Cu 10 Cardiovascular System

Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cardiovascular System
§ A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

§ The heart pumps blood
§ Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of
the body

The Cardiovascular System
§ Functions of the cardiovascular system

§ Transport …
§ oxygen
§ nutrients,
§ cell wastes
§ hormones to and from cells

Anatomy of the Heart ASE
B
§ Size of a human fist

EX
§ Weight: less than a pound AP
§ Location: thoracic cavity,

between the lungs in the
inferior mediastinum
§ Orientation
§ Apex is directed toward
left hip and rests on the
diaphragm
§ Base points toward right
shoulder
Figure 11.1b Location of the heart within the thorax.
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
(b)

Figure 11.1c Location of the heart within the thorax.
Mediastinum
Heart
Right lung
(c) Posterior

Anatomy of the Heart
§ Coverings of the heart

§ Pericardium—a double-walled sac
§ Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
§ Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous
pericardium and composed of two layers
1. Parietal pericardium: outside layer that lines
the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral pericardium: next to heart; also
known as the epicardium
§ Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of
pericardium, called the pericardial cavity

Figure 11.2 Heart wall and coverings.
Pulmonary Fibrous
trunk pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium Heart wall
Endocardium
Heart chamber

Anatomy of the Heart
§ Walls of the heart

1. Epicardium
§ Outside layer; the visceral pericardium
2. Myocardium
§ Middle layer
§ Mostly cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium
§ Inner layer known as endothelium

Figure 11.2 Heart wall and coverings.
Pulmonary Fibrous
trunk pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium Heart wall
Endocardium
Heart chamber

Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
§ Four chambers of the heart

§ Atria (right and left)
§ Receiving chambers
§ Assist with filling the ventricles
§ Blood enters under low pressure
§ Ventricles (right and left)
§ Discharging chambers
§ Thick-walled pumps of the heart
§ During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation

Figure 11.3b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Superior vena cava Aorta
Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis (bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves

Figure 11.5 Anatomical differences in right and left ventricles.
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Muscular
interventricular
septum

§ Interatrial septum
§ Separates the two atria longitudinally
§ Interventricular septum
§ Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

Figure 11.3b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Superior vena cava Aorta

Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis (bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves

§ Heart functions as a double pump

§ Arteries carry blood away from the heart
§ Veins carry blood toward the heart
§ Double pump
§ Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
§ Left side works as the systemic circuit pump

§ Pulmonary circulation
§ Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the
lungs and back to the left side of the heart
§ Blood is pumped out of right side through the
pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary
arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs
§ Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the
lungs via pulmonary veins

§ Systemic circulation
§ Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the
heart is pumped out into the aorta
§ Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all
body tissues
§ Left ventricle has thicker walls because it pumps
blood to the body through the systemic circuit
§ Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via
systemic veins, which empty blood into the
superior or inferior vena cava

Figure 11.4 The systemic and pulmonary circulations.
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries Pulmonary
veins
Venae Aorta and
cavae
branches
Left
atrium
Left
Right ventricle
atrium Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all body
tissues where gas
exchange occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood
Heart Valves
§ Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent

backflow
§ Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and
ventricles
§ Left AV valve: bicuspid (mitral) valve
§ Right AV valve: tricuspid valve
§ Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery
§ Pulmonary semilunar valve
§ Aortic semilunar valve

Heart Valves
§ AV valves
§ Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae
to the walls of the ventricles
§ Open during heart relaxation, when blood
passively fills the chambers
§ Closed during ventricular contraction
§ Semilunar valves
§ Closed during heart relaxation
§ Open during ventricular contraction
§ Valves open and close in response to pressure
changes in the heart
Figure 11.6a Operation of the heart valves. Slide 1
(a) Operation of the AV valves
1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

to the atria puts forcing blood against
pressure against AV valve cusps.
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open. 5 AV valves close.
2 As the ventricles 6 Chordae tendineae

fill, AV valve cusps tighten, preventing
hang limply into valve cusps from
ventricles. everting into atria.
3 Atria contract, Ventricles

forcing additional
blood into ventricles.
AV valves open; AV valves closed;

atrial pressure atrial pressure
greater than less than
ventricular pressure ventricular pressure

