Teaching strategies

Direct teaching strategies

Dr:Rabab Abo el wafa
Presented by :Rawan Abdallah Kadeeb
Direct teaching strategies:
Are instructional approaches in which the teacher structures lessons
in a straightforward , sequential manner.
the teacher is clearly in control of the content or skill to be learned
and the pace and rhythm of the lesson.
Methods of direct teaching strategies:
1- Cloze peocedures:
Cloze refers to the ‘reading closure’ practice required when readers
must fill blanks left in text, using whatever knowledge and
experience they have. (Hornsby and Sukarna, 1992)
Cloze strategy contains a procedure which uses the technique of
deleting words from a passage according to a word count formula.
After the passage is presented to the class, students insert words in
the blanks of familiar language patterns. The teacher uses the Cloze
procedure to model a variety of problem-solving reading strategies.
In this teacher guided strategy, the teacher directs the students
through a text, helping them to focus on one of the following:
*Phonics/Visual Clues
*Sigh and/or speaking vocabulary
*Prediction skills
*Cross-check clues
2- Simulation:
Simulations
Simulations are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed
in a "world" defined by the teacher. They represent a reality within
which students interact. The teacher controls the parameters of this
"world" and uses it to achieve the desired instructional results.
Students experience the reality of the scenario and gather meaning
from it.
A simulation is a form of experiential learning. It is a strategy that
fits well with the principles of Student-Centred and constructivist
learning and teaching.
Simulations take a number of forms. They may contain elements of:
*a game
*a role-play, or
*an activity that acts as a metaphor.
3- Movies:
As long as you use film occasionally and always follow up with a
study questions and activities, you will reap the rewards of
incorporating relevant film in your classroom.
4- Work books:
which teacher solve prblems with student and provide the
environment of class with discussion.
5- Tutorials:
A tutorial, in education, is a method of transferring knowledge and
may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and
specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach by
example and supply the information to complete a certain task.
6-Tap recording: Tape and tape recorder are often used for
teaching English language in the classroom. Listening to tapes
provides students information not only about vocabulary and
grammar, but also about pronunciation, intonation, rhythm, stress
and pitch.
7-Invited speaker:
A Guest Speaker can be a great tool for the improvement of a class,
because it offers a new perspective and variety in the way it is
taught, while it provides important specific subjects that are often
omitted from a regular class.
8-Lecture:
Lecture method is the oldest method of teaching. ... The teacher
clarifies the content matter to the students by using gestures, simple
devices, by changing voice, change in position and facial expressions.
Teachers are more active and students are passive but the teacher
also asks questions to keep the students attentive.
The role of teacher in direct stratigies:
Teacher's Role:
1-Teachers introduce the new language to the students exclusively in
the target language, not in their mother tongue. Because in this
method, they never translate: they demonstrate.
2-Teachers use pictures, realia or pantomime to demonstrate and
communicate words or ideas in their classes.
3-Teachers emphasize interactions with the students, asking them
questions and trying to use grammatical structures of the day in
conversations, and using the new vocabulary.
4-Teachers make students speak much, and he/she finds various
techniques to get the students to self-correction. The teacher makes
emphasize in both speech and listening comprehension.
Learner's Role:
1-Students learn by self-correction, and they put into practice their
oral communication skills.
2-Students are active learners in every class they participate actively
in the acquisition of the target language.
Advantages of Direct Method
(1) It makes the learning of English interesting and lively by
establishing direct bond between a word and its meaning.
(2) It is an activity method facilitating alertness and participation of
the pupils.
(3) According to Macnee, “It is the quickest way of getting started”.
In a few months over 500 of the commonest English words can be
learnt and used in sentences. This serves as a strong foundation of
further learning.
(4) Due to application of the Direct Method, students are able to
understand what they learn, think about it and then express their
own ideas in correct English about what they have read and learnt.
(5) Psychologically it is a sound method as it proceeds from the
concrete to the abstract.
(6) This method can be usefully employed from the lowest to the
highest class.
(7) Through this method, fluency of speech, good pronunciation and
power of expression are properly developed.
Disadvantages of Direct Method
(1) There are many abstract words which cannot be interpreted
directly in English and much time and energy are wasted in making
attempts for the purpose.
(2) This method is based on the principles that auditory appeal is
stronger that visual. But there are children who learn more with
visual than with their oral- aural sense like ears and tongue.
(3) The method ignores systematic written work and reading
activities and sufficient attention is not paid to reading and writing.
(4) Since in this method, grammar is closely bound up with the
reader, difficulty is experienced in providing readers of such kind.
(5) There is dearth of teachers trained and interested in teaching
English in this method.
(6) This method may not hold well in higher classes where the
Translation Method is found suitable.
References:
(1)zchatel,R.G,(November 2001).
http:¥¥www.high beam.com¥doc¥1p3.
(2)Zbyrs,judy(2003-2004)
(3)karn,G(2005)An update of marketing student perceptions of
learning activities.