displace-
ment, s and velocity v. Because the x – and y - motions are per
pendicular and employing;
2 2 𝐴𝑦
A= A𝑥 + A𝑦 θ= tan ( )
−1
𝐴𝑥

26
 Example 1
During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0º above the horizontal. The fuse is timed to
ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.
(b) How much time passed between the launch of the shell and the explosion?
(c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
Given:
Θo = 75o
vi = 70.0 m/s

ax = 0 m/s2

ay =-g = 9.8 m/s2

27
 Example 1
During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0º above the horizontal. The fuse is timed to
ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.
(b) How much time passed between the launch of the shell and the explosion?
(c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
Solution:
(a) At maximum height, vf = 0 m/s
vfy2 = vOy2 – 2gy y = ((70.0m/s)sin 75.0º )2 / 2(9.8m/s2)
0 = vOy2 – 2gy y = (4,571m 2 /s 2 ) / 2(9.8m/s2)
y = vOy2 / 2g voy = vosinθ y = 233m

y = (vosinθ )2 / 2g

28
 Example 1
During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0º above the horizontal. The fuse is timed to
ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.
(b) How much time passed between the launch of the shell and the explosion?
(c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
Solution:
(b) t=? vf = 0 m/s y = 233m
𝒗𝒚=𝒗𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽− 𝒈𝒕
0 =𝒗𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽− 𝒈𝒕
t = vOy𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 / g
t = (70.0 m/s) sin 75.0º / (9.8m/s2)
t = 6.90 s
29
 Example 1
During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with an initial speed of
70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0º above the horizontal. The fuse is timed to
ignite the shell just as it reaches its highest point above the ground.
(a) Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.
(b) How much time passed between the launch of the shell and the explosion?
(c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it explodes?
Solution:
(c) x=? ax = 0 m/s 2 t = 6.90s
d=𝒗ot +½a𝒕2
d=𝒗ocos𝜽t

d = (70.0 m/s) (cos 75.0º) (6.90s)

d = 125 m
30
Application

v0 sin  v0 sin 2
2 2 2

h R
2g g

Given the angles: 𝜽𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎°; 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓°; 𝜽𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎°

1. What is the best angle to have the maximum range of
the projectile?
2. Which angle gives the highest height of a projectile?

31
Application

32
Lesson objectives:
Infer quantities associated with circular
motion such as tangential velocity,
centripetal acceleration, tangential
acceleration, radius of curvature

33
 Motion in a circle
When a particle moves along a curve path, the
direction of its velocity at every point on the path changes.
This means that even if the particle moves with
constant speed, the acceleration is not zero because it
changes direction at every point.

The particle has a component of acceleration per-

pendicular to the path even if its speed is constant.

34
 Uniform Circular Motion
When a particle moves in a circle with constant speed

35
  Uniform Circular Motion
There is no component of acceleration parallel
(tangent) to the path; otherwise, the speed would
change.
The acceleration vector is
perpendicular (normal) to the
path and hence directed inward
toward the center of the circu-
lar path.

36
37
The angles labeled ∆Φ are the same be-
cause v1is perpendicular to the line OP1
and v2 is perpendicular to the line OP2.
The ratios of corresponding sides of
similar triangles are equal,

38
39
40
When we substitute this into
we obtain the alternative
expression

41
42