Stress & Strain

CE 009
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
 Outline
• Stress • Strain
– Normal Stress – Displacement, Deformation,
– Shear Stress and Strain
– Punching Stress – Normal Strain
– Bearing Stress – Shear Strain
– Stresses on Inclined Sections – Thermal Strain
– Equality of Shear Stresses on
Perpendicular Planes
STRESS
 Stress
• Defined as the intensity of an internal loading on a section
of an object subjected to applied loads and actions
• Stress is mathematically defined as the applied force on an
object section divided by its cross-sectional area.

• For starters, the four basic types of stresses are introduced:

normal stress, shear stress, punching stress, and bearing
stress.
 Stress
• Units used to express stresses are:
– (SI) Pa (pascal) [N/m2]
• Normal prefixes used are kilo- (kPa: kN/m2) and mega- (MPa: N/mm2)
– (USC) psi (pounds per square inch) [lb/in2]
• Other units include ksi (kilopounds per square inch), psf (pounds per square
foot), and ksf (kilopounds per square foot).
 Normal Stress
• Normal stress is the stress
due to axial force applied
on an object.
– Axial force refers to tension
or compression force.
– Normal stress is the ratio of
applied axial force to the
cross-sectional area of an Sign Convention:
object perpendicular to the (+)σ if F is in tension
line of action of the force. (-)σ if F is in compression
 Normal Stress
• It is assumed (for now)
that the axial force applied
on an object is acting on
the centroid of the cross-
section of the said object.
– This assumption ensures
– This assumption is NOT
that the normal stress
always valid in real-world
distribution on the section is
engineering problems.
uniform.
 Sample Problem
• A solid 0.5 in. diameter
steel hanger rod is used to
hold up one end of a
walkway support beam.
The force carried by the
rod is 5,000 lb. Determine
the normal stress in the
rod. (Disregard the weight
of the rod.)
(Answer: 25500 psi)
 Sample Problem
• Rigid bar ABC is supported by a pin at
A and axial member (1), which has a
cross-sectional area of 540 mm2. The
weight of rigid bar ABC can be
neglected.
a) Determine the normal stress in member
(1) if a load of P = 8 kN is applied at C.
b) If the maximum normal stress in
member (1) must be limited to 50 MPa,
what is the maximum load magnitude
P that may be applied to the rigid bar at
C? (Answer: (a) 20.4 MPa; (b) 19.64 kN)
 Sample Problem
• A 50 mm wide steel bar
has axial loads applied at
points B, C, and D. If the
normal stress magnitude
in the bar must not exceed
60 MPa, determine the
minimum thickness that
can be used for the bar.
(Answer: 21.7 mm)
 Shear Stress
• Shear stress is the stress
due to shear force applied
on an object.
– Shear force refers to force
acting parallel to the plane
of the object section.
– Shear stress is the ratio of
applied shear force to the
cross-sectional area of an
object parallel to the line of
action of the force.
 Shear Stress
• Like with normal stress, it
is also assumed (for now)
that the shear stress
distribution acting on an
object section is uniform.
– This assumption is NOT
always valid on real-world
engineering problems.
 Sample Problem
• Chain members (1) and (2)
are connected by a shackle
and pin. If the axial force in
the chains is P = 28 kN and
the allowable shear stress
in the pin is τallow = 90 MPa,
determine the minimum
acceptable diameter d for
the pin.
(Answer: 15 mm)
 Sample Problem
• A belt pulley used to drive a
device is attached to a 30
mm diameter shaft with a
square shear key. The belt
tensions are 1,500 N and 600
N, as shown. The shear key
dimensions are 6 mm by 6
mm by 25 mm long.
Determine the shear stress
produced in the shear key.
(Answer: 24.0 MPa)
 Punching Stress
• It is a special type of shear stress that causes punching
action (i.e. creation of holes).
– It is usually considered in design of steel plates for bolting and
punching of columns on footings.
 Sample Problem
• A punch for making holes in steel
plates is shown. A downward
punching force of 32 kips is
required to punch a 0.75 in.
diameter hole in a steel plate that
is 0.25 in. thick. Determine the
average shear stress in the steel
plate at the instant the circular slug
(the portion of the steel plate
removed to create the hole) is torn
away from the plate. (Answer: 54.3 ksi)
 Bearing Stress
• It is a special type of normal stress that is
caused by contact between two separated
but interacting objects.
 Sample Problem
• A steel pipe column (6.5 in. outside
diameter; 0.25 in. wall thickness)
supports a load of 11 kips. The steel pipe
rests on a square steel base plate, which
in turn rests on a concrete slab.
a) Determine the bearing stress between the
steel pipe and the steel plate.
b) If the bearing stress of the steel plate on
the concrete slab must be limited to 90 psi, (Answer: (a) 2.24 ksi;
what is the minimum allowable plate (b) 12 in)
dimension a?
 Sample Problem
• A 2.5 in. wide by 0.125 in.
thick steel plate is
connected to a support
with a 0.75 in. diameter
pin. The steel plate carries
an axial load of 1.8 kips.
Determine the bearing
stress in the steel plate.
(Answer: 19.20 ksi)
 Stresses on Inclined Sections
• Stresses arising on
inclined sections due to
axial force develop as a
combination of both
normal and shear
stresses.
 Stresses on Inclined Sections
• Maximum normal stress develops if the section is inclined
0° or 180° with respect to the line of action of the axial
force.
• Maximum shear stress develops if the section is inclined
45° or 135° with respect to the line of action of the axial
force.
 Equality of Shear Stresses on Perpendicular
Planes
• If an object is in static equilibrium,
then any portion of the said object
must also be in static equilibrium.
• Due to this, if shear stress develops
on one plane in the object, then
there must be shear stresses (of
equal magnitude and sense) that
develop on planes perpendicular to
where the shear stress originally
develops.
 Sample Problem
• A 120 mm wide steel bar with a butt-welded joint, as shown,
will be used to carry an axial tension load of P = 180 kN. If the
normal and shear stresses on the plane of the butt weld must
be limited to 80 MPa and 45 MPa, respectively, determine the
minimum thickness required for the bar. (Answer: 15.23 mm)
STRAIN
 Displacements, Deformations & Strains
• Displacement
– Movement of a point or an
object with respect to an
orthogonal coordinate
system
– Does not consider changes
in shape or form of the
object
 Displacements, Deformations & Strains
• Deformation
– Change in any dimension,
shape, or form of an object due
to applied force and/or other
actions on the said object
• Strain
– Intensity of the deformation of
an object
– May be classified as either
normal strain or shear strain
 Displacements, Deformations & Strains
• Units used to express strains are:
– (SI) mm/mm
• Other commonly used units include μm/m and mm/m
• Numerator unit denotes deformation while denominator unit denotes original
dimension
– (USC) in/in
• Other commonly used units include μin/in and in/ft
– με (microstrain)
• 1 με = 1 × 10-6 mm/mm = 1 × 10-6 in/in
– % (percent strain)
• % strain = strain (mm/mm) × 100% = strain (in/in) × 100%
 Normal Strain
• Normal strain is the ratio of
deformation of an object due
to an axial force to its original
length.
• It is assumed (for now) that the
normal strain distribution on
an object is uniform.
• Same sign convention as for
normal stress
 Normal Strain
• Normal strains are measured experimentally with strain
gages.

