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DRRR Module1
DRRR Module1
DRRR Module1
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro
Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
Development Team of the Module
Author/s: William C. Agomana
Lesson 1:
Basic Concepts of Disaster and Disaster Risk ......................................................... 1
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 1
What I Know: (Multiple Choices) .......................................................................... 1
What Is In ............................................................................................................... 2
What’s New: ........................................................................................................... 3
What Is It ................................................................................................................ 4
What’s More: Case Analysis .................................................................................. 5
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................................ 5
What I Can Do: Case Analysis ............................................................................... 5
Lesson 2:
Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, Capacity ............................................................. 7
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 7
What I Know: (Multiple Choices) .......................................................................... 7
What Is In ............................................................................................................... 8
What’s New: ........................................................................................................... 8
What Is It ................................................................................................................ 9
What’s More: Case Analysis .................................................................................. 11
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................................ 12
Lesson 3:
Factors Underlying Disasters ........................................................................................... 14
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. 14
What I Know: (Multiple Choices) .......................................................................... 14
What Is In ............................................................................................................... 15
What’s New: ........................................................................................................... 15
What’s More: Case Analysis .................................................................................. 17
What I Have Learned.............................................................................................. 18
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………….
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………..
Key to Answers ....................................................................................................................................
References ............................................................................................................................................
Lesson
Basic Concepts of Disaster and
1 Disaster Risk
This module is all about the basic concepts of disaster and disaster risk. After
studying and working on all activities in this module, you will be able to explain the meaning
of disaster, how and when an event becomes a disaster.
What I know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
2. How can we reduce the risk brought about by disasters? We can reduce the risk by
___.
A. decreasing the capacity, hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
B. decreasing the hazard, capacity, and vulnerability while increasing the exposure.
C. increasing the capacity while decreasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
D. increasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability while decreasing the capacity.
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What’s In
Philippines is also one of the countries that belongs to what they call the Pacific
Ring of Fire where two major tectonic plates of the world meet, the Eurasian Plate and the
Pacific Plate (See Figure 2). It sounds scary, isn’t it? cannot escape from. It is the reason of
the occurrences of most earthquakes which resulted to tsunamis. Many active volcanoes are
also found because their eruptions have been found in historical records.
According to the report of the United Nation University Institute for Environmental
& Human Security and the German Alliance Development Works, the Philippines belongs to
the top ten countries facing the highest risk next to Vanuatu and Tonga. Philippines ranks
third on the list of most vulnerable countries to climate change with a 24.32 % disaster risk.
However, this percentage can be lessened if all the Filipinos are well informed and
knowledgeable enough on disaster preparedness and prevention.
In the previous years, you have learned about the effects of being situated in the
Ring of Fire. It makes the country prone to land shaking or earthquake and volcanic
Eruptions resulting to tsunami which greatly affect ones’ lives and properties.
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Aside from being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is also located along the
Typhoon Belt on the Western North Pacific Basin where more or less 66 percent of
tropical cyclones enter or originate. It is visited with an average of 20 events of Typhoons per
year in which more or less six of these typhoons can be rather destructive. Its eastern
seaboard is highly exposed to typhoons with winds speed greater than 150 kilometers in
every hour.
What’s New
1. When you hear the words “typhoon, earthquake, landslide, tsunami, storm surge,
flash flood, fire, and other destructive events, what comes to your mind? Would you
consider these as disasters & why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3
What Is It
Do we really need to study disaster? The answer is a big YES for us to be prepared!
Disaster preparedness refers to the measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of
disasters. That is, to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on
vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences (IFRC).
That is why a new law or the Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippines Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM) transforms the Philippines’ disaster
management system towards Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). One of its purposes is to
reduce the risk brought about by any calamities or hazards which put ones’ lives in danger
and loss of many properties.
What’s More
Fill in the blanks with different disasters you are certain that fits in the question
below. After each question, you have to justify the reasons for your answers.
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What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
1. Supposed a typhoon hits a particular place and leaves no casualties, would you
consider it as disaster? What do the terms disaster, disaster risk mean to you?
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
5
Additional Activities
Collage Making
Instruction: Do an online search for photos coming from news clippings of different
disasters that occurred all over the world for the past 5 years, make an artistic collage out of
those collected photos which depict your views and understanding of different types of
disaster.
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Lesson
Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability,
2 Capacity
Disasters are inevitable. They are caused by unsustainable development that has not
taken account of possible hazard impacts in that certain location. This module is all about
the basic factors of disaster and disaster risk. After studying and working on all activities in
this module, you will be able to determine the underlying factors that directly influence
disaster.