1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
Ventricles

1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve cusps
hang limply into
ventricles.
Ventricles

1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.

forcing additional
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than
ventricular pressure


AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.

forcing additional
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than


AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.

forcing additional
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than


AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
2 As the ventricles 6 Chordae tendineae

fill, AV valve cusps tighten, preventing
hang limply into valve cusps from
ventricles. everting into atria.

forcing additional
AV valves open; AV valves closed;

atrial pressure atrial pressure
greater than less than
ventricular pressure ventricular pressure

Figure 11.6b Operation of the heart valves. Slide 1
(b) Operation of the semilunar valves

Pulmonary
trunk Aorta
1 As ventricles 2 As ventricles relax

contract and and intraventricular
intraventricular pressure falls, blood
pressure rises, blood flows back from
is pushed up against arteries, filling the
semilunar valves, cusps of semilunar
forcing them open. valves and forcing
them to close.
Semilunar valves open Semilunar valves closed


Pulmonary
trunk Aorta
1 As ventricles
contract and
intraventricular
pressure rises, blood
is pushed up against
semilunar valves,
forcing them open.
Semilunar valves open


Pulmonary
trunk Aorta
1 As ventricles 2 As ventricles relax

contract and and intraventricular
intraventricular pressure falls, blood
pressure rises, blood flows back from
is pushed up against arteries, filling the
semilunar valves, cusps of semilunar
forcing them open. valves and forcing
them to close.
Semilunar valves open Semilunar valves closed

Cardiac Circulation
§ Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the

myocardium
§ The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
consisting of:
§ Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to
supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
§ Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
§ Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior of
the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins
§ Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary
sinus
Figure 11.3a Gross anatomy of the heart.
Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery

Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch

Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary Left atrium

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus)
Apex
(a) Anterior view of heart showing major vessels
Physiology of the Heart
§ Intrinsic conduction system of the heart

§ Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and
independently of nerve impulses
§ Spontaneous contractions occur in a regular and
continuous way
§ Atrial cells beat 60 times per minute
§ Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times per minute
§ Need a unifying control system—the intrinsic
conduction system (nodal system)

§ Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (continued)
§ Two systems regulate heart activity
§ Autonomic nervous system
§ Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system
§ Sets the heart rhythm
§ Composed of special nervous tissue
§ Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one
direction only (atria to ventricles)
§ Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute


§ Components include:
§ Sinoatrial (SA) node
§ Located in the right atrium
§ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
§ Atrioventricular (AV) node is at the junction of the atria
and ventricles
§ Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle
branches are in the interventricular septum
§ Purkinje fibers spread within the ventricle wall muscles

Figure 11.7 The intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
Superior
vena cava
Sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Right atrium Atrioventricular

(AV) bundle
(bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers Interventricular
septum

§ The sinoatrial node (SA node) starts each heartbeat
§ Impulse spreads through the atria to the AV node
§ Atria contract
§ At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly
§ Impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches,

and Purkinje fibers
§ Ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the heart

§ Tachycardia
§ rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute
§ Bradycardia
§ slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

§ Cardiac cycle and heart sounds

§ The cardiac cycle refers to one complete
heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles
contract and then relax
§ Systole = contraction
§ Diastole = relaxation
§ Average heart rate is approximately 75 beats
per minute
§ Cardiac cycle length is normally 0.8 second

§ Cardiac cycle and heart sounds (continued)

§ Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
§ Heart : relaxed
§ Pressure in heart : low
§ Atrioventricular valves : open
§ Blood flows passively into the atria and into
ventricles
§ Semilunar valves : closed


§ Atrial systole
§ Ventricles remain in diastole
§ Atria contract
§ Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete
ventricular filling


§ Isovolumetric contraction
§ Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins
§ Intraventricular pressure rises
§ AV valves close
§ For a moment, the ventricles are completely
closed chambers


§ Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
§ Ventricles continue to contract
§ Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the
pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart
§ Semilunar valves open
§ Blood is ejected from the ventricles
§ Atria are relaxed and filling with blood


