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AlbaniaPastandPresent 10114853
AlbaniaPastandPresent 10114853
AlbaniaPastandPresent 10114853
P A ST A N D P RE S E NT
C O NSTA NT INE A . C H EK RE Z I, A H . .
( Har v .
I NTRO D U C TIO N
B Y C H A RL E S D H AZE N
lm
.
WI TH TW0 MA P S
'
THE
m
mmm
M A C M I LL A N C O M P A N Y
1 91 9
A ll rig h t s r es erv ed
C O P Y RI G H T 1 9 1 9
,
B Y TH E MA C MI LL A N C O MP A NY
S et t
u p a n d el ec r ot yp e d. P u bl ih
s e d, A pr il , 1919
MISS M . E . D U RHA M ,
Pr i n c e ss of t he A lb ian a n H ighl a n ds .
LI E U T C O L.
-
. A U B RE Y H E RB E RT,
MR HA RRY LA MB
m
m
.
,
H B M De l t ega e t o t h e In te rn a ti ona l C o i i ss on
t i
. . .
of C on rol f or A l b a n a,
THIS B O O K IS RE SPEC T U L L Y D E DI C A TE D F
P REFA C E
” “
Unkn own Albania ,
Darker than dark Africa
here are only a few whimsical name s that are given
t o the country which is inhabited by the olde st p e ople
in S outhea stern Europe .
m
e specially true to he r history p ast and pre sent , .
clo sed b ook not only t o the gene ral public but als o
, ,
m
writer had an occa sion t o wri te a number of the se s
and reports on what i s the t e r in cog n it a of the his
t ory of Albania he r contemp orary history and actual
,
m
“ ”
Albanische Studien and on the excellent b ook
,
.
,
m
founded on o ri ginal work done by the writ er They .
m
Cert ain sections of this part are bitterly contro
verted and the writer feels it t o be his duty t o r ec o
,
m
some extent the daily manifested de sire fo r general
“ ” “
infor ation about this mysterious and un
”
known Albania with special reference t o the p e o
,
”
Europ e and the Near East de spite the fact that
,
C A C . . .
Columbia University ,
January 1 9 1 9
,
.
I N TRO DU CTI O N
cit izens .
m
intr oduction .
m
sium of Korcha L ate r h e s tudied law for a s hort
.
c l or of Art s .
m
lin in 1 8 7 8 Th ey were roughly and summa rily
.
“
handled Bis arc k bluntly declaring that There is
,
”
no Albanian na tiona lity Th is wa s on e of Bi s
.
C H ARL E S D O W N E R HA Z E N .
TA B L E O F CON TE N T S
PA RT I
H I STO RY OF A LB A NI A
C HA P TE R I
C HAP TE R I I
AN CIE NT A LB AN IA
I . E ARL Y P ERI OD
II . TH E K I N GDO M OF I LL Y RI A
III . TH E K I N GDO M OF MOL OS S I A
IV .
‘
A LB A N I A U N DE R RO M AN DO M I N ATI ON
C HA P TE R I I I
A A
M E DI ZEVAL A LB N I
B Y Z A N TI N E DOM I N ATI ON
TH E I N VA S I ON S or TH E B ARB ARI A N s
P ERIOD O F NATI VE RUL E— TH E I N DE PE N DE N T A LB AN I AN
P RI N C I PALI TIE S
tt
m
1 The D esp o a of E p ir u s
.
v l “
A b an ian K in gdo
ml
2 Th e A n ge in
.
l
3 Th e B a sh a F a i y
.
C H A P TE R I V
L
THE RU E O F THE CA STRI OTA S
'
I . FE U DAL GOVE RN M EN T
C O N TE NTB
C H A P TE R V
U N D E R TURK I S H DOMI N TI ON A
TH E E FFE C TS OF TH E C ON Q UE ST
C oN VU L SI ON s A N D U P RI S I N G S
m
TH E I N DE PE N DE N T G OVE RN ORS
1 Mah u d P asha of S cu ari
. t
2 A li P asha of J ani n a
.
A LB A N I AN S I N TH E GRE E K REVOL U TI ON
C HAP TE R VI
RE GE N E R TI ON A
I . TH E A LB AN I AN LEA GU E
II . TH E A FTE RM ATH OF TH E LE A GU E
III . TH E NATI O N A L S OCIE TIE S
C HA P TE R VI I
L
THE STRU GG E FOR A U TONOMY
TH E A LB IAN IA N P OL I CY
TH E RE I GN OF A B DU L HA M ID
A L BA N I AN S AN D Y OU N G TURK S
TH E W I N N I N G OF A U TON O M Y
P A RT I I
C H A P TE R VI I I
THE P ROCL AMA TI ON P
OF I NDE EN DEN C E
TH E B AL K AN A L L I A N CE
TH E I N VA SI ON OF A L B AN I A
NOVE M B E R 28
A U STRIA A N D I TAL Y
TH E MEN ACE OF E UROPEAN WAR
C ON TE N TS
CH A P TE R XII I
A L B A NI A I N TH E G RE A T WA R
I N TE RN ATI ON AL P O ST RE G N U M
-
TH E G OVE RN M E N T O F E S SAD P A SH A
TH E I N VA S I ON O F A LB A N I A
TH E REP U B L I C O F K ORC H A
TH E I TALI A N S I N A L B A N I A
P A RT I I I
TH E LA ND A ND THE P E O P LE
C HA P TE R XI V
G ENER AL G EO G R A P HY
I . A RE A A N D FRON TIE RS
II . P H Y SI CAL F E ATU RE S
C HAP TE R XV
E CON OM I C CON DI TI ON S
I . A G RI CULTU RE
II . C ROP S AN D S TO C K RAI SI N G
I II . C O M M E RCE
IV . MI N ERAL RE SOU RCE S AN D F ORE STS
V . F I N AN CE S
VI . C OM M U N I CATI ON S
C HA P TE R XVI
THE AL B AN I AN P E OPL E
P OP UL ATI ON — GH E G S A N D Tosx s
NATI ON AL C H ARA C TE RI STI CS
S OC IAL C ON DI TI ON S
t l
1 Nor h ern A b an ia
.
t l l
2 C e n r a A b a n ia
.
t l
3 S ou hern A b an i a
.
TH E P OS I TI ON O F W O M E N
TH E RELI G I OU S QU E STI ON
C ON TE NTS
C H A P TE R XV II
THE G RO W T H A
O F N TI ON AL I SM
I . TH E I N I TI AL STEP S
II . I N FORE I G N COU N TRIE S
I II . C ON S TI TU TI O N A N D I N DE PE N DE N CE
IV . TH E A L B A N I A N S oF A M E RI C A
CH AP TER XV I I I
THE FU TU RE OF A L B A NIA 2 34—24 2
A L
G E NE R L B I B I OG RAP HI ES
G AL A N I I , Ar t
'‘
L Al b ani a , Ro e, 1 9 01
’
m
ibli i lb i P i
.
,
LE G RA N D, E MIL E, B ogra ph e a a n a se , ar s , 19 1 2
i
.
M AN EK P EK ME Z I
-
Alb an e s i sch e B ib l iogr aph i c , V en na , 1 9 09
m
.
VA I N A , E UG , L Alb an ia, pp 1 6 5 —1 7 6 , Ro e, 1 9 1 5
.
’
. .
A LB A NIA , PA ST A ND PRE SE NT
CHA P TER I
O RI G I N O F TH E A LB A NI A N P E O P L E
I . TH E L
EAR I E S T S E TTLE RS OF AL B A N IA
TH E que stion of the origin of the Albanians i s still
a matte r of controversy among the ethn ologists A .
m
“ ”
of the name Albania i s enshrouded and which ,
m
the fact that they a re the de scendants of t h e earlie st
Aryan I m i grant s who were repre sented in hi s t or
ical time s by the k indred I llyrians Macedonians and, ,
m
ori gi n of the Albanians the Macedonians and Epi ,
banians 1
This opini on o f D r Hahn is b orne out by
. .
“
On a cursory examination of the terms Gheg
“ ” “
and T osk it would appear that the name T o sk
,
“
is p ossibly identical with Tru s cu s E t ru s cu s , ,
m
1 S ee pp 1 6 4— 1 6 6 i n fra
t b k
. .
2 S r a o B oo VI I , Fra g 3
k
tdt t m i
.
, .
3 I bi d , B oo , 2, 22 1 V no e I t is t o be
h a t h e n a e s E p ru s
G k i i m i tt d t m
. .
“ ”
an d E pirot s a r e of r ee or g n Th e ea n n g a a ch e to he
l i l t tt ib t d t ti
.
“ ”
s py a n an in G r e e
H dt k
.
4 er o o u s , B oo I I, 5 6 .
THE A L B A NI A N L A NG UA GE 5
II . TH E A L B A N I A N LA N G U A G E
A more concrete evidence of the I llyrian P ela sgian -
t in ct ly I ndo European -
.
m
m
that the primitive I llyrian langu age exerted a cer
tain degree of influence on the gra atical develop
ment of the language s now sp oken in the B alkan
P eninsula .
“ ”
vive s a s Z ot in the Albanian language The in .
m
speech would evidently owe its derivation t o the
,
“ ” ”
Al banian E t h e e which s imply means sp eech ,
.
“ ”
Odys seus means traveler in the Albanian lan
,
“ ”
guage according a s the word ud b c which stands
, ,
“ ” “ ” “ ”
for b oth route and travel i s written with d ,
m
or both forms being in u se in Albanian Such .
1 m k b d l b v ti m d
Th e s e r e ar s a r e a s e on per s on a O s er a on s a e by t he
it d t d Hm i m it
wr er in an off h an s u y of t h e
-
it
o er c poe s w h t h e a s s s an ce
Alb i l
of t h e a n an it
an gu a ge v t t
Th e wr er h as t o c on fe ss, h owe er, h a
li i t m l t li m
.
h e i s n ot a ngu s H e wa s ere y s ru c k b y t h e pe cu ar re s e
i l i t d di
.
, ,
III . A N TI QU I TI E S
Albania abounds in ancient remains which a s yet
have been unexplored The hi story of Albania can .
m
Few trace s remain of the once celeb rated Dyr rh a
chium ( the actual Durazz o the E p ida n u s of the ,
A N C I E N T A LB A N I A
I . E AR L Y PE RI O D
IN the course of her long history Albania ha s b een ,
II . TH E K I N GD O M or I LL Y RIA
( 12 25— 1 6 7 B . c .
)
m
t ended from the p ort of T rie ste market place in -
m
the wa r against Athens the Macedonian General
,
m m
and navy under the R oman con sul s Gain s F u lv ia s
S a n t u a lu s and L u ci u s P os t u iu s A lv in a s attacked
Central Albania and after two years of p rotracted
, ,
I II . TH E K I N GD O M or M OL O SS I A
( 1 2 7 0—1 6 8
m
E pirus by the ancient Greek writers and wa s in ,
P
habited by th e elasgians o r E p ir ot s 2
Th e O p o pu s .
l dy b ot d t h t t h m E pi m m i
.
, .
“
It h
2 a s a rea e en n e a e na e ru s ea n s a n !
l d i G k d w o i gi ll y ppli d t o t h wh ol o t o t h
an
”
n r ee an as r na a e e e c as n r
w d of t h C o i t h i G lf i o t di ti ti o t o t h igh b o i g
,
ar e r n an u n c n ra s nc n e ne r n
i l d C o y ( C o fo ) L it h
,
s an s, rc t
ra t I o r q n eu ca s , e c e c n c n se u en c e , as
t i l m i m d G k wo t t o t h i k
. .
, ,
n ot y h
an e g o
n ca e an n d as er n ree s a re n n an
l im m i li d t Alb i i
,
p or c aT h o f E p e p p na t o S o eh ru s, as a e u er n an a , s
mi l di g i m h it G k o d giv t h id t h t o i
.
s ea n n as uc as s r ee s un es e ea a ne s
d li g with G k t it o y Th i i d t o t h fo t t f t
,
ea n a re e err r s s ue e un r un a e ac
th t t h e p i i p l o h i t o y of t h i ti o of Alb i
.
a of t h
r nc a s u rce s e s r s s ec n an a
a re th w iti g of G
e r k h i to i n wh o
s m i fo H ll i i gr ee s r an s se an a r e en s n
fo i g m i ot o i o Y t l l t h i t G k w it i
l di g Th opom
re n na es s n r us e a e a n c en re e r er s , n
th v i o Th ydid d t h mo m od
.
,
c u n u s, e er a c us uc es , a n e re er n
p e
Pl t h u ar c i f ll o d i
a re t ti g th t E pi w
n u l iv ly
a cc r n s a n a ru s as ex c u s e
i h bi t d by o H ll i b b o pop l ti o
,
n a e n n -
e en c ar ar u s u a ns
m od p t of t h i q ti o b l ow pp 9 4 1 00
.
A to th s e ern as ec s u es n, s ee e .
-
1 1 1— 1 2 0 .
14 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE SE NT
,
“ ”
wis e men elected annually the kings in the fash ,
“
Albanian tradition claims that th e name S hky
”
p etar ( S ons of the Eagle ) a s the Albanians call ,
of the birds .
m
the fate of the kingdom was sealed at the battle of
Pydn a ( 1 6 8 B c when P aulus E il iu s defeated the
, . .
Roman p rovince .
IV . A LB A N I A U N D E R RO M A N D O M I N A TI O N
m
the punishment inflicted on the insurgents was ex
e pl ary ; witnes s the complete devastation of S outh
e rn A l b an ia a gre a t part of who se p opulation was
'
T
m
Albania served as battlefield for the contest of su -
m
m
Antony fo r the imp erial throne was als o fought
on the A l b an ian s ea c oa s t and in co emoration of
,
R oman influence
I n the first place th e Albanian language b orrowed
,
of L on d o of 1 9 1 2 wh i h og iz d t h tb
mt
Th C on f
1 e er en ce n c rec n e e es a
i d d t Alb i i i lit i d
,
t t t Alb i m
,
t h e gre a e r p a r of t h e s ou h er n s eac oa s of a n a , f ro t h e B ay of
Ft li P vz
e a to re e a i b d l tt t
I t i s i n t h e n e gh orh oo of t h e a er own h a t t
i i p li t
.
t he ru ns of N co o s ar e si u a t ed .
18 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
, I llyrian
troop s .
F
RE E RE N C E S
Alb i
B A B B A RI CH , E U G E N I O , m
an a , Ro e, 19 0 5 , pp 1 5 5 1 68 -
m k
. .
C A S S I U S D I o, Ro e, B oo s 8 a n d 1 0
k XXV
.
D I O DO RU S S I C U L U S , B oo I
Hi t m t
.
DU RU Y , V , s ory of Ro e, Vol I , S e c 2 , pp 5 9 0 —5 9 3
H J Alb i t di
. . . . .
A H N , DR O H A N N G EO RG VO N , a n sch e S u en , pp 3 01 —3 0 9 a nd
t
. .
N o e s pp 3 2 8 —33 2
Hi t i t li k
. .
P L I N Y ( THE E L DER ) , s or a Na u ra s , B oo I I I , Ch 2 2
P ll l L iv L iv Al d mti
. .
P
P L U TA RCH ,
T. u n us
a ra
A t
e!
Q i ti Fl mi i P l
a
e s—
n u s, m e s of
i
au u s E
y rrh u s , e x a n e r, D e
iliu s , C cer o, P m
o pey,
e r u s,
u us J li
C ae sa r a n d n ony
k
.
P O L YB I O S , B oo I V
k
.
S TRA B O , B oo s VI I a n d I X .
TI TU S LIVI U S , 2 6 —4 5 .
C H AP TER I II
ME D I E VA L AL B A NIA
I . B Y Z A N TI N E D O M I N A TI O N
remained nominally a p r ov in e Em
W
.
m
to the ea stern Orthodox
e and be side s s ome military walls n othing els e
, ,
II . TH E IN VA S I O N S OF TH E B A RB ARIA N S
W
,
m
w
ans we re recla i med fo r the Empire by Justinian w o
w
,
é
hi self wa s n , an a The G oth s .
m
that the invaders did make la rge settlement s in the
invaded country I n the course of ti e howeve r .
, ,
“
are the sp onsors of the name Albania unde r whi ch
the country ha s eve r since been kn own t o the world .
”
I n his C on qu é t e d e C onstantinopl e Villehardouin , ,
I II . PE RI OD OF N A TI VE RU LE
TH E I N DE PE N DE N T AL B A N I AN PRI N C I PA LI TI E S
W hen the fl ow of the inva sion s sub sided somewhat
there arose thre e indep endent Albanian p rincipali
ties ruled by foreign prince s wh o had e stablished
their rule either at th e invitation of th e Albani an s
or with their full con sent and co operation I na s .
vil t ti v m i l i bit d
Th e of M on a s
h owe e r, i s nh a by A l
m
1 a ye a n y r, e
b i
a n an s a n d B u ga r an s i n al i
ost e u a n u lm
er s , t h e n or y c onq l b mi it
i ti A i ti k bi
g of K ot z o Va l ach i an s ,
m
c Tu r s , G reek s , a n d n o S er
s s n -
s a an s
a t al l ti
B u t t h e ea sy r u ph of t h e B a k an a r es o er t h e Tu r k s l mi v
L d i d bi lm t
.
in 1 9 1 2 an d t h e on on C on fer en c e a s s gn e t o S er a a os t he
l
W h o e of h s t i vil t
aye .
22 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E NT
,
1 . Th e D es p ot a t of E p ir u s
( 1 2 04— 1 35 8
)
m
On the dethronement and expulsion from C on
m
s t a n t in O p l e of the reigning dyna sty of Co nenu s by
the Crusade rs Micha e l C o n en us a prince ,
2 . Th e A n g ev in A l ban i an K ing do m
( 1 2 7 1 — 1 3 68
)
W ith a view of cons olidating his realm and of win
ning useful allie s in his war against the impe rial
family of C onstantinople the ruler of the D e sp otat ,
, ,
“
t iat ion s wa s the foundation of the s o called Al -
”
banian Kingdom of the Angevin princes The .
3 . Th e B a ls ha F a m i ly
( 1 3 36 — 1 41 9 )
B ut the existence of the principalitie s of Epirus
and C entral Albania wa s p re sently se riously endan
ge re d by the enormou sly increa sing powe r of the
Serbian dyna sty of N e an i t ch which reached its m
zenith of growth and expansion unde r S t efan D us han
m
m
( 1 33 1 who wa s able t o as sume the title : I
p e r a t or R o an ia S la v on i
,
w e t A l ban ice ( Empero r
m
jurisdiction of the Albanian province s which were
known a s S acru I lly ricn ( Hol y I llyria ) m .
IV . TH E L
A B A N IA N G
M I RA TI O N S
P re s sed
on all side s by invaders the Albanians ,
U
TH E R L E OF TH E C A S TRI O TA S
I . F E U DA L G OVE RN M E N T
TH E Balsha family wa s extin guished in 1 41 9 with
the death of B alsha I II I t s te rritorial p os se ssion s
.
m
ern Albania fell t o the right of the feudal lords
S p an i and D u s h an i .
m
m
ism in it s we ste rn European for
,
wa s introduced ,
II . GE ORGE C A S TRI O TA S C A N DE RB E G
( 14 04—1 4 6 7 )
1 . Th e H os t ag e
The century long de sperate struggle s of the A l
-
J ohn C a s t ri ot a,
the ove rlord of C roia however , ,
m
promise s he had given t o John the Sultan raised ,
m
derb eg Thi s inj ustice estranged him entirely from
.