What I know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
I. age III. severity of exposure
II. gender and family IV. educational attainment
A. I & IV B. II & IV C. III only D. IV only
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or
loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity B. disaster C. disaster risk D. vulnerability
5. How can we reduce the risk brought about by disasters? We can reduce the risk by ____.
A. decreasing the capacity, hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
B. decreasing the hazard, capacity, and vulnerability while increasing the exposure.
C. increasing the capacity while decreasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
D. increasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability while decreasing the capacity.
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What’s In
Disaster is different from hazard. A hazard may or may not result to a disaster.
Suppose there is a very strong typhoon. When it hits a particular area and leave no
damages, then there is no disaster happened but if it leaves great damages to lives and
properties, then that is what we call a “disaster” Look at the figure below suppose you are
along the hillside. On top, there is a very big rock that is likely to fall and by the time it
happens, it will hit you. In this case, the rock on top is a hazard and you are vulnerable of it.
When we say “vulnerable” that the rock falls down and hit you causing you damage or injury
then that is what we call disaster.
What’s new
In symbol
By just looking at the relationship between disaster risk, and the factors hazard,
exposure, vulnerability and capacity, what can you say about it? This means that disaster risk
would be greater if the factors (hazard, exposure and vulnerability) are higher even though
capacity is also higher, however, disaster risk can be reduced or lessen if we will decrease
the hazard, exposure and vulnerability with an increase of capacity.
As observed, the symbols become smaller or reduced. This means that we can
reduce the risk brought about by any event or disaster by reducing the hazard, exposure and
vulnerability of the people or properties while increasing the CAPACITY of the community
(answers may vary).
People differ in their exposure to risk as a result of their social group, gender, ethnic
or other identity, age and other factors. Vulnerability may also vary in its forms: poverty, for
example, may mean that housing is unable to withstand an earthquake or a very strong
typhoon, or lack of awareness and preparedness may result in a slower response to a
disaster, leading to greater loss of life and properties or prolonged suffering of the victims.
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Disasters often follow natural hazards such as typhoon, earthquake flash flood and
the like. Its severity depends on how much impact a hazard has caused on society and the
environment.
What is it
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Term Meaning / definition
· The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard
Exposure
events of different magnitudes (RA10121)
(Pagkaladlad)
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· It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. (RA
Vulnerability
10121)
(Kahuyang)
What’s More
1. _____________ Z D A H A R
2. _____________ U R E S O P X E
3. _____________ Y T I I L B A R E LUN V
4. _____________ I T Y C A P A C
5. _____________ E R T S AI S D
B. Direction. In the following photos given below, Analyze and identify all the Hazards that
you can find the give your reasons why they are vulnerable to such conditions.
Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
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Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
1. What is hazard?
2. What is vulnerable?
3. What makes a situation vulnerable to a threat or hazard?
What I Can Do
Situational Analysis
Direction. In the situation depicted in the illustration given below, proposed an action that
would eliminate or reduce vulnerability and disaster in the situation and justify your
propositions why it can be an effective way.
Proposed Action:____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Justification:_______________________________________________________________
_ _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. It is the degree of vulnerability to which the elements at risk are likely to experience
hazard events of different magnitude.
A. Disaster B. Exposure C. Risk D. Vulnerability
3. The following are reasons that makes a community more vulnerable to hazard EXCEPT
A) People build houses in “No Build Zones”.
B) Houses are built from light materials or sub-standard materials.
C) Strict implementation and compliance of the Building Code.
D) Indifference or lack of awareness about disaster risks.
4. Which activity will NOT reduce or decrease exposure and vulnerability to hazard?
A) Relocate residents of hazard-prone areas to safer places.
B) Installation of early warning systems.
C) Conduct of fire, earthquake and flood drills in communities and schools.
D) Allowing informal settlers to live in any vacant government
Additional Activities
Photo- Survey
Direction: Roam around your community and evaluate places where hazards and
vulnerability can be found, take a picture of the situation and compile your photos in a single
document with itemize captions of its hazards and vulnerabilities per photos taken.
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Lesson
The common reaction seen or felt after any type of disaster is stress reactions. These
could be the effect of a very traumatic experience during the event of disaster. Disaster can
cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. You may also react to problems that
occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma. This module is all
about the basic factors of disaster and disaster risk. After studying and working on all
activities in this module, you will be able to determine the underlying factors that directly
influence disaster.