§ Isovolumetric relaxation
§ Ventricular diastole begins
§ Pressure falls below that in the major arteries
§ Semilunar valves : close
§ For another moment, the ventricles are
completely closed chambers
§ When atrial pressure increases above
intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open


§ Heart sounds
§ Lub
= longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing
of the AV valves
§ Dup
= short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing
of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular
systole

Figure 11.8 Summary of events occurring during the cardiac cycle.
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
1 Atrial diastole 2 Atrial 3 Isovolumetric 4 Ventricular 5 Isovolumetric

(ventricular filling) systole contraction systole (ejection relaxation
phase)

§ Cardiac output (CO)
§ Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle)
of the heart in 1 minute
§ Stroke volume (SV)
§ Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
contraction (each heartbeat)
§ About 70 ml of blood is pumped out of the left
ventricle with each heartbeat
§ Heart rate (HR)
§ Typically 75 beats per minute

§ Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR)

and the stroke volume (SV)
§ CO = HR × SV
§ CO = HR (75 beats/min) × SV (70 ml/beat)
§ CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min

§ Regulation of stroke volume

§ 60 percent of blood in ventricles (about 70 ml) is
pumped with each heartbeat
§ Starling’s law of the heart
§ The critical factor controlling SV is how much
cardiac muscle is stretched
§ The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
§ Venous return is the important factor influencing
the stretch of heart muscle

§ Factors modifying basic heart rate
1. Neural (ANS) controls
§ Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
§ Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily
vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart
rate
2. Hormones and ions
§ Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
§ Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and
potassium ions also modify heart activity
3. Physical factors
§ Age, gender, exercise, body temperature
influence heart rate
Figure 11.9 Influence of selected factors on cardiac output.
Crisis stressors Low blood High blood Exercise Decreased

(physical or emotional pressure pressure blood volume
trauma; increased body or blood (hemorrhage)
temperature; exercise) volume
Activation of
Sympathetic nervous system activity skeletal muscle
and respiratory
“pumps”
Crisis has Hormones: Increased Decreased

passed epinephrine, venous venous
thyroxine return return
Parasympathetic
nervous system Increased contractile
controls (via force of cardiac muscle
vagus nerves)
Heart rate (beats/min) Stroke volume (ml/beat)

KEY:
Increases, stimulates
Reduces, inhibits
Initial stimulus
Physiological response
End result Cardiac output (ml/min)

Blood Vessels
§ Blood vessels form a closed vascular system that

transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart
§ Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
§ Arteries and arterioles
§ Vessels that play a role in exchanges between
tissues and blood
§ Capillary beds
§ Vessels that return blood toward the heart
§ Venules and veins

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
§ Three layers (tunics) in blood vessels

(except the capillaries)
§ Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing
lining
§ Endothelium
§ Tunica media
§ Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
§ Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
§ Tunica externa forms protective
outermost covering
§ Mostly fibrous connective tissue
§ Supports and protects the vessel
Figure 11.10b Structure of blood vessels.
Tunica intima
Artery Vein
• Endothelium
• Loose connective tissue
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle
• Elastic fibers
External elastic lamina
Tunica externa
• Collagen fibers
Valve
Venule
Arteriole Capillary
Lumen bed Lumen
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
(b) Capillary
§ Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries

§ Arteries have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media
than veins to withstand changes in pressure
§ Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and
operate under low pressure
§ Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood
§ Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries

Figure 11.11 Operation of the muscular pump.
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
“milks” blood in Contracted
veins toward skeletal
muscle
the heart
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction of
blood flow

(continued)
§ Capillaries
§ Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
§ Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
§ Form networks called capillary beds that consist
of:
§ A vascular shunt
§ True capillaries
§ Blood flow through a capillary bed is known as
microcirculation

(continued)
§ True capillaries
§ Branch off a terminal arteriole
§ Empty directly into a postcapillary venule
§ Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by
precapillary sphincters

Figure 11.12a Anatomy of a capillary bed.
Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
True
capillaries
Terminal arteriole Postcapillary

venule
(a) Sphincters open; blood flows through true
capillaries.