2 . Th e Libe ra t or
m
during its precipitate retreat Scanderbeg extorte d ,
m
Th en onwar d h e r ode an d af ar,
t
W i h scar ce t h r ee h u n dr ed en ,
m
Th r ou gh r iv er an d f or est an d f en
t
m
O er t h e ou n t ain s of A r gen ar ;
’
t
Th e ci y C roi a c all ed,
1
“
l
Ta es of a W a y s e I nn id
l i
.
2 S h ar Da g, i n K os s ov a p a -
n
t i ll d Hi it tl
.
( Wh
“
3 Th e f or res s of Cro a wa s ca e Ak -
ss ar e Ca s e )
t he Tu r s k .
30 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E NT
,
Th e ci y t mt
oa ed an d wall ed,
t
m
Th e ci y wh ere h e was b orn ,
A n d ab ov e it t h e orn i n g s ar t .
m
Th en h is t r u p et ers in t h e v an
m
O n t h ei r s il v er b u gl es b l ew,
m
A n d in cr owds ab ou t h i r an ,
A lb an i an an d Tu r k o an ,
m
Th at t h e s ou n d t oget h er dr ew .
m
A n d wh en t h ey wer e war wit h
“
He s ai d 0 f ri en ds of in e,
“
B eh ol d wh at f or t u n e s en ds
m mm
A n d wh at t h e f at es design !
m m
K i n g A u r at h c o 1
an ds
y f at h er s wi de do ain
’
Th at
m
Th is cit y an d all it s l an ds,
Sh al l b e giv en t o e again .
Th en t o t h e C ast l e Wh it e
H e r ode in r egal st at e,
m
An d en t er ed in at t h e gat e
I n all his ar s b edigh t
An d gav e t o t h e P ash a
W h o ru l ed in C r oia
Th e writ in g of t h e K in g,
S eal ed wit h h is S ign et r in g .
An d t h e P as h a b owe d h is h ead
An d af t er a sil en ce s ai d
“
A ll ah is j u st an d great !
I y iel d t o t h e wil l div in e ,
Th e cit y an d l an ds ar e t h in e,
W h o sh al l con t en d wit h f at e ? ”
m
A n on f r o t h e c ast l e wal l s
Th e cr es cen t b ann er f al l s
A n d t h e cr owd b eh ol ds in st e ad,
L ik e a p ort en t in t h e sky ,
’
I skan der s b ann er fl y ,
Th e B l ack E agl e wit h doub l e h ead ;
1 Su lt an M ur a d II .
GE OR GE CA S TRI O TA S C A ND ERB E G 31
m
A n d a sh ou t as cen ds on hi gh ,
For
’
t
en s sou l s a r e i r ed of t h e Tu r k s ,
m
A n d t h ei r wick ed way s an d wor k s,
Th at h av e a de of A k H issar -
A cit y of t h e p l agu e ;
t
A n d t h e l ou d ex u l an t cry
t
Th a ech oe s wi de an d f ar
“ ”
Is : Lon g l iv e Scan derb eg 1
3 . Th e D ef en der
On Ma rch 1 of the following year a stately gather ,
“
I n it Scanderbeg wa s p roclaimed
,
C hi ef of t h e
”
L eag u e of t h e A lban ian P e op l es .
m
m
first time by Murad I I and the second by no other
man than the p owerful M oha ed I I t h e C on q u er or
,
m
m
the attacks of the be sieging army which wa s unde r
the pers onal co and of th e conque ror of the B y z an
tine capital I n 1 4 66 the all powerful Sultan had t o
.
-
m
an attempt for such a crusade of which the second ,
m
togethe r the Albanian princes .
m
fortres s with stood the attack s of Turks for
fifteen months and because women played a i le
,
m
1 5 01 Venice the suzerain of Albania signed a
, , ,
F
RE E REN C E S
Alb i
B ARB A RI C E , E O G , a n a, pp 1 7 7— 1 9 3
J lm t i l d
. .
FA LL ME RA YE R, D R P H , D a s A l b an e s i s ch e E e en i n G r ech en an
t
. . .
no mm d b P i
é Sc a n er eg, 7 00 p ar s , 1 6 2 1
l Hi t i L d
. .
K N O L LE S , Th e G en era s or e of t h e Tu r k es , on on , 1 6 03 , pp 2 8 3
.
vit
MAR I N U S B A RL E TI U S , D e m
3 3 3 , 3 6 5—4 03 , 4 13—4 2 6
a et
.
V i
or ib u s G eorgu C a s t r i ot i ,
‘
e n c e,
1 5 04Al t b F k t
so S r a s s u rg, 1 5 9 7 , a n d ra n for , 1 5 7 7 ( B a rl et iu s
Alb i i t tiv t i tm
. .
wa s a n a n an pr es , n a e of S cu ar , c on e por a r y of Sc an
derb eg .l t ti
He a s o wr o e D e ob sidio S codra e, an d De e x pu gn a on s
S codren si s )
d b i bibli i i é P i
.
M D , C CC I
zi Alb i V t V i
. . .
SC AP OLO , E MI LI O , Ven e a e a n a , i n L A t en eo e n c e, 1 9 0 8
’
en e o,
F i l ti Alb i it
( or e gn r e a on s of bli i
a n a w h t h e Repu c of V en c e ) .
CHA P TER V
U ND ER TURK I S H D O MI NA TI O N
( 1 4 7 8 — 1 912
)
I . TH E E FFE C TS OF TH E C ON QU E S T
A LB A N IA wa s the la st B alkan nationality t o fall u n
der the domination of the Sultan C onstantinople .
dit ion s .
m
conditions created by the imp osition of a hated rule ,
The fact i s that they re s olved to sacri fice their reli gion
on the altar of liberty Realizing the l oathsome dis .
1 For fu r h e rt d t il e a s on t he Alb i
a n an co lo i
n es in I t ly
a see Ch
A lb
.
XVI , VI . A L BA N IA N S I N F OREI G N L A N DS — Th e an ia ns of I t a l y .
38 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE SE N T
,
they pre sent the mo st stri king and unique excep tion
“
to th e rule that in t h e B alkans n a tionality means
”
religion and religion is nation ality
,
.
A m o d t il d di
1 re io e a e s cu s s n on t h e pos iti
on of t h e M os e l m Alb a
i i giv i Oh XVI v
n an s s en n .
, . G
TH E RELI IOU S Q U E STI O N .
L
C ON VU SI ONS A ND U RI SI N GS P 39
II . C ON VU L SI O N S AN D U PRI S I N G S
The Albanian has always b een noteworthy for his
dogged endurance in re sisting the con summation of
foreign conque st and occupation of his native soil .
m
serie s of desp erate attempts to get rid of the Turks
and at the s ame ti e t o draw the attention of the
, ,
m
m m
They o ff ered the crown of Scanderb eg to C ha r les
E a n u el of Savoy and t o the P r in ce of P a r a .
m
entered Albania from the n orth unde r G en e ra l P i cco
l o in i and on his retirement under the D u ke of H c l
, ,
m
one s have had two imp ortant c ons equences
,
t o their followe rs .
m
namely by allowing th em t o retain their internal
,
m
independence and by applying the maxi D iv ide et
i p era On the one hand then the Turkish govern
.
, ,
m
the refore p ermitted and even encouraged the e s , ,
m
agency th e title of Heredita ry P asha of S cutari
,
.
m
them against Ru ss ia .
m
the view of concluding an alliance against the Sul
tan The P orte dispatched another for idable a rmy
.
m
the conclusion of the alliance But the star of Mah .
2 . A li P a s ha of J an in a
Ali P a sha of Janina wa s native of Tepelen S outh ,
Southern Albania .
m
purpos es Hardly P a sha of Janina h e began b rib
.
,
“
quoted maxim the waters sleep but not envy ,
.
m
wa s divided H e firs t set t o curb the p ower of the
.
m
S u l iot s and the B eys allied themselve s against the
co mon enemy ; but each time Ali P a sha wa s able
t o divide them by the use of his inexhaustible Mac
ch iav el ian stratagems Eventually he succeeded in
.
,
m
m
gallantry and brave re sistance of the Suliot s the ,
by religious p reference s .
and Austria 1
T o the rising Republic of F rance he
.
m
delive r t o him M o re over h e o rdered that the
.
,
”
C a r agn oll e be sung in the street s of Janina in
hono r of the envoy of the Revolution But on hear .
,
m
which he had contributed by supplying p rovisions
to the fleet of Ad i ral N elson Ali imp ris oned R oz e ,
m
ter place t o remind Nap ole on of the s ervice s he had
rendered t o hi and t o s eek a compensation for his
loyalty .
But at the cl ose of the Nap ole onic wars and on the
termination of the Rus s o Turkish conflicts the Sul -
m
tan re s olved to g et rid of Ali P a sha I n 1 8 2 0 an .
,
P i1 M tt
r n ce i h o d i hi M m
e ern c oi t h t o d y h wa
r ec r s n s e
’
r es a ne a e s
ca ll d u poe by n v oy of Ali P h Th v oy pl i d th t
n a en as a e en ex a ne a
t b y t h P h t o obt a i f om P i M tt i
.
h w e as s en e as ah Co n r r n ce e ern c a n
stit ti o ”
u th i n, a ng wh i ch m t did
h is a s er n ot k n ow wh a t it wa s li k e,
pt th t h h
e x ce a e ad h ea r d t t it w q it
ha as u e n ec es s a ry for t h e t ou n da
ti o of Em pi
n an re !
46 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E NT
,
m
siege in his fortres se s of Janina Ali P a sh a wa s ,
m
wipe off all trace s of their existence The re sult .
Th t gi l d t h of Ali P h a i m d u t of t h
P e L C om
1 e ra ca of a pea as s a e se as ar e
p l ot of Al an d e D u m t d M o t C ris t o i wh i h
’
ex r as re s e e e n e n c
vill i to y F d d Mo f i p t d th
,
an e ra e e a e as a e ur s
Ali P h d M hm d P h t ivi g
.
2 wh e e enw as a an a u as a ere s r n
t o o olid t t h i
c ns l i th i
a e p tiv po
e r ru e io th i d P h n e r res ec e ssess n s, a r as a
of Alb i o i gi an an d ti o lity w q i tly b ildi g S t t
r n an na na as u e u n a a e
fo h im l f
r w ll
se fo h i
as o ed h i as W fr i g s s u cces s r s an e rs e a r e re er r n
t o t h f mo M h m d Ali P h t h fo d i g i g Kh di
.
e a us e of t h e as a, e un er e re n n e
vi l dy ty of Egy pt H w
a nas tiv of m ll vill g of S o th e as n a e a s a a e u ern
Alb i d w t h o t m po y of t h t wo oth P h
.
an a an as e c n e rar e er as as
Th i Alb i dv t b f mo f l i
.
s h
an a n a en u r er hi as e en ar re s u cce s s u n s en
d eavo th ith M h m d P h o Ali P h fo wh il t h i
rs an e er a u as a r as a, r e e n
d p d t gov o h i p
e en en t d by t h fo m t wo di pp d i
er n rs s cr ea e e r er sa ea re n a
a om p
c tiv ly h o t tim w ith o t l vi g y t
ar a e s r th St t e u ea n an r ac e s , e a e
M h m d Ali P h b il t i
e e till i ti g d i b i g l d by h i
as a u s s ex s n an s e n ru e s
d d t H mo ov
e s c en an s j oy d m o l ti g f m b
e, re of
er , en e a re as n a e e ca u s e
t h im po t t Ol h pl y d i i t ti o l politi i h i q lity
.
e r an r e e a e n n ern a na cs, n s ua
as th i g i g H dit y P h of E gy pt wh h
e re n n ere ly ov
ar as a en e n ea r er
t h w t h wh ol t ott i g t t of t h O ttom E m pi wh i h
,
re e e er n s ru c u re e an re c
w as o ly v d by t h tim ly i t v ti o of G t B it i R i
n sa e e e n er en n r ea r a n, u ss a ,
d A t i wh o lli d t h m lv with t h S lt i o d t o p o
t t h img i t M h m d Ali P h h i v l
an us r a a e e se es e u an n r er r
ee a a ns e e as a, s a s sa
A LB A NI A NS I N THE GRE E K RE V O L U TI O N 47
IV . AL B A N I A N S IN TH E GRE E K RE VO L U TI O N
Acting in his own intere st s and in furtherance of
his own obj ects Ali P a sha had a ssiduously lab ored
,
did not forsak e the cau se of Ali P a sha till after the
fall of Janina and hi s execution a n d pre sently em ,
by t h e Albanians of Greece ( s e e pp 24 I t is .
1 i
th o l o of Alb i G k di ti o y
M a r co B och ar i s t h e au r a s an an an -
r ee c n ar
Th wo ld h g ow w it h t h id p op g t d by t h G k
.
th t l l t h m f d t o b ov w G k
2 e r as r n e ea , r a a e e r ee s,
a a e en r e erre d t h f t th t h a e er e r ee s, an e ac a as
pi d t o ob t h Alb i ti o of t h l t of t h lb td
th t l l th m w Ch i ti A l
co ns re r e a n an n a n e u s er e se c e e ra e
nam i th i m t
es s e c rcu s a n ce a a ese en er e r s an
CHA P TER VI
RE G E N E RA TI O N
I . TH E A L B A N I A N L EA GU E
IT would seem extremely cu ri ous and at the same ,
M
reasons of which will b e explained el se here wo l d
1
,
m
appear all the more puzzling in view B
that t ook place at the very ter i nation of that war .
m
gres s of B e rlin on the part of the oppres sed nation
a l it i e s there wa s als o one trans itte d by the A l
banians claiming recognition of their nationality .
t i en t l y exclaimed “
anothe r one ! when L ord Salis
”
1 b l ow
S ee e p 1 76
H ot t mpo F
, . .
“
3 an a ux , G .
,
C on e ra ry r an ce, Vol I V p 3 4 9
.
, . .
50
THE A L B A NI A N LE A G UE 51
m
territory fo r the b enefit of her neighb ors K u rs h .
Thereup on ,
t h e A l ba n ia n L e ag u e for t h e D ef en s e
”
of t h e Rig h t s of t h e A l ban ia n N a t i on a li t y wa s
formed at P r i s r en d The headquarte rs of the.
m
the P a sha s of Scutari and Janina o r by unorganiz ed ,
”
duce .
“
This armed opp o sition came to b e known a s the
”
war against Europ e and fo rms one of the cele
,
II . TH E L E A GU E
A F TE RM A TH O F TH E
But the men who had formed the L eague did not
share in the Turkish viewp oint Once they got .
m
t o the Albanians whereby they advocated the nece s
s it y of the e stablis h ent of an autonomous régime
for the whole of Albania .
m
ment of an administrative autonomy in that part of
Albania which had b een im ediately in the p osse s
sion and under the control of the force s and au t h or i
tie s of the L eague 1
.
1 l o g d p t h f om E l G vill H B it i M j ty
In a n es a c r ar r an e, er r an n c a es
’
s
S t y fo Fo i g A ff i t o G J G o h B iti h mb do
ecr e a r r re n a r s, sc en , r s a as sa r
t o Co t ti opl d d t of O t ob 2 1 8 8 0 t h wh ol q ti o
. .
n s an n e , un er a e c er e e u es n
om p li ti o th t o b tw t h Alb i d Mo t
, ,
of t h e c ca ns a ar se e een e an a n s a n n en e
g o r w ll
as th eit ti o as t d b y t h tiviti of t h L g i
e s ua n c r ea e e ac es e ea u e, s
vi w d d di d Th ttit d of t h P ow tow d t h
,
re e e an s cu s se e a u e e ers ar e
L g will b f om t h f w o d d p g ph w p od
.
ea ue e seen r e e c n en s e a ra ra s e re r u ce
h i b l ow
ere n e :
H M j ty Co
er lG
a es l t S t i t og th w ith t h A
’
s n su -
en e r a a cu a r e er e us
t i Co l G l h d gg t d om tim p vi o ly t h t
,
r an n su -
en e ra l a su es e s e e re us a an a
t ti
ern a ve an fo
e r se r ea er r s ec s u cce s s r
b i gi g b o t p f l ol ti o of t h di ffi lty if t h Po t wo ld
r n n a u a ea c e u s u n e cu e r e u
t to th d of t h di t i t of Dul i g o t og th with
,
o
c n s en e su r r en er e s r c c n e er a
m ll t i p of t it o y b tw t h L k of S t i d P odgo it
,
s a s r e rr r e e en e a e cu a r an r za ,
an d th K i K i b t l di g t h Hot t i di t i t d t h G di
e uc ra n a, u ex c u n e s r c an e ru
an d C l m ti m o t i
e en un a ns
M j ty G ov m t w i fo m d th t t h h m h d
.
“
H er a es
’
s er n en ere n r e a e sc e e a
b m ti o d t o om of t h l d of t h N o th A lb i
i tim t d th t th y my ot b willi g t o g t o it i f t h P ow
ee n en ne s wh o
e e ea er s e r an a n s ,
n a e a e a n e un n a r ee e
er s wo ld g u t t o th m om fo m of l o l l f gov m t
u a ra n e e e s e r ca se -
e rn en .
56 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T ,
Th lt of t h omm i ti o b tw t h P ow t h P i
e res u e c u n ca ns e e en e er s , e r n ce
of M o t g o d th
n en e Alb i w th t t h foll owi g j oi t p o
r an e a n an s as a e n n r
po l of M
sa s G ( t h B iti h C o
r lGre en l ) d M Li ppi h e r s n su -
en er a an r c
(th A t i lG l ) w t l g ph d t o Yo E ll y
. .
e Co u s r an n su -
en e ra e re e e ra e ur x ce en c :
Th Co l to b
e bl d t o
n su s th N o th Alb ie th t
en a e a ss ur e e r an a n s a
th i l gitim t pi ti o w ill ot b di g d d
e r e a e as ra ns n e s re ar e
dmi i t tiv fo m h o ld i t h opi i o of M G
. o
“
Th ese a n s ra e re r s s u n e n n r r e en
A t i Co l G l b limit d fo t h p t to th
.
,
an d th e u s r an n su en er a e e r e r e se n e
vil y t of S t i
,
a e cu ar
Th G ov l of S t i Vil y t t o b Alb i Mo
.
h m md t o b h o if po ibl i t h V il y t t h V i G ov o
“
eo G e rn r -
en er a cu ar a e e an a n an
a e an , e c s en , ss e, n e a e e ce -
ern r
Rom C t h oli
,
to b e a an a c
“
e r se r a n s ra n e su e r c ns
era t io t o t h N o t h Alb
n i e r an an s .