What I know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. It is the result from a combination of hazards.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
A. age C. severity of exposure
B. gender and family D. educational attainment
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage
or loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
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What’s In
Every year, both human-caused and natural disasters affect millions of people. It
may be explosions, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, or fires. In a disaster, you
face the danger of death or physical injury. You may also lose your home, possessions, and
community. Such stressors place you at risk for emotional and physical health problems.
The common reactions seen or felt after any type of disaster is stress reactions.
These could be the effect of a very traumatic experience during the event of disaster.
Disasters can cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. You may also react to
problems that occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma. Now,
what are the risk factors underlying disasters? Continue reading and try to internalize what
you read
What’s new
The following are several factors that make it more likely for someone to have more
severe or longer- lasting stress reactions after disasters:
1. Severity of exposure
Risk of future mental problems is highly related to the amount of exposure to the
disaster. Those that go through the disaster themselves are in at the highest risk. At the
next level are those in close contact with victims while those who only had indirect
exposure, such as news of the severe damage are at the lowest risk of lasting impact.
Death, life threat, injury and loss of possessions are the factors that lead most often to
mental health problems. Accordingly, the survivors or the victims having suffered from
distress or mental health problems that need clinical care.
According to the study, women or girls mostly suffer more negative effects than do
men or boys. When the children are in the home, disaster recovery is more stressful.
Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery than those who are
single. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more
stress for everyone. After a disaster, marital stress has been found to increase. Conflicts
between family members or lack of support within the family make it harder to recover from
disasters.
3. Age
Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after
disasters because if you are in that age range, you have more demands from job and family.
Research on how children react to natural disasters is limited. In general, more severe
distress after disasters is seen in the children than adults. The worse recovery in children is
related to higher stress in the parents.
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4. Other factors specific to the survivor
There are several factors related to a survivor's background and resources which are
important for recovery from disaster. Recovery is worse if the survivors:
If the disaster occurs in developing countries, risk factors can be made worse.
People living in these countries have more severe mental health impact than those who are
living in developed countries. This is true even with less disasters happened.
The help and support extended by others can be both a risk and a resilience factor.
After a disaster, social support may become weak. It may be due to the need for members of
the support network to get on with their own lives or due to stress. Sometimes others
responses for support are negative. For example, even though you are a survivor and yet
someone may play down your problems, needs, or pain, or expect you to recover more
quickly than is realistic. This situation would result to a long-term distress in traumatized
survivor.
The following are some of the communicable diseases associated with natural
disasters:
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A1. Diarrhea. An outbreak of diarrheal disease can occur after drinking water that
has been contaminated with flood water. Flooding is identified as a significant risk factor for
diarrheal illnesses. The risk for diarrheal disease is higher in developing countries than in
industrialized countries.
A2. Hepatitis A and E. Accordingly, hepatitis A and E are also transmitted by the
fecal-oral route, in association with lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Hepatitis A is
endemic in most developing countries, and most children are exposed and develop immunity
at an early age. As a result, the risk for large outbreaks is usually low in these settings. In
hepatitis endemic areas, outbreaks frequently follow heavy rains and floods; the illness is
generally mild and self-limited, but in pregnant women case-fatality rates can reach 25%
(From an article on Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007).
B. Crowding
It cannot be denied that crowding is common in populations displaced by natural disasters
and this can facilitate hasten the transmission of many communicable diseases
After a traumatic event, social conflicts, even those that have been resolved, may
again be seen. Divisions may occur from social race, religion, and ethnicity. These divisions
may recur because the people of each group try to gain access to much-needed resources.
Conflicts may arise in families as well. These happen when each member went through
different things in the disaster and sets up different courses of recovery causing some
members in the family not well understood among family members and may also serve as
distressing reminders to each other of the disaster.
Although millions of people have been directly affected by disasters, most of them do
recover because by nature, human is resilient, and most people have the ability to come
back from a disaster.
What’s More
17
What I Have Learned
o teens; and
Summarize the result of the interview. (confidentiality must be ensured) and do class
reporting. A Reflective Journal must be written as a form of final output for this activity.
What I Can Do
1. From the factors listed underlying disaster, choose one and discuss how such factor
can have less impact towards disaster.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
A. age C. severity of exposure
B. gender and family D. educational attainment
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage
or loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
Additional Activities
Research Activity
Direction. For each underlying effects mentioned in the preceding pages, search for an
article relating to the occurrence of a disaster and carefully analyze the situation in which
you can able to write down all the effects of disaster in the situation and explain individually
why. Use a separate sheet of paper to write down your answer.
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