Figure 11.12b Anatomy of a capillary bed.
Terminal arteriole Postcapillary

venule
(b) Sphincters closed; blood flows through
vascular shunt.

Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
§ Major arteries of systemic circulation
§ Aorta
§ Largest artery in the body
§ Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
§ Regions
§ Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
§ Aortic arch—arches to the left
§ Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the
thorax
§ Abdominal aorta—passes through the diaphragm
into the abdominopelvic cavity



Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Apex
Figure 11.13 Major arteries of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
Arteries of the head and trunk

Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Vertebral artery Arteries that supply the upper limb
Subclavian artery Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch Axillary artery
Ascending aorta
Coronary artery
Thoracic aorta
(above diaphragm) Brachial artery
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Superior mesenteric
artery Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch

Digital arteries
Arteries that supply the lower limb

Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Internal iliac artery
Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery

§ Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

§ Arterial branches of the ascending aorta
§ Right and left coronary arteries è heart


§ Arterial branches of the aortic arch
§ Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the:
§ Right common carotid artery
§ Right subclavian artery
§ Left common carotid artery splits into the:
§ Left internal and external carotid arteries
§ Left subclavian artery branches into the:
§ Vertebral artery
§ In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes the
axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar
arteries

§ Arterial branches of the thoracic aorta
§ Intercostal arteries è muscles of the thorax
wall
§ Other branches of the thoracic aorta (not
illustrated) supply the:
§ Lungs (bronchial arteries)
§ Esophagus (esophageal arteries)
§ Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)


§ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
§ Celiac trunk is the first branch of the abdominal
aorta. Three branches are:
1. Left gastric artery (stomach)
2. Splenic artery (spleen)
3. Common hepatic artery (liver)
§ Superior mesenteric artery supplies most of the
small intestine and first half of the large
intestine
§ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
(continued)
§ Left and right renal arteries (kidney)
§ Left and right gonadal arteries
§ Ovarian arteries in females serve the ovaries
§ Testicular arteries in males serve the testes
§ Lumbar arteries serve muscles of the abdomen
and trunk


§ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta (continued)
§ Inferior mesenteric artery serves the second half of
the large intestine
§ Left and right common iliac arteries are the final
branches of the aorta
§ Internal iliac arteries serve the pelvic organs
§ External iliac arteries enter the thigh → femoral
artery
→ popliteal artery → anterior and posterior
tibial arteries

Figure 11.13 Major arteries of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
Arteries of the head and trunk

Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Vertebral artery Arteries that supply the upper limb
Subclavian artery Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch Axillary artery
Ascending aorta
Coronary artery
Thoracic aorta
(above diaphragm) Brachial artery
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Superior mesenteric
artery Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch

Digital arteries
Arteries that supply the lower limb

Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Internal iliac artery
Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery

§ Major veins of systemic circulation

§ Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava enter the
right atrium of the heart
§ Superior vena cava drains the head and arms
§ Inferior vena cava drains the lower body



Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Apex
Figure 11.14 Major veins of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
Veins of the head and trunk

Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein Veins that drain the upper limb
Subclavian vein
Right and left
Axillary vein
brachiocephalic veins
Cephalic vein
Superior vena cava Brachial vein
Great cardiac vein Basilic vein
Hepatic veins
Splenic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal vein Median cubital vein
Superior Ulnar vein
mesenteric vein Radial vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Digital veins
Veins that drain the lower limb

External iliac vein
Inferior vena cava Femoral vein
Common iliac vein Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Internal iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch

Dorsal metatarsal veins

§ Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)

§ Veins draining into the superior vena cava
§ Radial and ulnar veins → brachial vein → axillary
vein
§ Cephalic vein drains the lateral aspect of the arm
and empties into the axillary vein
§ Basilic vein drains the medial aspect of the arm
and empties into the brachial vein
§ Basilic and cephalic veins are joined at the median
cubital vein (elbow area)

§ Veins draining into the superior vena cava (continued)
§ Subclavian vein receives:
§ Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein
§ Venous blood from skin and muscles via external
jugular vein
§ Vertebral vein drains the posterior part of the head
§ Internal jugular vein drains the dural sinuses of the
brain