L o d E dm o d Fitzm i H M j ty Commi i o
t Ro mli f o ti om md
’
r n o th a u r ce , er a es s ss n er n e
E a s er n u w ei fo m d of t h
an r n er as n r e e r ec en a
ti o of t h B iti h d A t i C o l G
n e r s l d an h m fo u s r an n su s -
en e r a an a sc e e r
dmi i t ti o of t h dj k of S t i i t h of t h
,
omd t io
th e a n s ra n e sa n a cu ar n e s en s e ese
d dp t d t o t h C ommi i o b y
,
i C om
r ec en w p pa n s, as re ar e an r e s en e e ss n
A ti d F h C ommi i o
t t d b y h imt t h tim w
th e u s r an an B t th R ren c ss n er s u e u ss a n
mi i o fo t h
ss n er , o r e r ea s n s s a e bl t o a e e, as una e
ac c e pt t h i h m with o t i ts sc ti o Th oth C ommi i o
e e u n s ru c ns e er ss n er s
dopt d it d omm d d it t o t h Po t ddi g th t th y wo ld
.
a e an rec en e e r e, a n a e u
wi h t h t g d h o ld b q ll y h d t o t h imm iti of t h
,
s a re ar s u e e ua a e un es e
m o t i o di t i t b yo d t h limit of t h
un a n us s r c s dj k of S t i e n e e sa n a cu a r
an d es ec a e un es e ara 1 e ss n
l o w o obj ti o t o t h Alb i di t i t b i g it d i
.
ers a s sa n ec n e a n an s r c s e n un e n a
i g l Vil y t
s n e a e
“
I n su r n ese r sa s , r n a u r ce,
th e o c of ll t h
n cu r r en ce C ommi i o t t d t h t t h Commi
a e ss n ers , s a e a e s
s i o o gh t ot t o p t with o t h vi g giv t h i t gibl p oof
n u n se ar a e u a n en s an e r
t o t h A lb e i th t t h P ow w an an s o d i th i w l f
a e ers e re c n c er n e n e r e are
I t wo l d b d i bl th t om oppo t ity h o ld b t k t o
.
“
u e es ra e a s e r un s u e a en
m k t h Alb i
a e e q i t d with t h i t t t h t h b t k
an a n s a c u a n e e n e r es a as ee n a en
b y t h P ow e i t h im p ov m er s t of t h i l o l dmi i t ti o
n e d r e en e r ca a n s ra n , an
i i g t o th m th i
n s ecu r n i t p ivil g e d imm iti e r a n c en r e es a n un es
B t d pit t h i ol m h ow of i t t t h Pow did oth i g
.
u es e s s e n s n er e s e er s n n
fo t h Alb i wh om th y fo got
, ,
th L g w
“
r e an an s , oo p e r as s n as e ea ue a s su
p resse d .
1 See page 3 4 .
58 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
i
g u s and busines s langu age
o ,
1
.
1 Th i s u s e of
t h e G ree k l l t d
a n gu a ge i n t h e s ch oo s of t h e O r h o ox
Alb i t
an an s of S ou h ern Alb i i
a n a or E p r u s h a s een e b m l d
p oye b y t h e
G t
ree k s a s on e of i t t m t
h e r s r on ges a rgu en s in su ppor of h e r c a t t i l im
t t t Alb
h a S ou h ern i i bit d
an a i s n h a e k
b y G ree s, in a dditi
on t o t h e w ill
di t ti
fu l s or on of t h e m i d
ea n n g of t h e wor
“ ”
k i
G ree , wh ch h as een b
l d l i d
a rea y ex p a n e t d
in a n o e un er page s 4 8 4 9 -
.
THE N A TI ONA L S O CI E TI E S 59
tion 1
.
eager reade rs .
1 il
B ra s for , d H . N .
, Ma ced on i a , pp 2
. 48 —2 6 2 .
2 See C h 1 7 . .
60 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E N T
,
F
RE E RE N C E S
B A RB A RI C H , E U G , Alb i
a n a , pp 2 01 2 0
— 5
Alb i l P l mo
. . .
C H I A RA , P , L E pi r o, gli e la 18 80
’
an es ega , a er
Q ti o
.
.
,
G H I CA , P RI N C E AL B , L A l b a n i e et l a
’
. u es n
’
d O r ien t , pp . 4 9— 7 9 ,
1 03— 1 1 0
i Lig Le i pzi g
.
G O PC E VI C , SP I RI DI O N , Ob era lb a n i en un d s e ne a, , 1 8 8 1,
Ch 4
. .
CHA P TER VI I
TH E S TR U GG LE F OR A U TO N O MY
I . TH E A LB A N IA N P O L I C Y
TH E work that wa s being accomplished by the
energetic action of the Albanian organizations in the
way of stimulating the d ormant national spirit wa s
highly commendable and its salutary effect s were
,
m
tions of Albanian literature were n ow b eing multi
plied eve ry day through the untiring e ffort s of u
known but ardent pioneers wh o were constrained t o
write unde r fictitious name s in orde r t o e scape the
vigilance of the Turkish authoritie s And in this .
t h el es s
. I t wa s p erfectly evident to them that A l
bani a wa s fa r behind in the requirements that were
absolutely neces sary for her indep endent existence .
s outhern districts .
1 91 2 .
ration of Albania .
complete independence .
II . TH E REI GN O F A B DU L HA M ID
The event s we have sketched in the preceding
chapter to ok place during the sinister rei gn of Abdul
64 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
that Abdul Hamid I I favored the Albanians a s indi
v idu a l s ,
and loade d them with h onors and e olu
ment s ; a s a nation howeve r he attacked them with
, ,
I II . L
A B A N IA N S A N D Y OU N G TU R KS
In embracing the cause of the Turkish C on s t it u
tion and in allying themselve s with the Young Turks ,
of course .
m
their real intentions According to the interpreta .
“ ”
tion which the Union and P rogres s C o mi ttee
m
put on its b rand new Turkis h C onstitution Otto
-
m
m
ing a debate in th e Turkish Chamb er of Deputie s on
the proj e cted ab olition of the privileges and i u
n it ie s enj oyed b efo re the p romulgation of the C on
m
Albanians being M oslem ( t h e Christian Albanian s
did not count of ,
This i pudent remark
wa s met by the simultaneous reparte e of the Alba
“
Va r
m
nian D eputie s all of whom were M oslem :
, ,
”
m
efen de , v ar ! ( There i s S ir the re is !) The
, ,
“ ”
phras e Var ef en de ,
va r was immediately made
,
IV . TH E W IN N IN G O F A U TO N O M Y
m
short time by the establishment of a purely national
system of education and of a native paternal ad in
i s t r a t i on
. I t wa s true that thi s p rivilege of s elf
government wa s obtained a little late but it wa s ,
m
Merciles s Fate had decre e d that next day th e table s
be turned on the Albanian s through the in s t ru en
,
I M
S K M
A IL B
E AL EY , an a an e a n an s, u a r er e e
( J l y u Vol 2 2 8 pp 1 4 7—1 5 3
H CH R Th S it ti o i Alb i d M d o i Fo t
. . .
, ,
W OO DS , A L ES , e ua n n an a an a ce n a, r
i gh tly R vi w 1 9 1 2 Vol 9 1 pp 9 12 —9 2 5
.
n e e , , .
, . .
P ART I I
T HE P R I N C I P A L I TY O F
'
A L BANI A
74 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E N T
,
m m
I n the second place the e stablishment of the au ,
m
she als o wanted an acce s s to the Adriatic S ea through
the Albanian territories Bulgaria clai ed the vil .
m
banians wh o have had them in their actual p osses
sion from time im emorial .
pp 7 3 8 7
-
il d H do i
. .
2 B ra s for
, . N .
,
“
M ace n a, p 273
. .
A
THE I N V S I O N O F A L B A NI A 75
II . TH E IN VA SI O N O F AL B A N IA
m
j oint demand whereby they claimed that an auton
o ou s administration simila r t o that grante d t o
,
though Greece did not enter the war till ten days
late r
.
76 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
worries and difli cul t ie s of Turkey whenever she wa s
in the th roe s with their i mediat e neighb ors wh o se
de sign s in regard t o the Albanian territorie s they
well knew Thi s is why they did n ot attack the
.
m
struck up on the idea of saving his country by an
audaciou s c oup de a in H e hurriedly left the
.
m
all the uninvaded part s of Albania t o send delegate s
t o Valona t o take pa rt in the s ole n act which would
re su scitate the old kingdom of S canderbeg On No .
A US TRI A A ND I T A LY 79
m
and p rop e rty at the dispo sal of the P rovisional Gov
m
e rn en t But it remained to b e seen how the p roc
.
IV . A U S TRIA AN D I TA LY
The attitude of the b elligerents was mad e known
very shortly afte r The B alkan allie s paid no heed
.
m
whatsoeve r to the action of the Albanians ; they went
on with their i litary operations in occupying th e
Albanian t erritorie s a s though nothing had hap
80 A L B A NI A PA S T
,
A ND PRE S E NT
m
determination t o occupy the re st of Albania and con
front Europ e with a fa i t a cc o p li They p re sently .
,
” 1
p os e i t by all available means .
m
Ever since the beginning of ho stilities the gov ,
V . TH E M E N A C E O F E U RO PE A N W AR
ain only was able t o guard her s a/Ii gfr oi d and the ,
m
Grey did much to allay the fea r of a c on fl a gr at i on ;
afte r all the danger of general war wa s not so i
,
m
Yet that very que stion wa s t o su ff er the penalty
,
m
“
tions were regarded only as a ve ry clever Aust r ian
”
scheme by which the govern ent of Vienna was
s eeking to rob th e Balkan allie s of their laurels and
lawful a cquisitions I t wa s op enly de clared that
.
m
holy h orror a s the illegitimate child of Austrian di
p l o a cy with I taly figuring a s the mid wife
-
.
,
C HA P TER IX
TH E L O ND O N C O N F E RE N C E
I . SI R E D W ARD GRE Y
As time went on war feelings were running wild
, ,
m
storing for a quarter of a century Eve ry hour .
,
m
and the ambas s adors of the six great P owe rs sat
around the green table t o deter in e the fate of A l
bania and thereby t o put an end t o the conflict
, , , .
TH E C REA TI O N O F TH E AL B A N IA N
m
II . S TA TE
m
averted
“
The amba s sadors have reco mended t o their
government s and the latter have accepted in princi
ple Albanian autonomy together with a p rovision ,
”
principle on the se p oint s .
88 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E NT
,
m
m
indep endent Albani a Apa rt from this however
.
, ,
“ ”
make a j oint declaration of disintere stedne s s in
the Balkan conflict Rus sia and F rance would con
.
m
compo sed of one delegate from each P ower and of
an Albanian representative This C om i ssion wa s .
I II . TH E QU E S TI O N on TH E F RO N TI E RS
I . N or t h eas t ern B oun da ry
m
the Entente claimed the city of Scuta r i because
, ,
m
cunning of the four ( B alkan ) kingdoms devi sed will
not take long t o deli it Hitherto the Black D ri n
mA
.
1 L e Te ps, pr il 6, 19 13 .
94 A L B A NI A ,
P A S T A ND PRESE NT
ab surdity of the delimitation is t o be seen n ot in the
ce ssi on of this compact Albanian territory t o Serbia ,
m
their co national s Ever since their inco rp oration
-
.
2 . S ou t h ea s t ern B ou n da ry
Yet de spite all that the Albanians sh ould have
, ,
1 il d H N
B ra s for
“
M a ce do i
n a,
p 273
F G ilb t L P
. . .
, .
,
“ ’ ”
2 . er , es ay s d Al ban ie, pp 2 8 7 2 9 6 .
-
.
THE Q UE S TI ON OF THE FRO NTI ERS 95
“ ”
Office was literally deluged with Greek documents
whi ch purp orted t o Show that S outhern Albania ,
m
by sentiment — thus runs the eternal refrain T o .
m
in occupation of the Albanian territorie s employed ,
m
.
1 We re
gre t to s ay th ta so a bl e a an a s M Ré né P u a ux ,
. au tho r
96 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E NT ,
m
foreign co rresp ondents 1
.
m
The succe s s of these execrable proceedings wa s i
en s ely aided by the following thre e factors
l i w l o imp d b y th G k f i
d t h im b ov m
“
of La M a h eu r eu se Ep re , as a s r es s e e se ree ar c
ca l om di
c e p io i of wh i h h w ot t h
e s, u n er e ress r c e r e e a e en
t io d b ook
ne W t i h ow v th t h o ld g t t h i gh t
e a re c er a n , e er, a e c u e e r
imp i o if h w t o vi it So th Alb i wh il d I t li
.
re s s n e ere s u ern an a e un er a an
occu p ti o a n
wh o h v y d o bt b o t t h fo l pl y m pl oy d by t h
.
Th o
1 se a e an u s a u e u a e e e
B lk
a govan m t w ill b o vi d of t h t th f l
ern en s of t h e c n n ce e ru u n e ss es e
t t m t b y di g t h R po t of t h I t ti o l C ommi i o
s a e en s r ea n e e r e n er n a na ss n
of I q i y i t o t h
n C
u r of t hn B lk W e C gi E d ow
a u ses e a an a r s, a rn e e n
m t W h i gt o D C 1 9 1 4
en as n n,
pp 3 1 48 ( ot ) 5 7 5 8 d ot
.
, .
, .
S
2 1
ee .
, n e ,
— an n e
.
98 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
il
B ra s for ,
1 d H . N .
,
“
Maced on i a ,
”
no e t on k
G re e S t ti ti
a s c s,
p 2 19
. .
p , p 20
2 S u ra . .
THE Q UE S TI ON OF THE FRON TI E RS 99
m
taken the pains of making their country kn own t o
the world I n their self b linding ob stinacy the a
.
-
m
the sp oken language a s the criterion of nationality .
ful j ourney
,
.
IV . TH E S C U TA RI C RI S I S
N O TE
AL B A NI A AN D P RI N CE LI CH NOW SK I
m
memb er of the C onference of Ambassadors i s sum ,
m
is Greek The southern town s are entirely Greek
.
,
” 1
tion on dyn a stic groun ds .
m
From this sh ort paragraph which is produced ,
m
neighbors ; all the rest i s shee r nonsens e I n the .
” “
it self is of Albanian origin and that in Gre ece ,
m
”
the re are still Albanian group s One ha s t o thank .
“ ”
Li h ow ki
’
nc a n, en e r n ce c n s s e e a ns, as e
h v b t l t d f om t h G m by P of o M o Smith
of Col m
a e een r an s a e r e er an r ess r un r e
bi U iv ityu a n er s
imp i o m d by P i Li h ow ki k owl dg of t h
.
Th
’
2 e re s s n a e r n ce c n s s n e e e
Alb i q ti o o t h fli i l p t tiv of t h P ovi io l
Alb i G ov mt M h m d B y K o it i th d ib d b y
a n an u es n n e O c a re re se n a e e r s na
an an ern en e e e n sa , s us e scr e
h im l f
,
d m
se :
I
“
J n y of t h t ya n u ar I y oll g
a w t toear an c ea ue s en
vi it P i Li h ow k i i o d t o pl i A lb i j t l im
t o h im H g v mt h im p
’
s r n ce c n s n r er ex a n an a s us c a s
e a i o th t h k w m h mo bo t
e e e re s s n a e ne uc re a u
pl t M th h did of Alb i L t o G t
.
g o p of it
r u g t o S i
s aE w G
en s y d t h C o f t o r y ar re an e n e ren ce sa
t h t th y w d l g t of S o t h Alb i
a e er e e e d d i d it
a es u an a an e s re s a nn ex
a ti o t o G n Am o g t hr eece m mb of t h Co f n th o ly e e er s e n er en c e , e n
wh o t ook t h i g ot q om dy i o ly w P i L i h ow
.
o ne s r es ue c e s er us as r nce c n
s ki B t v h d o ot p
u e en to h v
e b bl t o g p t h
es n a e ar a e ee n a e ra s e
g m t of t h ll d d g t p od d it i
.
ar u en o es e d h s h -
ca e e e a e s an e as re r u ce n
t h biz q t d b v A ”
e
p h arre o o T
r a s esh d i t i u R i w Sept 1 9 1 8
a e . e r a c ev e ,
e , .
1 04 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E NT
,
“
Still one naturally fails to see why The incorp ora
tion of the Albanians of whom the maj ority is ,
F
RE E RE N C E S
DU RH A M , M E , Th e S t
r u gg e for S cu ar , Ch a l p t i
er s XI V XVI t -
i lb i P liti
. . .
L A M OU C H E , L
EO N , L a n a s s an ce de l E t a t a an a s , Ré v u e
’
o que
et P l m t i
ar e e n a re , Vol 8 0, pp 2 2 0—2 3 9 ( t h e os re ar a em t m k bl
ti l Alb i F l i ti
. .
ar c e on an a in t h e r e n ch a n gu a ge ; a con sc en ou s di s
ti
c u s s i on of t h e q u e s on of t h e fr on e r s ) ti
P l ti i
.
P liti l F ti it
.
L P L
RO F
m AlbAlbi i
W , Type s of o ca
Y DE , ron er s i n E u rope ( w h
t i l J l Fb
. . .
s k e ch a p, a n a ) , G e ogra ph ca ou r n a , e r u ar y , 1 9 1 5
F dli tt A l
.
PE A C OC K , W A DH A M , a n a, t h e ou n n g S a e of E u r o e,
p pp e
X
t on , 1 9 1 4 , C h V
ti li m t
. .
Y O U N G , G E ORG E , N a on a s an d W ar i n t h e N e a r E a s , Ch VI I . .
1 06 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
wi t h Europ e The p rov i sional capital and it s gov
.
p ris one r within the walls of Val ona and the field wa s ,
m
a ded by the Greek squadron The P rovisional Gov .
II . I N TE RN A L RE F ORM S
W hile the C onference L ondon wa s merely wast of
1Th b v b t tt l y fo t t milit y l d w l t
e ra e, u u er un r un a e , ar ea er as a er
i t d by t h M o t g i i A p il 1 9 16 wh t h l tt
a ssa s s n a e e n en e r n s, n r en e a er
til y v ti g S t i i i w of t h pp o h i g A
, ,
w er e h as e ac u a n c u ar n V e e a r ac n us
ti
r an my U p t o t h tim of h i d th I B ol t i w b i g
ar e e s ea sa a n as e n
h ld i t i lt i v i
.
,
e
p a o b t
r s n er
y h M o g of t h e o of n en e r ns as a re s u e n as n
N o th r Alb i t h K i g of Mo t g o d t h S bi
er n an a e h d n n en e r an e er an s a
fooli h l ys d t k d i g t h Sp i g of 1 9 16
un er a en ur n e r n .
1 08 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
fo r that .
m
F rench p atte rn which wa s later superseded but not
, ,
“
states in his excellent treatis e on the Gove rn ent
” “
of England that government means n ot action by
universal cons ent but compuls ory ob edience t o an
,
m
m
j udicial court for the interp retation and application
of the Sacre d L aw ( the Sheriat ) of the Moh a e
m
dans whose supreme f ountain head i s the S h eikh
,
-
u l I s la
-
of C onstantinople who is j ust one degree ,
1 Th er e i s a s ay n g a i mo g t h
n e Tu r k s t o t he e ff ec t th ta
“
wh en you
a re i j
n ure d by t h e d
Ka i ( t h e re ligi o us Mos l em j dg
u e ) you c an l odg
e
THE S OU T E H A S TE RN B O U ND A RY C OMMI S S I ON 111
by t h e Greeks .
