Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Slides 1.1 – 1.8

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy
– study of body parts
• Physiology
-- study of the functions of the body
parts
• Pathology
– study of the diseases of the body
Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
 Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Levels of Structural Organization
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external body
covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury and drying
out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Organ System Overview

• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity-
destroys bacteria and
tumor cells
Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s
internal environment distinct from the external
environment- the skin and membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – all chemical reactions

within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Provides new cells for growth and repair
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs

• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance
= a disturbance in homeostasis
resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through

neural and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control
center
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
 Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a
household
thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and birth of a baby
The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 Anatomical position
 Anterior, Posterior ( Ventral / Dorsal )
 Inferior, Superior
 Lateral, Medial, Intermediate
 Distal, Proximal
 Deep, Superficial
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
Anatomical position
“DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 describes position of EXTERNAL

structures
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 Anterior vs Posterior ( Ventral / Dorsal )

 Anterior
• front of the body
• ventral
 Posterior
• back of the body
• dorsal
Body
Landmarks
• Anterior

• front of the
body
• ventral
Body Landmarks

• Posterior

• back of the
body
• dorsal
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
 Inferior vs Superior

 Superior
• above
• towards the head
• The chest is superior to ….

 Inferior
• below
• towards the feet
• The navel is inferior to …..
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
 Proximal vs Distal

 Proximal
• closer to where arm or leg inserts into the
body

• used only when describing 2 points on

the SAME LIMB ( arm or leg )
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 Proximal vs Distal

 Distal
• farther away from where arm or leg
inserts into body
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
 Proximal vs Distal
• ??? wrist is ________ to shoulder than the
elbow
• Answer: distal

• ??? hand is ________ to the chest than the

shoulder
• Answer: distal

• ??? ankle is ______ to pelvis than the

knee
• answer : knee is distal to ankle
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
 Proximal vs Distal
• ??? toes are ________ to pelvis than the
knee
• Answer: distal

• ??? knee is ________ to the pelvis than

the foot
• Answer: proximal

• ??? ankle is ______ to knee than the foot

• answer : distal
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy
 Medial vs Lateral

 Medial
• closer to midline

 Lateral
• further from midline
???
• thumb is _________ to the trunk
answer : lateral
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

Try This ….

??? Describe the position of the nose relative

to the eyes.

The nose is medial & inferior & anterior to

the eyes.
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 describes position of EXTERNAL

structures …

 describes position of INTERNAL

structures
 Cut body into slices called PLANES
or SECTIONS
 “DIRECTION” Vocabulary in Anatomy

 describes position of INTERNAL

structures
 Cut body into slices called PLANES
or SECTIONS

 Sagittal
 Frontal
 Transverse
 Oblique
 “DIRECTION” Planes & Sections
 Sagittal

= lengthwise cut
= divides body into left
and right portions

o Mid-sagittal plane
= if cut is through
midline
o Para-sagittal plane
= if cut is not
through midline
 “DIRECTION” Planes & Sections

 Frontal / Coronal

= sideways cut
= divides body into
anterior and
posterior portions
 “DIRECTION” Planes & Sections

 Transverse

= horizontal cut
= divides body into
superior & inferior
portions
 “DIRECTION” Planes & Sections

 Transverse

= oblique angle
= any diagonal section
 SAGITTAL

FRONTAL /
CORONAL
TRANSVERSE
 Body Planes
1 2

3
 CAVITIES TERMINOLOGIES

 Viscera
• organs of any cavity
 Mediastinum
• space between the 2 pleural cavities

 Parietal
• wall of cavity
• parietal peritoneum
 Visceral
• covering of an organ
• visceral peritoneum
 CAVITIES TERMINOLOGIES

 ventral
• thoracic
• pericardial
• pleural
• abdominopelvic
 dorsal
• cranial
• spinal
Abdominopelvic
Major Organs
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants
Abdominopelvic
Major Organs
1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9