§ Veins draining into the superior vena cava (continued)
§ Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous
blood from the:
§ Subclavian veins
§ Vertebral veins
§ Internal jugular veins
§ Brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena
cava → right atrium of heart
§ Azygos vein drains the thorax

§ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava
§ Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibial veins drain
the legs
§ Posterior tibial vein → popliteal vein → femoral vein →
external iliac vein
§ Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the body)
receive superficial drainage of the legs
§ Each common iliac vein (left and right) is formed by the
union of the internal and external iliac vein on its own
side

§ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava (continued)
§ Right gonadal vein drains the right ovary in females
and right testicle in males
§ Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein
§ Left and right renal veins drain the kidneys
§ Hepatic portal vein drains the digestive organs and
travels through the liver before it enters systemic
circulation
§ Left and right hepatic veins drain the liver

Figure 11.14 Major veins of the systemic circulation, anterior view.
Veins of the head and trunk

Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein Veins that drain the upper limb
Subclavian vein
Right and left
Axillary vein
brachiocephalic veins
Cephalic vein
Superior vena cava Brachial vein
Great cardiac vein Basilic vein
Hepatic veins
Splenic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal vein Median cubital vein
Superior Ulnar vein
mesenteric vein Radial vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Digital veins
Veins that drain the lower limb

External iliac vein
Inferior vena cava Femoral vein
Common iliac vein Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Internal iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch

Dorsal metatarsal veins

§ Arterial supply of the brain
and the circle of Willis
§ Internal carotid arteries
divide into:
§ Anterior and middle
cerebral arteries
§ These arteries
supply most of the
cerebrum
§ Vertebral arteries join once
within the skull to form the
basilar artery
§ Basilar artery serves
the brain stem and
cerebellum
§ Arterial supply of the brain and the circle of

Willis (continued)
§ Posterior cerebral arteries form from the
division of the basilar artery
§ These arteries supply the posterior
cerebrum

§ Arterial supply of the brain and the circle of Willis

(continued)
§ Anterior and posterior blood supplies are united by
small communicating arterial branches
§ Result—complete circle of connecting blood
vessels called cerebral arterial circle, or circle of
Willis

Figure 11.15a Arterial supply of the brain.
Cerebral arterial circle

Anterior
Frontal lobe (circle of Willis)
Optic chiasma • Anterior communicating

Middle cerebral artery
artery • Anterior cerebral artery
Internal carotid • Posterior communicating
artery artery
Mammillary body • Posterior cerebral artery
Temporal lobe Basilar artery
Pons Vertebral artery
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
(a) Posterior

Figure 11.15b Arterial supply of the brain.
(b)

§ Hepatic portal circulation is formed by veins

draining the digestive organs, which empty into
the hepatic portal vein
§ Digestive organs
§ Spleen
§ Pancreas
§ Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the liver,
where it is processed before returning to systemic
circulation

Figure 11.16 The basic scheme of the hepatic portal system.
Arterial Venous
blood blood
Inferior
vena cava
Stomach and intestine Liver
Nutrients and Liver cells (hepatocytes)
toxins absorbed
Nutrients
and toxins
leave
Hepatic
portal vein
First capillary bed Second capillary bed

(liver sinusoids) Hepatic
vein
Hepatic portal system

Cu 10 Cardiovascular System

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Cu 10 Cardiovascular System

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Chapter 11

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

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§ Functions of the cardiovascular system

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Size of a human fist

§ Location: thoracic cavity,

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Coverings of the heart

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Walls of the heart

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© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Four chambers of the heart

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Superior vena cava Aorta

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior vena cava Aorta

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Heart functions as a double pump

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

§ Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

2 As the ventricles 6 Chordae tendineae

3 Atria contract, Ventricles

AV valves open; AV valves closed;

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

3 Atria contract, Ventricles

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

3 Atria contract, Ventricles

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

3 Atria contract, Ventricles

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Operation of the AV valves

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

2 As the ventricles 6 Chordae tendineae

3 Atria contract, Ventricles

AV valves open; AV valves closed;

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.