III . TH E S OU T H EA S TE RN B O U N DA RY C O M M I SS I O N
fi t m o th of t h Alb i i d p d th i f mo
.
,
i g th
n e rs n s e an a n n e en en c e s a us
sa yi g wh i h h d b
n ctl y p t d i Alb i w h o
a e en c ur r en re ea e n an a , as s rn
m i g I lgl wh i h i iq i t h l of
,
of i t s ea n n n a e a case , c s un ue n e an n a s
I l mi m t h d f d t wh o pp d b fo t h ivil t ib l of
.
s a s e e en an a ea r e e re e c r un a
V l o w o ot h th t h h ith t o l l p w f l M fti ( Mo
,
l m li gi o
a na as n ne er an e er a -
o er u u s
e re offi i l h oldi g t h
us k of h bi h op d p fo mi g
c a n e r an a rc s an er r n
th eh i gh t j di i l f es tio i t h p ovi d i g t h T k i h
u c a un c n n e r n ce ur n e ur s
régim ) Th M fti wh o o ld ot b l g ll y it d b fo
e e u y ivil c u n e e a c e e re an c
t w om p ll d b y t h p of p bli opi i o
.
,
co ur as c e e to pp e re s s u r e u c n n a ea r
d f d t b fo t h C i il T ib l of V l o t w
,
as e en an e Th
re o e v r un a a na e c ur as
owd d o th t d y b y p t t o wh o gl o t d ov t h p t l of
.
cr e n a a s ec a rs a e er e s ec a c e
i g fo t h fi t tim M fti K di
see n r e ig d Th m jo ity of
rs e a u -
a a rr a ne e a r
p t to Alb i wh o h d tl y t d f om t h
.
th e s w
ec a rs ere an a n s a r e c en r e u rn e r e
U it d S t t
n e Th M fti w
a es o d m d d h d t o w ll ow i
e u as c n e ne an a s a n
il t h bitt ill idi d t t
.
s en c e
p T he p g j g
er w o o h h t h e r es n u e as n ne er an e
w it
.
r er .
1 12 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
such primari ly b ecau se he speaks Albanian the ,
spec t .
m
the age s of P ericles and S ocrate s from the modern
Greek B ut a s the annual output of these two G y
.
m
tion to the p eople who were gravely shaking their
heads in rega rd to the mental sanity of the se e d i r
ers of bygone days ?
Such was the mate rial with which the Gree k mili
tary authorities had to build the stage L et it be .
tain extent .
“ ”
2 B ra s for , Ma ce on a , p 2 5 2 . .
116 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRESE NT
,
,
. .
,
m
the ab ove mentioned pre scription people were like , ,
2 . Th e I n ciden t of B or ova
All this was d on e with the purp ose of imp re ssing
the C ommis sion with the Greek ch aracter of the
118 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
ments of this b a nd are fortunately recorded in the
O ffici al P ro ceedings of th e C om ission .
m
Greece The boundary line left als o out side of A l
.
IV
. DI SI N TE GRA TI O N
Meanwhil e s ome very imp ortant event s had taken
,
m
m
I talian bankers wh o were resp ectively rep re senting
the Wi en er B an k Ver ein and the B an ca C o e r ci a l e
’
d I t a li a The mos t obnoxiou s privilege included in
.
m
As fo r the M oslems the Greek o fficial s openly de
,
m
p e ople B ut Europ e wa s indolent even sarcastic
.
, ,
V
. TH E E L E C TI O N OF TH E PRI N C E
The Europ ean governments entered therefo re , ,
m
( p
. 4,
6 note ) But.his candidacy was early s et a side
by the gove rn ent of Valona the P re sident of ,
old at that time and that s ome five yea rs ago he had
,
m
married a very intelligent and ambitiou s P rince s s ,
S ophia of W al de b u rg Saxony ,
.
m
p rop osition that owing t o the critical conditions of
,
I . TH E C O M M I SS I O N OF C O N TROL
m
m
s ix Great P owers This b ody was t o be an I n t ern a
.
m
tive .
m
m
Very sanguine exp ect a tion s were entertain ed by
the action of the I n t ern a t i on al C o i s s i on of C on
m
t r ol for A lban ia — such wa s its full o ffi cial title ,
m
we re known to be hopele ssly confl icting M oreove r .
,
II . TH E RE TIR E M E N T O F TH E G OVE RN M E N TS OF
ALB A N I A
m
of Alb ani a were thre e Fi rst in p riority wa s the
.
P r ov is i on a l G ov ern en t of Va l on a
m
The s econd wa s .
m
the B ritish Vice Admi ral Sir C ecil Bu rney at th e
-
m
come untenable The country wa s in feverish ex
.
m
Anothe r startling event shattered to piece s the
miserable remn ant s of govern ental auth ority On .
n opl e
. A Maj or of the Turkish army B ekir A g ha ,
m
to their home s wa s to follow the Maj or B ut a s it
,
.
,
m
P rince elect
-
.
m
ove r t o the Albanian gove rn or who wa s app ointed by
th e C om i s sion .
III . A U TO N O M O U S E PI RU S
The main reas on why the Albanian s acquie sced
quietly in the matter of the election of the P rince of
W ied was the exp ectation that the future ruler would
force the hand of the P owers regarding th e settle
ment of the evacuation of S outhern Albania on the
pa rt of the G reek troop s I t wa s rightly thought.
m
othe r source of anx i ety in the a ssumption of the gov
m
e rn en t al authority in Albania by the I nte rnation al
m
strictly re sp onsible in regard t o the Cabinet of
m
At hens — cli qu e of for e r Gre ek o ffi cials which as
“
m
sumed the name of P r ov is i on a l G ov ern en t of
A u t on o ou s E p i ru s The head of this s e called
.
-
, .
,
, ,
st a n t in e , M Z ogr aph os
. ec a e ag a n
for G reece .
1 32 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRES E N T
,
1P l D eb t ( H o “ of Comm o ) Vol 6 5 pp 5 6 6 1 3
ar a es u se ns —
m A t o omo i d ly l i d
.
. , .
, , .
m
2 Th e f r a e u p -
of u n us Ep ru s is u exp a n e in
M . L ’
L a ou ch e s
. ar ti l
c e ( s ee re fe r e n ce a t t he en d of th i h pt
s c a er ) .
1 34 A LB A NI A PA S T A ND PRESENT
,
m
M r S TE W AR T a sked the S ecretary of State for F or
.
ma s sacre s of Albanians ?
Mr A C L A N D ( Under S ecretary of State for F or
.
-
3
1m ,
.
b t
Fa r ] D e a e s,
. H
ou s e of Co
Vol 6 5 , p 6 1 3
.
.
.
I bi d , Vol 6 5 , p 7
. .
.
mm on s, Vol 6 3 , p 1 9 6 1
. . .
A U TONO MO US E PI RUS 1 35
F
RE E RE N C E S
a e
’
re,
L A M OU C H E LEO N L a n i n ce d l Et t lb n i v P olitiqu e
.
, , ,
a ssa e
’
a a a a s, Re ue
l m t i Vol 8 0 1 9 1 4 pp 2 2 0—2 39
, ,
et P ar e en a r e,
H it ti Alb i Fo t igh tl y vi
. .
, , .
WO ODS , . C H A RL E S , Th e S u a on i n an a , r n Re ew,
Vol . 1 01 , pp 4 6 0
.
—4 7 2 , M ar ch , 1 9 1 4 .
CHA P TER X I I
TH E RE I G N OF P RI NC E W I LL I A M
I . TH E F IRS T S TE PS
ON March 7 , 1 9 1 4 , the P rince of W ied and his con
s ort , H er edi t a ry S ov er eig n P rin ce of A l ban ia, landed
at Durazz o from the Austrian yacht Tau ru s , which
was su rrounded by the battleship s of the Great P ow
e rs amidst the thunde ring gunfire of the wa rship s
,
m
foreign newspapers witne ssed with a stonishment the
expansion of this p at r iot i s f or it wa s p at riotism
h
“ ”
given the native title of Mbret ( King ) by the
p e ople in defiance of Europ e which had recognized
,
of Albania .
1 38 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
hi s private S ecretary .
the city had als o wi thin its walls the noisiest faction
m
of Greek symp athiz ers owing to the existence of the
,
m
Greek Gy nasium ( p 1 1 5 ) which naturally gradu
.
gun s .
taken place .
s o calle d E p ir ot s
-
.
m
may b e cha rged against them Thi s statement is .
1 A ivid o t of t h m
V a cc un e a s sa c r e iv b fo t h H o of
wa s g en e re e u se
C omm o by t h
ns Ho A b e n u re y H b t M P S
er P l Db t
er ee ar e a es ,
m
Ho of Comm o Vol 6 4 Al o pp 1 4 1 3 1 4 Fo
. . . .
,
pp 9 7 1 01
u se n s, . .
— s — . r
, . .
'
m
in his fo rmer capacity a s comm ander of the Turki sh
g en da r er i e at Janina I t was a lso evident that a s
.
m
had to s ettle old and actual sco res wi th him in ,
m
himself up int o the hands of the Dutch o fficer who
wa s com anding the nationalists and wh o succeeded
in saving his p ris one r from stray bullets by leading
him out through a back door The p owerful Minis .
m
of he r ally and rival The I talian Minister per
.
I t a ly .
m
moment b e caus e of their inferi ority in naval units
,
IV . TH E U PRI S I N G OF C E N TRA L A L B A N IA
The rep ort of the forcible dismi ssal of E s s a d
P a sha b rought ab out an agitation in his native city ,
“ “
tions of the country the famous B e s sa or pledge ,
”
of good faith a b rea ch of which i s never p ar
,
refuge es .
war .
in him ?
The constern a tion of the Albanians wa s
p athetic I t wa s n ow plainly s een that the P rince
.
the b a t t l el in e .
l O n h ear i ng of i t of t h P i
t h e fl gh e r n ce, t he Milit a ry C l b u of
P ot s da m ex pun ge d hi s na m f om t h
e o d r e r ec r of i t s m mb e ers .
P
THE U RI S I N G OF C E N TR A L A L B A NI A 1 49
on the battlefield .
tion is b orne out by the facts for not only did the ,
a little later .
W hat helped the rebels the most was the imp otence
m
of t h e govern ment of Du razz o the existence of a ,
m
of forei gn inte rference and intrig ue .
ing ?
V TH E EN D TH E RE I GN
m
. OF
h a t h e P r n ce h ad c o e t o a n a on t h e p e ge of goo fa h ,
i t ll m t m t l t t
iz m t i l
wh ch was n a u r a y ean t o be u u a , a n d n ow h a h e h ad
b r ok en it t bl ld
h ey, t h e r e e s, c ou n ot rec ogn e hi as h e r awfu l
l
,
r u er .
1 52 A L B A NI A PA S T
, A ND PRE S E NT
m
made for their immediate relief The I talian G ov .
m
of the co st if the other P owers d o likewis e Fur
, .
q u e n c e s and the P,
owe rs had t o forget Alb ania ?
1 I bi d , . Vol 6 3 p 1 9 6 1
.
, . .
1 54 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRESE N T
,
F
RE E RE N C E S
DIL L O N , E . J Alb i
l F o t i gh tly R vi w J ly 1 9 1 4
Th e an an Tan g e, r n e e ,
u , ,
1 28 —
E C T F
p
T t h A bo t Alb i A i ti R vi w
.
E RI C S N, Th EL O RD, e ru u an a , s a c e e
Vol 5 ( N S ) ( b g wit h p A g t 1 9 14
.
,
e u us
( Sp i l Co po d t i Alb i of t h L T ib
. . . .
. .
,
I S una
’
TAL O -
U L L I OT I ec a r re s n en n an a e a r
of Rom ) S i m i di e g o i Alb e i M il 1 9 14 pp 1 1 2 6
es re n n an a , an , —
Alb i Alb i Q t ly R vi w
.
, , .
I M
S AILK M B E AL d th EY , an a an e a n an s , u ar e r e e
( J l y u Vol 2,
2 8 pp 1 6 2 —1 6 8 .
, . .
1 56 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRESE NT
,
m
It was the refore not at all s u rp rising th a t even
, ,
II . TH E GOVE RN M E N T O F E S SAB PA S H A
One month afte r the departure of the P rince E s ,
equipment .
“
E s s a d P a sha n ow set up the s o called G overn -
”
ment of Central Albania which wa s made up of ,
'
II I . TH E IN VA SI O N OF A L B A N IA
In the meantime ( end of N ovembe r the ,
Athens having now decla red that the occup ation was
intended to be only temp ora ry This was als o the
.
m
December C olonel D e s c oin s read to the p opulation
,
m
a p rocla ation in which he acknowledged the inde
“
p en den ce of the A u t on o ou s A l ban ian P r ov in ce of
”
m
K ori t s a and thereup on th e Albanian flag was
,
it s honor .
ab out souls .
V . TH E I TA LIA N S IN A L B A N IA
On I taly s entering the war against the Central
’
m
that one of the wa r aims of the I talian pe ople wa s
to be the r eé st abli sh en t of the indep endence and
integrity of the Albanian State .
m
ment of Aut onomou s Epirus before a crowded a s ,
, , ,
m
By virtue of this p roclamation you Albanians , , ,
country .
Albanians
1 62 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
“
You know the b onds that unite the I talian and
Albanian intere sts The sea divide s them and at .
, ,
“
The que stion of how far this shield and prote o
”
tion goe s has often b e en raised but n o definite ,
e s s of s wift development .
1 For a di scu s s io
n of h s t i q u es ti o
n, s ee C u rr en t Hi s t or y M agaz i ne
A t
,
u gu s ,
1 9 1 7 , pp . 2 84—2 8 6 .
P ART I II
M ontenegro before 1 9 1 2 .
1 F G ib t L s P y d A lb i p 1 2 0
er e a s
’
an e,
J l di it i Alb i
. .
.
,
Adriatic S ea .
m
But the C onference of Amba ssado rs took into con
m
sideration neithe r the deli it ation made by M Mav .
” “
Epirus t o the Vios a R ive r and Northern most ,
II . P H Y SI C A L F EA TU RE S
Taken a s a wh ole Albani a i s rather a mountain,
“
ous country But her mountains are of the sub
.
” “ ” “
lime nature inte rcepted by vale s and lovely
,
“ ”
I t is ri chly covered by fine fore sts the virgin fo r ,
e sts of Albania .
m m
visible to thos e who n aviga te the Ad riatic Sea I t s .
imp rovement .
shall presently s ee .
F RE E RE N C E S
AU B RY , E Alb i S o t A i ti an an ea c -
as s a c Re vi ew, Vol 5
‘
J ly
u 19 14
Alb i Rom 1 9 05
.
.
, , .
, ,
BA RB A RI C H E UG an a , e, pp 3 —1 1 6
H DR J H Alb i t di
.
, .
, , .
A HN , G RG V
. O ANN EO ON, an s ch e S u en , pp 3 —3 9
. .
CHAP TER XV
EC O N O MI C C O ND I TI O N S
I . A GRI C U L TU RE
AL B A N IA is primarily an agricultural country
, ,
.
the wool and hides are exp orted and s ome sp ecies ,
of domesticat ed cattle .
I II . C O M M E RC E
.
,
’
, , ,
, , ,
m
m
B alkans and with Europ e will surely revive the ,
IV . M I N E RAL RE SO U R C E S A N D F ORE S TS
The gene ra l belief is that Albania is very rich in
mineral res ource s I t i s rep orted that th e Romans .
ri ch in gold .
mm
F rench and German engineers have discovered
mm
gold lead iron p etroleum copp e r ch o iu
, ,
anti
, , , ,
m
The same thing may b e said in regard t o p e
t r ol eu .
m
M ore over at S elenitsa in the p rovince of Valona
, , ,
coa st
Anothe r important item of n ational wealth is the
forests s om e of which exist in their virgin state
,
.
2 I bid , p 1 5 3
. . .
FI NA N CE S 181
Trieste .
V FIN AN CES
.
m
making ofli cial e stimate s relative t o the budget .
“ ”
Turkish Empire we should not neces s a r ily think
,
the country .
m
Still anothe r and more available means of c om
,
and B oj ana .
rivers .
F
RE E RE N C E S
b t
B y far t h e e s re feren c e on t h e E c on o c C on mi diti
on s of Alb i an a
a re t h e a r ti l
c e s pu bli
sh e d v i
i n e ery s su e of t h e
li b i i it
B A L K A N R EVU E , B er n , eg nn n g w h t h e year 1 9 1 4
l F
.
S ee a s o G IB E RT, L es P ’
a y s d A l b an i e , pp 1 4 5 —1 6 4
Alb i
. . .
B A RB A RI C H , E U G , a n a , pp 1 1 7— 1 2 5 , 2 2 5 — 2 7 4
J G dé d t
. . .
m L L Al b a n ie I n pen an e , Ré v u e de P
’
A RA Y , A B RI EL OUI S, a r i s,
2 1i e e ann é e , Vol 3 , 1 9 1 4 , pp 2 19 —2 2 4
. . .
CHA P TER XVI
TH E A LB A NI A N P E O P L E
I . P O PU LATI O N — GH E GS A N D TO S KS
TH E exact numerical strength of the Albanian race
and p e ople is unknown on account of the lack of sp e ,
“ ” “ ”
Turks is that of M oslem and non M oslem -
m
ever int o account the ravage s of the recent wa rs
,
1 W h it a k er s’
Alm an a c k , 1 9 18
1 88 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE SE NT
,
II . N A TI O N A L C H ARA C TERI S TI C S
Ina s eeming consciousne ss of the insidious e ff ort s
of his numerou s enemie s t o undermine his reputa
tion abroad by the circulation of wild storie s the ,
m
”
wi cked a s p e ople b elieve nei t he r is th e Albanian , ,
1
“
d ”
O y s s ey , 1 , 1 06—8 I t i s, or eo er , m v v
ery s r n g t o c o par e t iki m
d G it k d i i m i t
.
“ ” “ ” “ ”
t h e wor h eg w h t h e G ree wor g ga s wh ch ea n s g an
ld m littl d bt t t d id ti l
.
Th er e wou s ee t o be e ou h a t h e t wo wor s ar e en ca
i td
.
2 B a l kan Rev u e, 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 5 , p 4 03
-
Th e s ay ng i s q u o e in A l
b i ll t i
. .
him is a s follows
,
“
The A rn a ou t s o r Albanes e st ruck me forci
1
“
The Albane se in general have a fine cast of
, ,
“ ”
called trib es of N orthern Albania amount but t o
the similar clan organization of the Scotch pe ople .
ki d Alb i it m v b
m
1 A rn aou t i s t h e Tu r sh w or for a n an ; see s t o ha e een
tk
a en f ro t h e G ree k A v it
“
r an es
”
t t ild H ld
.
2 B r on ’s N o e s t o C a n o I I C h e a ro
y
t Alb i v t m i
.
,
Hi s s or y of h i s t wo a n a n s er a n s , on e of wh o wa s a C h r s
ti t
a n a n d t h e o h er a Mos e lm l m i v
i s n ot on y a u s ng b u t e ry i n s t ru c
tiv it d li i li Alb i
,
e w h r e ga r t o t h e r e g ou s fee n gs of t h e an ans
Alb i F dli t t
.
“
3 an a , t h e ou n n S a e of E u r ope , p 199
g . .
1 90 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
ity t o it .
m
will s u flic e .
recommendation s W M ‘
I
m
cion an d mistrust in those parts of the country which
hM l e to preserve their independence only
by being very careful in r egar ILt o !Turkish emissaries
and agents Yet travelers could get into t e
.
,
“
states that a b an ia corre sp onds t o a
nocturnal walk in the suburb s of a gre at European
city ”
. Th at fl h ou l d b e s o d espite the abs ence of ,
a rf S
-
Dp erv i si on f rom a highe r authority is t o th e ,
“ ”
The B es sa whi ch means simply good faith
,
is ,
m
day on l in lba here the Turkish Gov
ern ent h a s n ever exe r cis ed re al autho rity Wh en .
S OCI AL CO ND I TI ONS 1 93
m
authority among a p e ople freed from any general
,
I II . S O C IA L C O N DI TI O N S
m
I t s existence i s evidenced by the arist ocratic gov
e rn en t which is in full sway even at the pre sent
subj ection .
11 Fo m o t m o g t h
re s a n ese c er en s a er e r e s a, e
m o t o i gi l po t d w it
s r na eot o l y of Alb
an i b t of l l t h
r er n n an a u a e
B lk P i l H i i gh tl y ll d t h Ty Wt of Alb i
.
“ ”
a an en n s u a e s r ca e e r aeu s an a,
b t th o d o b t th t h i m o t h th t
.
u iere s n u a e s re an a .
“
1 96 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
, ,
h
g y r ocas t r o with th e p,
os sible exception of the city
of Scuta ri I n the province of Korcha there is
.
,
IV . TH E P OSI TI O N OF W OM EN
V . TH E RE L I GI OU S QU E S TI O N
On the religiou s side the Albanians are divided ,
m
The three p rincipal gr oup s are the following
1 Ro an C a t h olics forming the maj ority of the
.
,
m
p opulation of N orthern Albania .
Albanians .
of Christians .
m
wheneve r lif e be came intolerable under the Turkish
r egi ,
e the Albanians found a way of e scaping their
m
own Christian brethren From the very day of
.
m
and the I slamiz ed Greek s of the I sland of Crete a s ,
m
th e b ru talities of the Turk I t is a remarkable phe
.
ply it.
m
try i s a more eloquent p roof of the real religiou s con
dition of Albania than any argu en t could a fford .
VI AL B A N I A N S IN F O REI G N L A N DS
m
.
By the force of w
the neces sity
c
i gpa m
s t a n ce s the Albanian s saw
"
“
TH E AL B A N IA N S I N G RE E C E H ow the Albanian .
—
e stimated in we re out of a
total of one million inhabitants and no ch anges have ,
1 See a b ov e,
pp 2 4
.
—2 5
.
2 06 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
mm
The only national Albanian figure they have pro
du c e d in re cent time s is A n a s t a s K u llu ri ot i a native
of the island O LSala i s, whose e ff orts have greatly
contri buted to the intellectual a aken in g of Albania
-
m ,
m
mw
of p rominent leaders and statesmen t o modern
G reece M H .it s the able Ministe r of the
. .
,
i s on the other ha
, of the re
m
n own ed seamen of Hydra ,
1 m o th ly m g zi P
Th e n o of Ath aof F b
a y 19 16
n e, arnas s s, en s , e ru a r
m k t h foll ow i g i t ti g t t m t i o tio with t h
, ,
a es e n n er e s n s a e en n c n n ec n e
m obiliz ti o of t h G k my i t h t m o th
a n e re e ar n a n
A m o g t h oth di o d th t my w
“
n e to b er i o s r er s a are e s e en n ur ar e
oti d o of t h m o t h o ki g wh i h o gh t t o h v tt t d t h
,
n
a
ce ne
tt ti o of t h High C omm d of o milit y fo
en
oldi
n e
e s
Th
s
m c
an
n c
ur
u
ar
a e a
rc es
ra c e
e a
e
p k to o ot h i t h Alb i l g g
.
j o it y of o
my im gi h im l f i t h p
r ur s er s s ea n e an er n e an a n an ua e
i h
n su c w y t h t t h li t
a a a e s en er a a ne se n e r e s en c e
of oldi s of t h K i g of Alb
er s i ( t h P i of W i d ) d ot of
e n an a e r n ce e an n
K i g of G Co t ti Th i i v y d pl o bl h bit
,
mi wh o l mi t
th e n r ee c e , n s an ne s s a er e ra e a
wh i h h i h d m y g m t to o
.
c f as u rn s e an ar u en s u r en e es ca u n a e
us by y i g th t o
sa n i ot h om og
a o It i
ur th fo
r ace s n en e u s s, ere re ,
y th t th i h bit b d t oy d b y l l d vi go o
.
n ec e s s a r a s a y e es r e a n ece s s ar an r us
m ea n s
Th Comm d of t h l t I f t y R gim t C ol o l K
.
“
e an er e li s n an r e en ne u rev e s,
om p li h d oldi d p f tl y d t d th
,
wh o i s an a cc s e s er an e r ec un er s a n s e
ki d of d ti o t h G k oldi h o ld h v h p i h d v y
n e u ca n e r ee s er s u a e, as un s e er
se v ly g t mb of oldi b
ere a rea nu of t h i i g t h A1
er s er s ec a u se e r us n e
b i l g g b t th i i th i g th t h o ld ot b do o l y
an a n an ua e, u s s a n a s u n e ne n
by t h C omm
e d of i gl gim t ; o t h o t y ll t h
an er a s n e re en n e c n rar a e
c an ers s u un e e r e r s an a e e s e ec e
e
as fo t h e
u r es
pp si on o
r f t h i d i o d t
su not e i n o
res my s sc r an ur ar .
”
2 08 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E NT
,
m
and studiou s write r on Albanian literature ; De
e t ri o Camarda Ans elmo L or ecch i o able write r and
, ,
of Albanian literature .
m
“ ”
or be the name Albania and
not b eing in u s e a ong them I t is a .
P lava ?
M ore ove r the C onference of Ambas sa
,
1 S ee a b ov e, pp 5 1 —5 3
b ov
. .
2 S ee a e, p 93
b ov
. .
3 See a e, 9 3 —94
pp . .
210 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
ing chapter .
F
RE E RE N C E S
B A RB A RI C H , E U G , an a , pp 1 31 1 54Alb i -
H d i i F t t
. . .
on on , 1 9 06 , pp 2 2 1 — 2 2 8 , 2 3 5 2 6 2 -
Qti
. .
G HI C A ,P ’
RI N C E AL B , L A l b an i e et l a
’
u e s on d O r i en t , pp 1 6 3 1 8 7 -
t i t ti ti Alb i vil t
. .
( pp 1 7 6 —1 8 7 c on a n s a s cs of an an s i n t h e ay e s of
ti l i
.
M on a s r a n d S a on c a )
J i dé d t P i
.
A RAY , G AB RI EL , O U I S , L A l b an i e
’
nL pen an e, Ré vu e de ar s ,
li m é
2 e e an n e , Vol 3 , 1 9 1 4 , pp 2 1 1 2 1 9 -
J q i P i
. . .
P I N O N , REN E, L E u r ope e t l a
’
eu n e Tu r u e, a r s , 1 9 1 1 , Ch VI . .
1 F . G ib t er , Le s P a ys d A l b an i e,
’
p 247
. .
212 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
”
ban ia/n N a t i on a li t y
. The L ea gu e thu s con stituted
m
was the first national Albanian o rganization in mod
ern time s and it is imp o s sible to minimiz e its i
,
f or the nation .
m
All thes e event s could but have the mo st mo
en t ou s effect s in awakening the d ormant national
m
children s itting side by side ! Their teaching s t a fi
wa s als o a s i xed as their student b odie s .
”
B ook which appeared at C onstantinople in 1 8 7 9
, , ,
“
time there wa s founded at C onstantinople the S o
,
II . IN F OREI GN C OU N TRI E S
m
b rought t o an end in orde r t o make place fo r anothe r
one which wa s destined t o i mortaliz e the untiring
e fforts of the Albanian patriot s .
m
The literary movement wa s pre sently transferred
to foreign lands Rou an ia B u lg a ria E gyp t and
.
, , ,
of bo oks .
7 B elgium
1 Rou aniam
7 United S tates
“
P owe rs . There wa s a s aying among them that the
man who goe s to Au stria mu st b e one W ithout hono r
”
o r dignity . This is true of cours e a s far a s the
, ,
to the saying .
m
”
the Greek G overnment and auth orization was
,
“ ”
taken to mean more than a me re p e r is sion It .
m
m
lated the Bible and many religiou s b ooks of the M o
m
ha e dan reli gion with th e clo s e c oOp era t ion of
,
all this was done during the reign of the Red Sultan
of Turkey Abdul Hamid I I and under the most dis
, ,
heartening disabilitie s .
m
banian alphabet in their dete rmination to lea rn by
themselve s the language which a ba rbarou s r egi e
had put under the ban And the next day you might .
m
For t h e H oly r el i gi on of C h ri s t
’
A n d f or t h e c ou n t ry s f r eedo ,
Th e t ru e r el igion of t h e A l b an i an is t h e worsh ip of h is
n at ion
or a s the lofty patriot W a ssa P asha , t o whom we
have already referred puts it ,
W ak e u p,y e A l b an i an s , wak e u p ,
A n d get u n it ed in a sin gl e f ait h ;
P r ies t s an d H odj as ar e t ry in g t o f ool y ou
1
1 Mos l e m pr i t
es .
2 24 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
able architect of th e b eautiful mosque of Va lide
m
Dj a i s s i M i az S in du the great philo s opher and
m m
man of letters N a y k K e a l B ey the only lexicog
,
m
Albanian b ooks with Arabic chara cters The n u .
m
e sting in it s compo sition The maj ority of the chil .
j o r i t y of Valona while t h e,
principal wa s an O rt ho
1
“
Am i er can Y ear B oo k ,
”
19 12, p . 1 42 .
226 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
and b eing inst r ucted by Christian teache rs and by a
M oslem p rie st ?
As t o the N or al Schools there
wa s no question that they had to b e co educational .
m
And that was attained by the voluntary c oOp er a t i on
of the patriotic p opulation and not by a ny c o p ul
s ion from the P r ovis ional Government which more ,
1 k
1 n t h e N ew Y or mb t
W or ld of D ec e er 1 5 , 1 9 1 8 , h er e wa s pu b
d t t t l
l i s h e d t h e sec on pa r of t h e S ory of I a y in t h e W ar , i n a s epa
“ ”
t l m t m il d
ra e s u pp e en , c o p e fi i l t li
b y t h e Of c a I a a n B u re a u of I n for
m ti a k it
on of N ew Y or i
C y t l k
Referr n g t o I a y s b en efi cen t wor
’
in
Alb i ll i t t m t m d m il
.
a n a , t h e f o ow n g s a e en is a e b y t h e c o p er s :
t li t
Th e I a an P vi i l
e ach ers of t h e ro l v
s on a S ch oo s h a e s u c
c eeded i nd i mt t t t t l im d
o n g s o e hi n g h a ex pe r s of t h e c ou n ry h a d pr oc a e
im ibl t
poss e; v mm d
h ey h a e n ow M oh a i ti b itti
e a n an d Ch r s an oy s s ng
t t
oge h e r v iti t d t t it
W h oe e r i s in pos on t o k n ow t h e h a re h a ex s s
bt t lm t Alb i ill ll i t t i
.
m m
e ween h e s e t wo e e en s in an a w fu y a ppr ec a e h s a o
c o pl i sh en t
vid tl m il t i t t l k Alb i
.
y , t h e c o p er s of h s a ccoun of I a y s wor i n
’
E en an a
a re v m b i d
e ry u ch tim
eh n the t e, a n d t i t
h ey k n ow n o h n g of wh a h as
b m li d
e en acc o p sh e l t
a s ea r y a s 1 8 8 5 , 1 9 08 , an d 1 9 1 2 —1 9 1 4 , or o h er
i t
w s e h ey wou ld v m dn ot h a e dd t tm t
a e s u c h a n u n f oun e s a e en
t tm t t t v iti
.
m
wh oe e r i s in pos on t o k n ow t h e
“
A s t o t h e s a e en ha
t dt t it bt
h a re h a ex s s t lm t
e ween Alb i
h e s e e e en s in an a n o co
m t d m d
en n ee be a e
.
228 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
B o ston M r P etsi started in th a t year the publication
, .
m
Albanians who are e stimated t o h ave b een in
the United State s at t h e ti e not twenty p ers ons
could re ad o r write This i s the humble b eginning
.
m
‘
in the United State s dared to i gnore the decre e of
m
the P atriarch their f a ilies in Albania would su ff e r
,
N a t i on a l C hu r ch A s s ocia t i on wa s founded .
m
This p eaceful revolution had momentous co u s e
q u en ce s The dread of excom unication was don e
.
m
from the religious head of I slamism the S h eikh u l ,
-
most of them
have neve r attended any scho ol and have learned t o ,
read and write with the help of the spelling—b ook and
the newsp apers which they s et t o s tudying during
the hours of re s t following their hard daily work .
0 0 0 0 0
1910 Tr u m b et a
K r u j es
e A lb an i an . St . L ou is , Mo .
1912
1915
Z e r i i P op u llit
Ko a h .
mm
N e w Y ork
J a e s t ow n
,
,
N Y
N Y
p f K OT
.
.
.
( for erly
lb
ch a , A an i a )
1915 A lb an i an E ra M on t hl y v
D e n e r C ol e
,
h
an d
l at er C ic ago, I ll .
1 9 16 Mp r oj t i a St L ou is , M o
. .
S h q ip et ar e
1916 l
I l yr ia B os on ,t M ass
m m
.
F h
1916
1 9 17
1917
.
P e r l i n dj a
P e r p ar i i m
Y ll i M e n gj ez it
’
Ne
ra
w
M
in g a
Y or k N
B os ton , M a s s
.
,
.
.
as s
Y .
.
lb l hl
1918
1918
A
i
A lb
an i a
ou s
an i a
m
( Re i g
M osl e )
M on t y W at erb u r y
N e w Y ork N Y ,
, C on n
.
.
an d
W or c e s t er Mass
hl , .
R e ie w
2 32 A L B A NI A PA S T A ND PRE S E N T
,
m
I t i s very intere sting to note that in the estab
m
mm
l ish en t of the ab ove mentioned five churche s the
M oslem Albanians made almost a s many peguniary
w
f
m
c on ns .
year
tions M O in addition to special c on t r ib u
,
m
ers and s all sh op ke e aers the number of big busi ,
m
m
p ean wa r an app eal wa s made fo r the r a ising of a
,
m
_
of Pa , .
othe r workmen of M M
A penny go ods seller of B oston
-
m
toward their adopted country I n the lis t of the .
.
W s
RE F EREN C E S
B RAIL S F O RD, H d i
N , M a ce on a , I t s Ra ces a n d Th e r
. . u u re on on , i F t . L d
1 9 06 , p p 2 4 8 — 2 6 2
i l d t Alb i ib
. .
m
I TA L O S U LL I O TI ( S pe c a C or re s pon en i n
-
a n a of t h e Tr u n a of
Ro e ) , S e i es m i
di r e g n o i n an a pp 5 8 —6 6 Alb i
H t
. .
1 11 .
CHAP TER XVIII
TH E F U TU RE OF A LB A N I A
mi b i
m
R mi
If ev er an au t on o ou s A l b an ia co es nt o e ng t he
m m
b i
edu cat ed w i
Al an an s n o d s p e r s e d in ou an a an d E gy p t ,
m i p r ison en t in t h e Tu r ish
ork ep t in a s or t of offi cial i k
t
m m m mw w
i wi
Ar y an d C v il S erv ce, b ll u n dou t edly r e u r n t o l ead
i
t h e r cou n t ry en Th er e are
. en a on g t h e h o ou l d
m m t wi m
i
b e a cr ed t t o an y r ace b I can n ot do et t er t h an t r an sl at e
.
m b m M m m
s o e p assages f r o a l e t er h ch h as r each ed e t h e ot h er
m m
day f r o i
an A l an ian f r en d, a n o in al oh a edan ,
m
m
w ki ii
h o h ol ds a h igh p l ace in t h e Tu r sh ar y As a . l
m m
t ary co i i Mi
an dan t in a cert ain gar r son in A s a n or du r
mit
in g t h e A r en ian wi i w
as sa cr es , el d n g l ar ge p o ers , h e
m m
l i i
e ar n e d go den op n on s b y h is t ol er an c e an d h u an y .
w i w
Th e l et t er see s t o p r ov e h o l t t l e t h ese en , ev en h en
t h ey ar e Tu r k ish offi ci al s , sh ar e t h e at t i t u de of t h e av erage
m
Tu r k . I t al so sh ows t o wh at l ev el of cu l t u r e t h ese A l b a
t
m
n i an s of t en an age t o at ai n in Tu r k ey , cu t O H t h ou gh t h ey
m
are f r o E u r op ean s ch ool s, an d r ar el y ab l e t o ob t ain an y
”
b ook wh ich t r eat s of ser iou s t op ics in a odern sp irit .
“
H N B r ails f ord in Macedon i a, I t s Races an d
. .
Th eir F u t u r e , 1 9 06 , p 2 88 . .
m
the spread of the national ideal even among the A l
W o
war a complete t r an s f oM
the outbreak of the Europ ean
m
en place in
m
their diplomatic game s The . he
C onference of the A b a s s a dor wasp g ag nLckeEy
s é
p
j
m
risings all along the frontier will b e the sure a ecom
p an i en t of he r future .
m
made is on the S erbian frontie r I f there i s to b e .
'
s el v e s of m
the Serbian rule I n 1 9 1 2 there might have been
.
,
recognized p rinciple .
m
m m
m
Vl ora in our own days Na yk Kemal B ey the phi ,
m
ders Marko B ochari C d s s A n dru ch o the f e
, ,
male
M a rance sco Cr i spi P ri e
Minister of I taly and a host of other celebrated men
,
, ,
t ranslator of t h e S cr iptg fr s P o ,
PW XL Q MQH WI ) wh o
s en is m by the famou bull U ri ngs, the country
and the p e ople we say who have given s o many illus
, ,
to Albani a .
p ro spect .
F RE E REN C E S
A R E Alb i o t h B l k Ch B o d A i ti R vi w Vol
UB Y, an a n e a an ess -
ar s a c e e
6 ( b g with p A p il 1 9 1 5
.
.
, , ,
e r
H N M do i ; I t R d Th i F t
. . .
, ,
BRAILSF O RD, .
pp 2 7 7 ace n a s a c e s an e r u u re, .
2 89
D RH M M E Th Alb i Q ti o C o t m po y R vi w ( b g
.
U A e a n an u es n, n e r ar e e e
O t ob
. . .
, ,
p 19 17 c er ,
RE E L Q ti o lb i R v d d mo d Vol
. .
PI N ON , N , a u es n a an a s e , e ue es eux n es, .
5 4 , pp 7 9 2 —82 6 . .
2 44 I NDE X
t of Alb i L g 5 1 ; l F mily of t h 2 3 2 4 2 6
mm i l d I t l i o
se a a n an e a u e, B a sh a , a e, —
i g d t o Alb i 1 1 9 ; , .
a ss ne an a , B an ca C o er c a e
’
a a, c n
near ly pt d by t h Alb
ca u re e a i o i of t h N ti o l A l
ces s n a re e a na
i
n a ns, 1 4 2 ; Alb i i dp d an a n n e en b i B k 120
a n an an
p o l im d t 1 6 1 1 9 6 d G k 1 18 14 1
.
,
en ce r c a e a B an s, ree
A m t o g t y to th b i I v io
, , .
, , .
r s r n S e cr e ar e B ar a r an 20 2 1 ; n as n s, —
Pi of W i d 1 3 8 G oth 2 0; S bi
,
r n ce e s, 2 0 No er a n s, r
Ay I mmi g t Alb i m 2 1 ; B lg i
, .
r an ra n s , an an s an s, 20 2 1 u ar a n s , —
d d t of t h
es c en an s li t 3 e e ar es 22
,
A i M i o G k im po t d i t o B b i h E g i o q ot d 2 07
, . .
s a n r, r ee s r e n ar ar c u en u e
S o th Alb i f om 1 1 5 Ki g of I ll y i 1 1
, , , .
en a n er a an a n e r a re en a ur s
f o m of 6 M j o i pl ot g i t Alb i
,
r a r n a a ns an a ,
A to omy Alb i t ggl fo
.
,
u n an a n s ru e r 12 8 129 —
to omy 6 1 63 ; p p i g t of t h 2 04
, .
au n -
re ar n B kt h i
e as s, sec e,
fo 6 1—6 2 ; t h w i i g of 6 9 t N o m l S h ool of 2 2 5
, .
r, e nn n B er a r a c
A t i t oop i Alb i 3 9 ; B li of p ovi i o
, .
, , .
u s r a, r s n an a , er Co g n, nof re s s r s ns
i t v Alb i 7 9 8 5 ; 5 0 5 1 ; m odifi ti o of t h
, ,
—
n er i
en e s n an a , -
th e, ca ns e
o
r ea s n s fo i t v ti o 8 1 r n er en n, t ty 5 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
r ea -
8 2 ; di dit Alb i vi ol t d 1 4 8 1 5 0; t
, , .
sc re s an a n c a u s e, B e s sa , a e n a ure
ol S t i
, ,
8 3 84 ;
-
i r th e n e cu a r of t h 1 92 19 3 e,
i i 1 01 ; ttit d i t h b om l d of opi i o
.
,
cr s s , a u e n e B y e s, ec e ea er s n n,
l ti o of t h P i 1 2 3 1 2 4
e ec n e r n ce , -
1 97
d l g ti o f om 1 3 7 ; p
e e a n r re re B y e s d P h an p op i t d as a s, ex r r a e
t d i th P l
, ,
sen e n of t h e a a ce e 1 74
Pi h o tility wi th B i h op G k 14 0
.
r n ce, 138 ; s s r ee
pi Bi m k i t h C o g of B
.
, ,
E d P h
s sa 144 ;as o a, cc u es s arc n e n r ess er
No th d C t l Alb i
,
r ern a n en r a an a , li 50 53
n,
v t Alb i B ibli l S o i t y B iti h 2 1 3
.
,
—
15 8 15 9 ; e a cu a e s an a n ca c e r s
t ito i omm i l i M ko 28 d 24 1
, , .
er r 1 62 ;
r es , c erc a Bo h c ar ar an n
l ti o with Alb i 1 7 8 B oj R iv vi g bl
, , .
, .
re a ns an a , an a, 171 ; er, na a e,
1 7 9 ; mi t t d by t h Alb
s ru s e e a 184
B ol h viki v l S t T ty
.
n i an s , 2 18 s e re ea e cr e rea
of L o d o
.
,
235 n n,
B o ov id t of 1 1 6
.
r I a, nc en
d d R il w y P oj t A l Bo i ttl d i
.
,
B ag a a a r ec s n an R f g e u ees , se e n
b i i t h 82 t l Alb i 1 4 7 1 9 5
,
an a n e, C en ra an a ,
B l fo A J d l d i B o to tt ) fi t
.
, .
a u r, ec a r e s ec s (M n h as sac u se s rs
i o of t h L o do C o f Alb i t b
.
s ns e n n n er en ce an an w p p ne s a er es a
a b og t d 2 35
r a e li h d i s e 228 ; t bli h m tn, es a s en
B lk Alli fo m d O th od o Alb i
.
,
a an Th a n ce , e, r e as of th e r x an an
lt of t h
a r e su of t h e s u cces s e s e Ch h i u rc2 29 n,
Alb i ttit d of Bo d y Commi i o S o th
.
74 75 ;
an an s , — a u e un ar ss n, u
t h Alb
e i t ow d t h 7 6
a n an s ar e, t
ea s ern , ppoi t d b y t h L o a n e e n
B lk Alli Th ttit d t o t t o
.
,
a an es , e, a u e do C o f n 1 00; n er e n c e , s ar s n
w d Alb
ar i of 7 6 7 7 ; i an a — n it j o y 1 1 2 ; offi i l p o
s u rn e c a r
v d py m o t of A l
, ,
a d o
e an ccu s di g of t h
c ee n 113 ; t Ko
s e, a r
b i 77 78 ; ig o p o l m
an a, — n re r c a a hc 1 17 ;
a, t K ol o i d Bo a n a an
ti o of i d p d
n 79 8 0
n e en en c e , -
; ov
r 1 18 a,
t it o i l l im of 9 1 9 2 9 3 Bo bo O l F di d
.
—
er r r a c a s ur n -
r ean s , s ee er n an
q ot d 1 7 9 F coi D d M o t p i
, , .
B lk
a R an ev u e, u e , . ra n s, ue e n en s er .
I NDE X 245
n a n s of G ree ce an d I a y , 2 5 , an s , 77 ; u r s n
n ; on t h e f ron ti Alb i er s of a n a, 1 4 6 1 5 0; — of t h p i
ca u se s e u r s
G ov
.
16 8 1 69 i g
n 1 4 9 —1 5 0; Th e ern
il fo d H N o t h f t m t of C t l Alb i 15 6 ;
.
, ,
”
B ra s r n e u u re en en ra an a,
of Alb i 2 34 2 3 6 2 40 t t of 1 6 8 ; l d ow
.
, ,
.
an a , ex en an n ers ex
B i di i t mi A ppi t i 14 9
.
, , ,
r n s of t h er nu s e an p op i t d b y p
r r a e ea s a n s n,
t of 1 8 0; o i l
, ,
W y 16 a 174 ; fo re s s s c a
f m l Admi l i t h o diti o do
, .
,
B b li
u u na, e a e ra n e c n i 19 5 ; nsp n, seu
G k R v ol ti o 4 8
r ee e u n, Mo l m i 2 04s e s n,
B lg i Alb i o i ti Ch mb of D p ti T ki h
, .
u ar a , i an an s c e es n. a er e u es , ur s
l im t h Vil y t of di i o o Alb i i t h
,
5 7 2 16 ; c a s e a e s c u ss n n an a n e,
ti 7 4 ; d l g ti o f om
,
Mo n as r, e e a n r 67
d Mi i t t o D Cl ll l d w b y B y o
, .
13 7 ; sen s n s er u ans, p a ra e ra n r n,
ra zz o 1 3 8 ; i v i o of Alb n as n a 1 89 ; o g iz ti o f 1 9 3
r an a n O
i by B l g i t oop 1 5 8 C l gy G k i S o th
, , .
n a u a r an r s, er r ee Al n u e rn
an a n c n n, an a, an a c n
y Vi Admi l Si C il N o th Alb i 1 9 4 ;
.
B u rn e ce -
ra r ec r e rn a n a, na
pi S t i 1 02 12 7 ; t io l l gy 2 2 3
, ,
o cc u es cu a r re na c er
ti Ch ild H old o t h t l
, , , .
1 30
r es , e ar n e n a u ra
Lo d o t h t l b ti of Alb i 1 6 7
.
,
By o r n, r n e n a u ra ea u es an a ,
b ti of Alb i 1 6 7 1 6 9 ; Gh im 2 3 34 ; mo t i
.
,
ea u es an a , a rra , of u n a ns
t h Alb i
, , ,
o n e 1 89 a n an s , 170
B yz ti d omi ti o C omm ti l of 1 7 7
. .
an n e, d i na n an n d
erce , an ar c es ,
fl u en ce, 1 9 — 2 0 180
C ommi i o
. .
C om m
ss Bo d y
n er s , see un a/r
i io ss n
m d D m t i o I t l o Alb Comm i ti o 1 8 3 1 8 4
.
—
Ca ar a, e e r a -
a u n ca n s,
i w it 2 08 C om M i h l fo d
.
,
n an r er , n en u s , of c ae un er
did t t o t h th o of Al t h D pot t of E pi
.
,
C an a es , e r ne e es 22 a ru s ,
b i 1 07 1 2 3 1 2 4 i o m d t o t h Alb
.
C m
an a , — Co n ces s ns, a e e a
by T k y 6 8 6 9 ; m d
.
,
Th t J i —
ar g oll a ng e, e, sun a a n an s ur e a e
i 45 P ovi i o l G ov
,
n na , by t h e r s na e rn
C m Sy lv l h di m t 1 20 12 1
.
au n c es c an en —
ar en a,
d y of W illi m of W i d 1 2 4 of Amb do
.
,
ac a e Co fn er e n c e a s sa rs , s ee
t h Ho
.
,
C t iot
as r of t h
a, 27 e u se e, Co f n er en c e of L o do n n
C th i i 4 7 2 17 of L o d o
. .
a 1 1 of R
er n e u ss a, Co fn eren ce Th 86 n n, e,
C th oli i m N o th 1 04 ; m
.
, ,
a i c s Al n r ern of E op
e n ace w ur ea n ar
b i 24 og iti o of Alb
,
an a , l d t o 86 ;
e r ec n n a
Alb i i 3 i i dp d
. ,
C a u ca s u s , an a n, n an by 8 7 8 8
n e en en ce -
;
C t l Alb i I lly i d i io h d by om p o
.
,
en ra an a , r an re ec s ns reac e c r
m i i 9 ; p t of I ll y i
a ns n, ar r a, mi 8 8 8 9 ; it d i i o d
se s , s ec s ns e
1 1 ; i v d d b y Rom d b og t d 2 3 5
,
n a12 ; e an s , l
c a re a r a e
th o o ghf t o t h E t 1 6 ; of Al io 3 1
.
,
r u ar e e as Co gn ress es s
li p ovi i o of
.
i v d d by B l g i
, ,
n a e 2 0; i u a r an s , n Co gn of B
res s er n, r s ns
v d d by No m
a e 21 t b r an s , ; es a th 5 0 5 1 ; m odifi
e, -
ti o of t h ca ns e
li h d s Alb i K i gd om
e as a n an n t ty 5 2 2 1 1 2 12
r ea —
2 3 ; d omi i o B l h Co t ti t h G t tiv of
.
, , ,
of t h n n e a s a n s an ne e re a na e
I ll y i
,
F mil y 2 4 ; divid d m o g t h
a e a n e 17 24 1
r a,
f d l lo d dd d t o t h Co v i o t o I l mi m 3 9 ;
.
, ,
eu 26 ;
a r s, a e e n ers n, s a s ,
d omi i o of t h P h of S
n n e as a en reas on s for , 2 01 2 02 -
.
24 6 I NDE X
C onv l io u s ns and U pr ii s n gs, 39 D j av id P
a sh a , 1 0 6
d P k mil
.
41 Do a , ren B ib , 5 5 ; fa y of,
Go fo D i iti o of 1 4 3 ; to
.
r u, s pos n rn 1 94
t o pi d l m i
, .
15 1e c es , D o on a , orac e of, 4 ; r e a n s
Co i th i ol o i t bli h d
.
r n an s, c n es es a s e of, 8
mi ti z ti
.
by 9 D o n a on , B y an n e, 19 2 0; -
C o p d Th t t g d by t h m ki
, .
u e ea re , s a e e Ro a n , 1 5 —1 8 ; Tur s h , 36 —7 0
k i S o th Alb i li l l d t
.
ur ar a r ur s Co on s , 1 34
t 129 t P li
, .
er s , D r a n g N a ch O s e n o cy, Al
C t dit i So th A l b i
.
re a n B an s, n u e rn a n a i n t h e, 8 2
b i 1 3 2 1 34 ; t o iz pop i iv
.
an a, , er r r e D r n , R er, 2 9 , 1 7 1 , 1 84 .
l t io
u a 14 1 n, Du kagh in , L ek , 2 6 , 9 2
C i pi F I t li J Al d
. .
r s o P
r a n ce s c a an re D u k e oh n , ex a n er , s e e D u k a
mi 2 08 2 4 1
, ,
e r, gh i n
C oi K oi m i of 8 ; li d dd Alb
.
, .
i m
r o
a r r a, re a ns Du c gn o, efe n e by t he a
t h ov l o d of 2 6 ; pit l of i t
,
e er r ca a n a s a ga n s t he ow er s , 5 2 P
Alb i 2 6 2 8 2 9 ; b i g d zz v m t
, .
an a , es e e Du r a o, 16 ; G o er n en of ,
b y t wo S lt 32 ; l o t t o A t t li l
, ,
u an s, s 1 2 2— 1 2 7 ; u s r o I a a n c a sh -
th T k e ur 34 ; l im d
s c a e a t , 1 4 5 ; n a u ra h ar or, 1 7 2 ; t l b
by t h S l v 92e a s, t
i t s fu u r e , 1 7 8
i Alb i 21 t i i
. .
C ru s ad er s , n an a , D u ch M s s on , 9 0, 1 2 9 , 1 39
Cy l op R m i i m
. .
c ea n 8 e a n s, Dyrrach u , see D u r az z o
Cy l op viv i Alb i
. .
c s, su r e n an a n
l g d 7 8 ; id ti l w ith
e en s, -
en ca E gypt M h m d Ali P h of 4 6 e e as a
Gh g 1 88 5 7 ; d l g ti o f om 1 3 7 ;
, , ,
e s, e e a ol n r c
ti o l o i ti
.
,
o y of 2 1 0;
n na na s c e es
D lm ti p t f I ll y i
,
a a a, 11 ar O r a, in, 5 7 2 16
D p t ti o t o N wi d E lb t of t h Alb i
. .
,
e u a n, 1 30 eu e a sa n , cen er e an an
zz o 1 3 7 L g 5 1 ; p od t of 1 7 5 ;
, ,
13 1 ; t o D ura ea u e, r uc s
D vi h P h N o m l S h ool of 2 2 4 2 2 5
, .
,
er s pp as th a, su r es ses e r a c
Alb i L g 5 4 2 1 3 E li b t h Q of Ro m i
.
, ,
a n an ea u e, sa e u een u an a ,
C ol o l
, .
,
D e sc oi n s, ob p t i ne c era es n 124
t bli h m t of t h R P l gi to
.
,
th e es a s en e e E pi ot r o s r e as an s , a n ces rs
p bli of K o h
u c 160 rc a, of S o th Alb i
u 3; p o
er n a n an s , r
do G k 1 1 8 it
.
D p
es era es , ree
g en o of T o k
rs 4 d ; s s, an n
D pot t of E p i j oi Al d t h G t 1 4
. .
,
es a 22 23 9 7 ru s , — n ex a n er e re a
D vol Riv i t
,
.
, , .
e 1 7 1 1 7 2 184er , p ru s o M ol o i rS o h A l ss a, u er n
Di l t di ff Alb i b i 1 3 d ; D pot t of
.
, , ,
'
a ec s , i e ren c e s n an a n , an a , an n es a
i t o h oth 1 8 8 t o om o 1 3 0; P ovi
.
,
187 ; f u se n ea c er , 22 ; au n us, r
D ib volt of 1 9 0 1 9 1 2 3 8 i o l G ov m t of 1 3 1 ;
.
re — ern en
ra, s ua
ti o li t C t b dit i 1 3 4 ; G k
, ,
.
,
Bi lli o g
e of t hr an e na na s s re an an s n, re e
of t h U it d S t t t o iti di d i th
,
e 231
n e a es , a r c es s cu s s e n e
Di i Al pi y t m 1 7 0 H o of Comm o 1 34
.
nar c, ne s s e u se n s,
D i o l ti Emp o k t ow of 1 9 7
.
, .
c e an , 17 2 41 er r, E rs e a, n
D i i t g ti o d
, .
, .
s n e 120 123 ;
ra n, —
ca u ses E ss a d P h 66 ; as a, s u rren ers
of 12 0 1 2 1 — S t i t o Mo t g o 1 01 ;
cu a r n en e r
D ivid t I mp m im of t h f o m t h fi t G ov m t of
,
.
,
e u era , ax e r s e rs er n en
T k i Alb
ur s i 40 4 1 n a n a, -
D ura zz o 1 2 2 1 2 7 ; ti re re s ,
i t
.
, ,
Dj av el l a , 4 8 . 1 3 0; pp o d aM in i st er o f n e
24 8 I NDE X
L i t ti o l C ommi i o o
B o d y C om
G ura kuk i, ou s , 1 07 , 2 24 In ern a na ss n n
Pl v F o ti
.
mo
G u ss ign e a a, 5 1 , 5 3 -
r n ers , see un ar
m i
.
Gy n a s a , 1 1 5 , 1 4 0 zss z n
t ti o l I t g m 1 2 7
. .
In e rn a na n e rr e nu
H J
,
ah n , D r G eorg oh an n v on , 3 , 1 30
Alb i t v ti o of A t i
. .
4 ; on t h e a n a n s of G r eece , In er en n, d us r a an
2 05 I t ly 8 2 ;
a o fo 8 1 82 ;
r ea s ns r, —
H t bil i po d h l
.
,
an o a u x , G a r e , 2 4 2 R u ss a to th
re s n s e c a
H b t A b ti l g 8 3 84 ; o q
.
er e r , u rey , M P , q u es on s en e, — of c n se u en c e s
H mm
. .
pu t i n t h e ou s e of C o on s the, 84
v io ( 1 ) B lk Alli
.
b y, 1 5 1 In as ns : a an es ,
Hlti 7 5 79 ; ( 2 ) B b i
.
o s e n , D uk e of, 39 — 20 2 1 ; ar ar a n , —
Hl m m i
.
o y R o a n E p r e, 3 9 3
( ) E u r o p ea n W ar 1 5 7 — 159
Hm Gi t
.
,
.
o er c oe s , a fii n i t y w h Al Is a e a B ey, 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 0,
b i l
an a n a n gu a ge , 7 1 1 0; a cc u s e of d
n c o pe en ce , m t i
H ti d iti
.
ou se of Co on s , q u e s on s pu t I a y, P
e a sg a n s in , 4 ; y rrh u s
in t h e , 8 9 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 5 2 d b
i n , 1 4 ; S ca n e r eg i n , 3 3 ; A l
H ll ki ll i b i l i
.
y u s, n g of I y r a , 1 1 a n a n c o on es i n , 3 6 3 7 , 2 07 -
i t v ti
.
2 08 n e r en on of, 79 82, -
I ll y i r a, t t of 1 1 ; k i gd om
ex en n 84 ; ttit d
a u e L d
in t h e on on
o q d by t h ttit d
,
of 1 1 13 ; — c n u er e e C on f eren ce , 99 ; a u e in t h e
Rom l ti P i
,
12 an s , e ec on of t h e r n c e , 1 2 3—1 2 4 ;
I lly i to of t h Alb d l ti m t
.
i m 3 ; p og ito of t h
r an s , a n ces rs e a e ega on fr o , 1 3 7 a gen of,
n a s, r en rs e 1 38 ; t
s u ppor s P
E ssa d a sh a ,
Gh g 4 ; i fl e s, of t h I ll y n u en ce e i V l
1 5 7 ; oc cu p es a on a , 1 5 8 ; oc
i
r an l g g o B lk an ua e n a an t
cu pi es S ou h e r n Alb i an a , 1 5 9 ;
sp h 6;
e ec tiq iti of t h an u es e p l im
r oc a s ti d d
h e n epen en ce of
I ll y i p i od 9 ; j oi Al Alb i mm i l l
,
r an er n ex an a , 1 6 1 ; co er c a r e a
d th G t g i t th ti it Alb i
,
an er e r ea a a ns e on s w h an a , 1 7 8— 1 7 9
P i t li P i Alb i
.
’
12
e r s an s , I a an r n ces , an an s ap
I d p d p o l m ti o l
.
n e en en ce, of r c a a n p ea t o, 3 9
t li v t t
, .
79 I a a n N a y , p ro ec s E s sa d
I d p d t P i i p liti Alb
.
n e en en r nc a e s, a P a sh a , 1 5 7
i 2 1—2 4 4 1—4 7 ld di t t
.
n an , P
I z z et a sh a , w ou be c a or of -
I d o E op g o d wo k Alb i
.
,
n -
ur d
ea n , r un r an a n a , 1 07
g mm Alb i l
.
ra of t h ar e an an an
g g 6ua e, J m t ow N Y fi t Alb
a es n, rs a
I t ti o l C ommi i o of C o i o i ty U it d
. .
.
,
n ern a na ss n n n an i
s th c e n e n e
t ol 9 0; m k p d f
r a e u an u nc St t a es t bli h d i 2 2 8
es a s e n,
ti o 1 2 6 ; f il J i pit l of t h D pot t
.
,
n s, d a u re a n c au s e s , an n a , ca a e es a
1 2 7 1 33 ; m dmi i t a ss u es a n s ra of E p i 22 ; pit l of Ali
ru s , ca a
ti o of Alb i 1 3 0; i g o d ig d t o
,
n an a , n re P h as 4 2 —4 7 ;
a, a ss ne
by t h Pi of W i d
e 137 r n ce e G re ece,51 ; b t m i Alb u re a ns a
m dm
138 ; ne a es ra n an , e en e e a
ph o 1 4 3 ; s, i i r ea s su es a n s i
n an si 1 9 1 2 7 6 ; Gy m
n i m nas u
of Alb i
,
t t io
ra n d di an a , an s of 1 1 5
olv Joh B Sp t 2 5
.
,
s 155 es , . n ua a a, .
I NDE X 2 49
n un a a es a a ns K u a n o o, a e of, 7 6
i i
.
th T k
,
e 29 ur s, K u t z o Va ll a c h ia n s , or g n of t h e ,
-
Jo ph I I E m p o of A t i t i it Alb i
.
se er r u s r a, 1 7 ; wa n u n on w h an a ,
goti t w it h t h P h
,
ne a es of e as a 2 39
S t i 42 4 3
.
cu a r
J li t h A po t t o t h Ph i
.
, ,
u
l o oph
an
s 24 1 e r,
e s a e r e
L bi
a S gn or ,
a, i mmi I t lia an Co s
s i on er , 1 1 7
J ti i E m p o 2 0
.
L mb M H y B iti h D l
.
ti o l Com
us n an , er r, .
a r a rr r s e e
g t t th I t
, ,
.
M hm d P h fi gh t a e o e n er n a na
K a ra
Mo t
a u as a, s
mi i o of Co t ol 1 2 7
g i V ti ss n n r
L d ow h i p of 1 7 4 ; op
.
,
n en e d
r n s, en e an s an
T k g ti t w it h
an n ers cr s
d to k i i g 1 7 5 1 77
, ,
ur 42 ; s, ne o a es
Jo ph 1 1 of A t i 4 3
—
an s c ra s n
L g g Th Alb i
.
,
se u s r a,
di
.
an ua e, e an an , s
K ara
K t
p o 13 1an
di t h i t ti g t ow of
s, .
ti t f om oth l g g of
nc r er an ua es ,
o I ll y i o i gi
a un e n e re s n n
, ,
Th ra c -
5; f r an r n, or
i g wo d i i w it
19 7
8;
K v j pl i ltiv
.
e n r s n, u se n r
i g p oh ibit d b y T k y 5 8
a a a, of 1 7 0; a n cu a
ti o of 1 7 3 ; p od t of 1 7 5 ;
,
n r e ur e
tt m pt t o
, ,
n r uc s
1 14 ; Yo g T k
P im y S h ool of 2 2 5
, ,
un ur s a e
K en n e
r
dy R Ph il
ar
Am i
c
ev
,
ea s ,
.
er
h
c g an h t of 6 7 2 2 4
e c a r a c er s , ,
mi i o y p ll d f om 2 25
.
,
L i k ovi k i b d by t h G k
.
ca n ss n ar ex e e r
K o h by t h G
,
as u rn e e re e s,
rc a k 1 39 e r ee s,
143 197
,
K t h ll p ovi
.
of
L ib ty L o Th i d Alb i
.
,
e e a, o r n ce u nc n
q d 1 94
,
er an, r a n an
b i pti o t o t h 2 3 3
,
u e re
K l it o k i g of I ll y i df td
.
,
su scr ns e,
L i h ow ki P i Alb i
.
e s, n r a, e ea e
b y Al d t h G t 12 c n os ,
r n ce, n an a ,
ex a n er e r ea
1 02 1 04
K od m
, .
—
K om
of 1 4 2
P t l d of mi g
.
ra , a s s ac re
L io h
bi fi t Alb i
.
,
s a, e er , ea er ra
i t h U it d S t t
,
rsw p p an a n n e s a er
ti o 2 5 n,
L it y Mov m t 6 1 2 13 2 2 1
.
n e 228 n e a es , —
F ik B y ti o li t
.
er ar e en , , ,
K o itn za , a e na na s
—
224 2 26
l d 231 d
,
L it t m ggli g i t h A l
.
ea er , an n
K op l G d Vizi 2 2 4 2 4 0
.
era u r e , s u n n e
ru u
o K o itz t t
ra n rs , ,
.
b i 5 9 6 5 2 1 4—2 1 8
an an ,
L o d o Co f
.
, ,
Ko h rc a, r r a, ea s ern er
Co f
mi oi t h o th t f o
nu s e s u ea s e r n r n
n
of L o do
n n e r e n ce , se e n er
ti 1 00; G ym i m of 1 1 5 ;
er , n as u
enc e
L o d o S t t ty of 2 35
n n .
B o d y C ommi i o
,
n n, ec r e re a
h io A lm o I t l o Alb
.
,
un ar t 1 17 ss n a
Lo
p ovi i g d t o Alb i
,
recc n se a -
a
i w it 2 08
, ,
r n ce a ss ne an a,
1 19 ; v t d by t h G k s,
n an
L ow ll A L 1 08
r er , .
L i Po t m
e ac u a e e r ee
1 3 3 ; o tb
e
k of 1 3 9 1 4 1 ; h Albi
,
. . .
— er
,
L m 34 ;
u r ea
i 12
ol i Alb i ti o l poli
,
uc u s s u us nu s ,
o q d 194
.
r e n an an n a na
ti 1 3 9 1 4 0; t bli h m t of
cs , — es a s en
u a, u nc n u er e , .
th R p bli
e 1 5 9 1 6 0;
e o l
u c, — c a
mi of
ne s 1 8 0; o i l o di s c a c n do i
M a ce t o of Alb n a n s, a n ces rs a
ti o i 19 6 ; d ti o l o
,
ns n, e u ca na s i 3
n an s ,
i t y i t h U it d S t t M hm d P h t i 41
.
c e n 2 32 e n e a es , a of S u as a, cu a r
b ttl of 4 2 ; i g d
.
,
Ko o ss v a, a e a ss ne 43
t o S bi it i o M h m d Sh fk t P h
, .
b t er a, u r es s s nc r a u Th e e as a, e
po t io ra 94 ; h o ld b n, s u e re T k i h di t t o
ur ig 7 3 s c a r, re s n s,
tu d t o Alb i 2 3 8 2 39 M f d Ki g of S i il y 2 3
.
rn e —
an a , . an re , n c ,
.
2 50 I NDE X
Ma ssa ch u s e tt s Alb i i t h an a n s n e d b
for Scan er eg, 3 3 ; h ow h ey t
S t t of 2 2 7 v td
,
a e w ere con er e , 3 7 — 3 8 , 2 01
M v om ti G k o l o th l mi m
.
,
a r a s, re e c n su n e 2 02 ; pr ogre s s of I s a s , 4 0;
r n er s an a , n ot a owe t o u se t h e a
i l g g 5 8 ; ttit d
, ,
169 n an an ua e, a u e
M ti d 34 1 9 4 tow d t h C h i ti Alb
.
a o q unc n u ere ar e r s an a
M b t Alb i titl giv t o ll y
, , , .
re a n an e en i
n an s , 64 2 02 2 03 ; —
cr u e
P i of W i d t d by t h G k 1 2 2 ;
, ,
th e r n ce1 36 1 5 3 e p e r s e cu e e r ee s,
M d G i ov i di po t Mo l m did t 1 2 4 ;
, .
,
m j o ity i Alb i
,
of 1 7 2 a re i n a r n an a ,
M h m d Ali P h of E gyp t 4 6 om p i o w ith oth
.
,
e e as a, 2 00; c ar s n er
o v t 2 02 2 03 ; ttit d t o
,
n 12 5 c n er s , — a u e
M h m d Ali P h T ki h w d th P i oi W i d 2 03 ;
.
.
,
e e as a, ur s ar e r n ce e
t t m m d d by m ob R fo m d Mo l m
,
s a es an, ur e re s, e r e 294 ; s e s,
2 13 p do Mo l m 2 04 2 05 ; o
s eu -
s e s, — c n
M h m d B h t l i b om h d O th od o
.
e e us a ec es er e t ib t i o
r u to th ns e r x
y P h of S t i 4 1 Alb i C h h 2 2 9
,
it ar as a cu a r a n an u rc
M tt ih P M o l m N ti o l Alli
.
, .
,
“
e er n c d th Co ri n c e, a n e n s e a 2 32 na a n ce ,
M oth l d fi t Alb i o i
.
,
s t i t t io u 45 n, n er a n rs a n an s c
M i l i Admi l 4 8 2 4 1 t y fo d d i U it d
.
,
au ra e unth e n e n e
M i h l C om fo d St t
, , , .
c ae of n en u s , un er 228
a es ,
t h D pot t of E pi M fti wh t i
.
e es 22 a ru s , u 1 1 0—1 1 1
a d s a, an n
M i g ti o Alb i M kh t id Mo t
.
, .
ra of ns, to a n an s , u P h ar as a, a s n en e
G r eece,2 4 2 5 ; t o I t ly 3 6 -
a g i r ns
g i t Alb a i a ns52 an an s ,
M ilit y A th o iti G k o d I I i v d Alb i 2 7 ;
.
, .
ar u r es , r ee c n M u ra n a es an a ,
d t i So th Alb i 1 1 3 ; b i g C oi 3 2
, ,
uc n u ern an a , es e es r a,
t g t o omo E pi pl i of 7 8 1 7 0; lti
.
s a e au 1 3 0; n us ru s , M ki
uz a a, a n cu
pl t tw ti th t y v ti o of 1 7 3 ; h o of 1 7 6
, ,
“
an en e c en u r an a n , rses , .
N m
t i q it i u 1 32 es ,
M im Si yk K m l B y 2 2 4 2 4 1
.
k
ar 2 24 nan , a e a e
n era r es u rces , an a r c a e n, re a ns as a
i n, 180 1 8 1 — with 4 5
M i dit d 34 194 ; N ti o l Alb i A o i ti o
. .
,
r o q a, un c n u e re a na an a n ss c a n,
gold mi of C o t ti opl 6 4
, ,
Mi m
i 180 n es n, n s an n e,
P i of W i d N ti o l Alb i B k p
. .
su t th a, e r n ce e a na an a n an re s
l v Alb i o t h 1 5 3 i o of 1 1 2
,
ea es an a n e, su re fo t h o r e c n ce s s n
M od Viv di o gh t b y t h i o of 1 2 0
.
,
us en s u e 1 13 ; o c n ce s s n
Pow i m ki g Alb i 8 9 N ti o l t i ti
.
, ,
ers n a n an a , a na h c 188 a r a c er s cs ,
M oh mm d I I Th C o q
a e o e n u er r, 193
b i g i v i C oi 3 2 ; d fi N ti o l A o i ti o
.
,
es e es n a n r a, e a naCh h u rc ss c a n,
n it l y ti f om Alb i 3 3
e re re s r an a , fo d d i B o t o
un e 2 2 9 2 32 n s n,
ki gd om of 1 3 1 5 ; N ti o l F d o t ib ti o
.
, .
M ol o i ss a , n — a na un to c n r u ns
d v t ti o d f ll of 1 5
, ,
e as a n an a th 2 33
e,
ti vil y t of 2 1 N ti o l o i ti wo k of 5 7
.
, .
B o d y C om
Mo na s r, 68 ; a e n a na s c e es , r
mi i o t 1 1 2 2 2 7 2 3 3 ; ob t
, .
, ,
59 2 16 22 3 — — s a
un ar ss n a
l i t h w y of 5 8 ; om
, , , ,
pli h mt of 2 1 9 2 2 1 ; i t h
120 c es n e a a ec
Mo t t d f om Alb
.
,
g o w en s — n e
n en e r r es e r a s
Alb i U it d S t t
, ,
i
n a, 2 0; i 2 09 an an s n, n e 228 229 231 a e s,
l o Ni h ol K i g of
.
, , ,
S ee a s c as, n 2 32
m N ti o li m g owt h of 2 1 1 —2 33 ;
.
Mo t g o
n en e r a na s r
ot t d i t d
,
Mo l Alb i th i t
.
,
s e
p an an s, e r r es ec un
p r n d ec e a . unass s e ,
2 52 I NDE X
Alli es , 9 2 —9 3 ;i l on t h e ph ys ca Re gli i o ttit d of t h Alb
n, a u e e a
a
pp of t h
ea r a n ce Alb i e a n an , i
n an s t ow d 2 01 2 04 ; li ar — re
f ll of t h Alb gi o di ff ig o d i t h
,
1 89 ; o t h n e a e a ns e r en ces n re n e
i St t 2 3 7
n an a e, sch ool 2 14 22 5 2 2 6
s,
P l gi t o of t h Alb ti o fo Alb i 2 3 8
.
, , .
i m4 ; ttl of E pi Em mAlb i G k
e as a n s , a n ces rs e a R p
e a ra n, r an a , .
n a s, 13
se er s ru s , R po li
e u s, an a n -
ree
P m ti t ow of 19 7 t t m 2 06
. .
,
er e n s a es an ,
P t i S oti t bli h fi t A I R v olt Alb i
. .
, ,
e s r, es a s es rs e s, 15 7 1 39 a n an ,
b i i t h U it d
, ,
an a n n e w p p s a er n e n e 1 6 8 9 3 9 ; 1 7 3 7 3 9 —4 0 4 6 5 4
St t lt di g
, , , ,
a 22 7 2 28
es , — 55 ; of t h
re s u s e rece n
p
Ph ili p of M d o 1 1 g i t t h Yo g T k
.
,
a ce n, 4 0; a a ns e un ur s,
P i ol omi i G l t Al lt of 7 3 7 4 ; of
.
cc n en er a e n er s 6 8 69 ; — r es u s -
b i 39 D ib
, , ,
an a, 1 90
ra ,
P i d Mo t i Ro m i Riv l y A t o I t li
. .
n us u n a n s, u an an s a r 12 3 ;
us r -
a an ,
w t i o w ith Alb i 2 39 ly b o gh t b o t l h
,
an un n an a, n ea r r u a u c as
iz d di t o t o Alb i
.
,
Pi ns 1 1 P op o g e, r an es c r u sa e 145 ; sa s r us an a,
d S d b g 32
,
un er ca n er e 1 5 0 15 1 -
P l t h o E pi Ro d
. .
,
u a rc 1 3 14 n ru s , -
a 1 6 1 83
s,
u ue o th e, n e n e en ce e, n o u en ce n a n a,
Alb i 1 9 1 w ith 1 2 1 3 1 4
,
of t h e a n an , 1 6 17 ; w
— ar s —
P t o i G d om po d l o i Alb i
.
, , ,
r an u ar c se a s 15 ; o ccu 1 5—1 6 an a ,
ra e p ; es
of I ll y i Alb i o t ib ti o
,
’
18 r a n s, an a s to c n r u ns
P im y S h ool of Vol o m k
.
,
r ar c n a, a e 17 18 —
u p of 2 2 5 an i a cs , n an a,
P i l ti o of 1 2 3 1 2 5 ; l gy 1 9 4 ; i N o th Alb
.
,
r n ce , Th e , e ec n -
c er n r e rn a
d dl o k ov l ti o of 1 2 3 ;
, ,
ea c er e ec n i
n a, 2 00
im po t q ti o Ro m i Alb i o i ti i
, .
of th
r a n ce e u es n, u a n a, a n an s c e es n,
125 57 ; Q E li b th of 1 2 4 ;
u e en sa e
P ovi i o l G ov m t fo m d l g ti o f om 1 3 7 mi i t
.
,
r s na ern en r a e e a n r n s er
ti o of 7 9 ; o g iz Alb i zz o 1 3 8 ; Alb i ol
, ,
n r an es a n a, to D ur a an an c
t off b y bl o k d
, ,
1 07 1 1 1 ; — cu c a e, o y in 2 10n,
1 06 i fl Alb i Roz G l 47
.
o th
n u en ce n e a n an e, en er a
p op l og iz d b y
, .
e 1 08 ; e,ot n r ec n e
t h P owe 1 09 d ; pow
e rs, an n er S a a r, C pt i a of t h D t h M i
a n, e u c s
l ti io 1 4 7
.
en ea rs re r e ar a e as a,o ur s ern r
er s B
’
k 1 74 ; op N o m l
an en s r a of K oi r 29 a,
d P im y h ool m I ll y i m 2 4
, .
an r 225 22 6
ar sc s, S a cr u r cu
P bli D bt 1 8 2 1 8 3 ti Q t C t b dit
.
, , .
u c e —
S an u aran a, re a n an s
Py h of E pi l d t 1 34 ; po t of 1 72
.
,
rr u s, 14 ru s , an a s ea r
d bg m i
. .
, ,
S ca n er e of th re a ns e
t o gh old of 9 ; h o t g 2 7
,
s r n s a e,
d G i ol m o d I t l o Alb l v T ki h mp 2 9 ;
,
Ra a, r a a, a -
a 28 ; ea es ur s ca
i w it 2 08 t t o Alb i 31 ; p o
,
n an r er , r e u rn s an a , r
R di l N ti o li t Alb i l im d h i f 3 1 ; fi gh t t h
.
a ca a na s s, a n an , c a e c e s e
t o It ly
,
12 1 T k ur 3 1 3 3 ; go
s, — es a
R il w y p oj t d 1 7 8 1 8 4 ppoi t d C h i f of C
.
,
a a s, r ec e 33 ; a n e e ru
g g m t of 1 4 7 d by P i I I 3 2 ; t f
.
, ,
R hb ll
as u en a e en sa e us r an s e r s
Alb i 1 5 1 1 5 2 ov i g ty of Alb i t o V
.
, , ,
R f g
e u ee s , a n an , — s er e n an a en
ti o 5 0 6 0 l o th o of 1 2 4 ; li gh t
.
R g
e en e r a n, —
; s ee a s e i ce ,33 ; s u c ce s s r
A v l y of 1 7 6 ; d
,
L G
LBAN IA N EA UE . ca a r of 2 08
, a n ce , .
I NDE X 2 53
Sc h i o P of G i pp I t l o
r r u se e, a t
O r h od ox Alb i 96 an an s ,
Alb i w it 2 08 gli g of t h L o d o Co
, .
an an r e r, w r an n e n n n
S h ool Alb i p oh ibit d by bo t t h 9 9
.
c s, a n an , r e f er en ce a u e,
5 8 2 1 4 ; p oh ibiti o So t h A lb i 13 ; i v d d
.
th T k e ur s, r n u er n an a , n a e
l d d th w d 59 by B l g i
,
r e ax e an en ren e e u 2 0; by t h
a r an s , e
ligi o di ff No m d f om t h
, ,
—
2 1 4 2 15 ; re us er en c e s r 21; f an s , r ee r e
ig o d i 2 2 5 2 2 6
n re n, — V ti en e 2 2 ; divid d
an s , mo g e a n
S otl d B y o li k Alb i t h f d l lo d
.
c an r n en s an a e eu 26 ; i d p d
a r s, n e en
3 4 ; p t of t h
,
t o 1 89 en t o as es , do ar e
S t i pit l of I ll y i mi i o of Ali P h 4 3 ;
.
,
cu a r ca 11 ; a r a, n n as a, re
p it l t v olt 4 6 ; j oi i ti o of
,
ca to th
u a es T k 34 ; e ur s, s, ns n s u r r ec n
f ll a d i i of
an 1 00 cr s s 19 12 68 ; i v d d by t h n a e e
1 02 ; i t ti o lly o pi d G k 7 7 ; t t h Lo do Co
,
n er n a na ccu e ree s, a e n n n
dmi i t ti o of 1 2 7 9 5 1 00; vi it d by t h
,
ti o l B o d y C om
1 02 ; a n s ra n f e r en ce, — s e e
p i d by M o t I t
, ,
1 3 0; o
m
ccu e n en e n ern a na un ar
g i r n s,158 ; l k of 1 7 1 1 72 ; a e — mi i o 1 1 1 ;
ss n, o fl gi g ca u a n
pop l ti o of 1 9 4 it k h ool
, ,
u a n 1 13 ; of G
e x s en c e ree sc s
pit h mi 1 14 ; i fl t h of o
.
,
S l it
e en z a, of 1 8 0 c n es i n, n u en ce e re n,
S m i o D v ol Riv 1 7 1 1 1 5 ; b om
.
,
e an r e er , g ec
g 1 19 ; es a an re n e ,
S bi l im o p d th t t g d by t h
.
,
er 11 21
a, 27 5 1 ; n c a s c u e ea r e s a e e
Alb i t it o y 7 4 ; G k i 1 2 1 ; v ti o
.
, , ,
o n an a n err r ree s n, e a cu a n
ttit d tow d Alb i 7 7 v d d by t h G k 1 3 1 ;
,
a u e ar an a , e a e e re e s,
pp o t E h m v ti o of 1 3 2 1 3 3
,
9 1 9 2 9 4 1 00; — d su r s ssa s a e a cu a n -
;
P h 1 5 6 ; Alb i v olt G k t o iti i 1 34 ; w
, , ,
as a, a n an re s r ee a r c es n, ar
g i t 19 0 14 1 ; m d t o i
ti om
a a ns i n, a s sa c re s a n a r c
S bi 2 0 2 3 ; b ttl mitt d by t h G k
.
,
er an s, of K a e u es c e e r ee s,
m ovo 7 6 ; pp o h i g D d v t t d by t h
,
an a r ac n u 1 4 1 1 42 ; —
e as a e e
zz o 7 8 ; i v d t t G k 1 5 1 ; l d ow
,
ra d n a e an r e r ea r ee s, an n er s ex
i t o Alb i 1 5 8
,
n an a, p l l d by t h G
e e k 174 ; o e r ee s, s
D g Mo t i o diti o
.
Sh ar a of 2 9 un a n s n i l
c a c i n 1 9 5 1 96 ns n, -
;
m o t p og iv ti o of
, ,
.
,
1 6 8 1 70 s r r es s e s ec n
Sh ik l I l m ti m Alb i 1 9 6 19 7
.
,
e u p
-
o f
s a o se ara n r an a , —
St f Cz owitz 3 1
-
1 1 0; M o l m Alb i i
.
,
th e, s e a n an s n e an er n
U it d S t t v l St f
.
,
th e n e a es se er re a e an D h 23 24 us an ,
ti o w ith S t i m tz D o omi
.
,
ns e n e o th r n e ec n c
Sh i l y B p o p t of Alb i 173
.
, , ,
ti o p t i t h H o of om
r e M M P enn , r u es r s ec s an a ,
St w d M ti o p t
.
.
, .
, .
ns u n e u se e ar M P q r u es n u
m o b y 1 34 t h Ho of C omm o
. .
, , .
,
ns i n e by
u se ns
Sh J k i id t of 14 7 ; p od
, .
,
a nc en r 1 34
t of 1 7 5 S t J om
.
.
, ,
ne s er 17 241 e,
u er , n e s St P au rea c es r s an
d To k t o t h Alb i
,
.
,
an 4 1 7 1 1 84 1 87 ;
s s, e 17 an a n s ,
Gh g d To k f o t h St b o 4
.
, , ,
h l h im
e s an s s u se n e, ra d 187 an n
H
, .
, .
1 88 St ra b De o r an s v n,
S ilv p l ty of 1 8 0 q ot d 1 8 1 ; o t h h iv l y
.
.
,
er , en u e n e c a r
S im o Cz S oph i Alb i
, .
,
W ld m Alb i C om
e n, 20 a r, a, of t h e 1 90 19 1 an a n s , —
P i S li C h i ti
.
.
of
m it i of w with Ali
r n cess bo g a e ur , u ,
r s an an an
124 un es ar
So th t B o d y 9 4 1 00;
.
,
u ea s ern un ar
— P h 44
as a,
k do m t 95 ; p S y lv t
.
,
“
G re e cu en s ,
”
re s P op 1 7
es er, e,
pop l ti o Si M k M P q ti o
.
su r e o th n 95 ; e u a n, Syk es , r ar , . .
, u es n
2 54 I NDE X
pu t i n t h e Ho u se of Co mmo ns i dp d
n e 8 0; pl ot
en
g i t
e n ce, s a a ns
b y, 1 3 3 Alb i 1 2 8 1 2 9
an a, —
A ti h ip P h Alb i
. .
S z i ge t v ar , u s r an w a rs T kh
ur an Pas a, a n an re
i mi 1 3 8
,
pr s on of E s s a d P a sh a , 145 er ,
T ki h C o q t Th ff t
. .
om
ur s n ues e, e ec s
Alb i
,
o th n e 3 6—3 8 ; a n a n s, n
ti ki
Tax a on , Tu r s h sys e tm of, 1 9 5 i l ov ig ty 3 6 ; mi g
na s er e n ra
P i id ti o 3 6 ; o v i o t o I l m
.
,
W e
i m
Tau ru s , t he r n ce of n s, c n er s ns s a
m
c o es t o Al i ba n a on t h e A u s s 3 7 2 01 2 02 ; i ol ti o 38 ; —
s a n,
ti t ti o i m 3 8
, ,
m i ldd
“ ”
r a n ya ch , 1 5 3 na n n ar s,
T k i h C o tit ti o
. .
Tc h a ou r i a , n c u e in G re e ce, ur s 6 5 ; wh y ns u n,
ld
1 1 9 ; s h ou t d
b e r e u rn e t o A I th Alb i t ook id wit h
e an a n s e
b i
a n a , 2 39 th 6 6 ; Alb
e, i pi ti o an an as ra ns
l bi t l Ali P d t h 2 2 3 224
.
p a c e of
Tepe e n , r h a sh a , un er e, —
b d T k i h C t om A t h o iti
.
43 u rn e b y t h e G r ee k s , 1 4 3 ; ur s us St u r es , a
s ant di n g of , 197 t i ti s of 1 7 8
cs
t ll i T ki h F m k 1 75
.
, .
Teu a , Q u een of I yr a , 1 2
’
ur s B ar er s an
ti Alb i m Ty h o P l gi
.
, .
Th e s , a n an for of , 6 rr en 4
-
e as a ns ,
m l l t i Ti
. .
Th o s on , C o on e , of t h e Du ch Ty h rr en u s , 5 n ra n a ,
i i kill d b ttl
.
M ss on , e in a e, 1 4 9
Alb i ttl m t U ly Alb i 6
.
Th r a c e, a n an s e e en s in, i
s s es , n an a n ,
U io C ommitt
.
2 1 0; 2 2 9 n nd P og an r re ss , ee
i
.
T r an a , i n Ty rrh enu s , 5 ; ou t of 66 73
b U it d S t t Alb i o
, , .
r e a k of , 1 4 6 n e Th a es, e a n an s
t im
.
Ti t t on i, C ou n , on t h e por i ti
c e i 57
es 2 16 2 2 8 23 2 ;
n, —
t Alb i d l g ti o f om 1 3 7 h d owy
, ,
a n c e of an a , 8 1 e e a n r s a
b p ot ti o 1 3 9 ; Alb i i
.
,
To a cc o, 1 7 6 r ec n, an a n s n,
m i t li t of Alb i
.
To or , M ou n , 1 7 0 2 2 7 2 33 ; — s a n an
F mil
.
Topt a n i , a y of, 1 95 w p p
ne si a 2 30 er s n,
t Alb i U k b t k b y Alb i i
. .
er a e of E t r u s cu s , 4 ; ch a r 68
en s , .
a ct e r i st i cs of, 187
i l Alli V lo t of t h P ovi i o l
.
Tr p e a n ce, 8 3 , 1 2 7 a n a, sea e r s na
i l t t G ov m t 1 07 f g
.
Tr p e E n en e, 8 3 , 1 2 7 er n en re u ee s ar
i t iv t 1 2 2 ; T ki h pl ot t
.
,
Tr es e , 1 1 , 1 8 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 0 r e a ur s a
k tt Alb i pi d b y I t li
.
, ,
t 1 7 2 ; p od t of 1 7 5
, ,
Ef d m
der b eg ) , 3 1 34 ; e ff e c s of Tu r
-
r uc s
ki t v lt
.
,
sh c on q u es , 3 6— 3 9 ; re o s V ar V en 67 e ar,
i t V t Th P Alb i F d
.
a ga n s , 3 9 —4 7 , 5 3 —5 7 , 6 7— 7 0; a r a, e an -
an an e
en c o gu ra Alb i es it a n a n re s s a n c e, ti o of A m i 2 3 1
c ra n er c a ,
i g Alb i V i m ov ig ty of
.
—
5 1 52 ; su r ess n a n an en ce, a ss u es s ere n
pp
l g g d ti o li m 5 7
an ua e an na na s Alb i 3 3 34 ; giv Alb
a n a, — es a
ttit d of t h w y 3 4 ; fo gh t by K
,
6 0; 2 1 1 2 2 3 ; — a u e e in a a a u ara
Alb i t ow d 6 1 6 3 ; M h m d P h of S t i 42
,
— u cu a r
an a n s ar un a as a
Abd l H mid I I 6 3 6 6 ;
.
, ,
der u a -
Vi [Egit
a o Eg ti an a4 r na a,
d t h yo g T k 6 7 ; Riv
.
,
un er e un ur s, Vi o sa ,( Voi ) 1 70 u ssa er ,
y i ld t o om y t o Alb i vi g bl of ol d 1 84
, ,
e s au n an a , 171 ; na a e
6 7—7 0; e ec s e an an re n, an an a r
7 3 ; Alb i
, ,
s u ccesses o n, an an s 2 14
k 7 6 ; i g o Alb i V i o i F mily of 1 95
.
fors a e, n res an an r n , a , .
l i
HE fol ow ng pages c ont i dv ti m t of a few of t he
m
a n a er se en s
M ac il k
lan b oo s on ki d d bj
n re su ec t s
.
Brilliant Synthes is f the World 3
o
’
Peace Proble ms
t
Au h or of A m i
er ca A mo g t h N tio
n e a n s,
” “
Th e Things Men
Figh t Fo t
m
r, e c
C loth,
m
Iz a, 5
What sh all b e t h e t er s of t h e peopl es peac e — t h e
’
m
craft whi ch h as b een slowly an d h alf un con sciou sly t ak ing
shape in t h e in ds of t h ose wh o t hrough t h e will t o vic t ory
h ave slowly won t h e righ t t o will t he world s p eace ? And
’
m
a ply prepared b y s t u dy , t ravel , t rain in g an d prac t ic e
m
.
m
Howev er h urried h is t ask of writ in g, h is argu en t s an d
anif es t ly resul t s of lon g, e arn est , sob erl
m
c on clu sions a re y
easured an d carefully diges t e d t h ough t
m m
Presen t ed in t h e
.
m
along for a lib rary Th ey sh oul d a dd M r P owers b ook
’
. .
m
it would b e h elpful a id ev en a s t ock of universal k n owl
e dge The P hi ladelphi a North A eri can
m m
.
m
The t er s of peac e t o b e agreed upon u st b e b ased on
m m
t he fullest rec ognit ion of t h e sp ecial prob le s an d wish es of
t h e associat ed n at ion s Th e prob le
. of prob le s is t h e
c ont rol of t h e sea .
B Y B A RRY C E RF
C lot h Iz m
o.
C apta in C e rf i ding
’
l
mt t
s b ook , av o v ague gen era di scu s
t
pre se n s a n e n e rge ic c o pac t h oroughly doc u
m m
s ion , , ,
t
e n t e d s u dy of t h e re la ion s of G e r t any to A l sac e an d
a n c ai t l q t t o t h e t e rri ory ; t h e of
G m
er s e o u ent prot es s
t he bt t t t
in ha i a ga in s h e ir t ran s fe r t o ; t he
m
an s er an y
ti t
repre s s ion by t h e
G m
of and a dop e d
m m
e as u res pe rs ecu on
F f ro t he s u ppres s ion of t h e re n ch
m b
er an gov e rn en t ,
l 1 87 1 t o i t h e fa Za A ffa ir ; t h e
m m
in
tm
angu age ou s e rn va n
t bt i '
v e na i ;
’
f h A l i odu s t he
G m
at e pt s o t e s a a n s to o -
a n a
t
mt
u n su c ces s fu l e ff or s of t he fore ign oppre s s or t o e r an
'
l
of a p eb is c i e so u t l tion
prob l e T he a t
of t h e v ex e d
mt
.
t t t
st a is ical s u dy wh ic h t h e b ook c on t ain s of t h e ru hl ess t
ex p oil t ing of A lsat ian re s ou rce s by an a rr o
gan t an d s el f
THE M A C M I LL A N C O M PA N Y
l
Pub i sh ers it
6 4—6 6 F f h Av en u e N ew Y ork
Proble mf R s o e construc t on i
B Y I SA A C LI PP I N CO TT
m
,
A ss ocia te P rofes s or of E c on o i cs ,
W ashingt on U n iv e rsity .
C l ot h,
F ro m
in du st rial point of v ie w t h e n at ions at w a r
m
an
in g en , at e ria ls a n d fin a n c ial re s ou rc e s t o t he e s se n i al t
in du s t ries an d of t
c u r a il ing t
t h e ope ra ion s of all t h e e st
m
m
r ,
of t
he se e n ds In s h ort
is prin cipally a u es ion of t his q t
mt mi
.
,
s ec on d grou p of proble s a r is e s ou t of t h e fi rs t I t in .
w i h
h f t h e u se s o an d t he re es a t b lish of
m mm l lt
c s e rv e p eac e , ent
ion s wit h t he ou s i t d w
m
al e rc ia orl d
m
n or co re a e .
ml
,
TH E M A C M I L L A N C O M PA N Y
Pu bli sh ers 6 4—6 6 F f h A it v en u e N ew Y ork
C hina an d the World War
BY W RE G I NA L D W H E E LE R
m
.
I ll ,. rz o .
t
A ong t h e e v e n s wh ich t he au h or disc u s ses are t h e t
t t t
m
r ela ion s of Japan a n d C h in a ; poli ic al c on di ions in
m m mt m
C h in a wit h t h e c on fl ic t b e t wee n repub lic an is a n d t he
mt
on arc hical for of gov e rn en ; t h e A e ric an Ja pa -
mtt
n e se ag ree en a n d t h e Ch in e se Ja pa n e se al li an ce f or
,
-
t t D r W h e ele r se s he s e t t
m m
in e rv en ion in S ib eria . . a e rs
t
m mt
fort h in a s i ple s t raigh forward fashion wit h
, an y
t t
m
c i a ion s f ro C hin e s e pape rs an d doc u en s wh ic h pro
v ide t t
os t i n ere s in g re a din g for W es ern e rs t .
t
Th e au h or is a profes s or in Hangc h ow C h ri st ian C ol
t t
m
lege , is a f rie n d of t h e C hin e s e Re pu b lic , an d wri e s wi h
sy pa t hy a n d un de r s a n di n g of C h in t
e s e a ff ai rs
mw
.
C l ot h o
m m
,
Ie .
—wit h a n c ie n t M e x ic o a n d t h e S an ish c on q u es t a s t h e
m
p
-
m m
agrarian a n d e du c at ion al prob le s wh ich f ace h e r gov
TH E M A C M I LL A N C O M PA N Y
Pub li sh ers it
6 4—6 6 F f h A v en u e N ew Y ork