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content/uploads/2020/08/nggallery_import/Strain_gauge_--1024x514.png
• A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at A
and supported by two steel Sample Problem
rods connected at B and C, as
shown. There is no strain in the
vertical rods before load P is
applied. After load P is applied,
the normal strain in rod (2) is
800 µε. Determine:
a) the axial normal strain in rod
(1).
b) the axial normal strain in rod (1)
if there is a 1 mm gap in the
connection between the rigid (Answer: (a) 640 µε; (b) 936 µε)
bar and rod (2) before the load
is applied.
 Shear Strain
• Shear strain is the change
in angle of two orthogonal
dimensions or lines on an
object due to applied
force.
 Shear Strain
• Shear strain is commonly expressed in μrad (microradians).
– 1 μrad = 1 × 10-6 rad
• Shear strains are determined experimentally with strain
rosettes (assembly of three strain gages).

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 Sample Problem
• The shear force V shown causes
side QS of the thin rectangular
plate to displace downward
0.0625 in. Determine the shear
strain γxy at P. (Answer: -0.00781
rad)
 Sample Problem
• A thin rectangular plate is uniformly deformed as shown.
Determine the shear strain γxy at P.
(Answer: 1215 μrad)
 Thermal Strain
• Most materials expand (or contract) when subjected to an
increase (or decrease) in temperature.
• The strain on an object due to change in temperature is
called thermal strain. The thermal strain is positive if there
is an increase in temperature; negative if there is
temperature decrease.
Sign Convention:
(+)εT if ΔT is positive (increase)
(-) εT if ΔT is negative (decrease)
 Thermal Strain
• The coefficient of thermal expansion (α) is approximately
constant for homogeneous and isotropic materials.
– Homogeneous: materials that have the same/uniform composition
– Isotropic: materials that have the same mechanical properties
when subjected to forces at different directions
– Steel: α = 6.5 × 10-6 /°F = 11.7 × 10-6 /°C
 Total Strain
• Total strain is just the sum of normal strain and thermal
strain (provided that an object is subjected to both axial
force and temperature change).
• Shear strain is not normally added in the total strain since it
is assumed that the object expands (or contracts) uniformly
due to temperature change (provided that the object is
unrestrained).
 Sample Problem
• A steel bridge beam has a total length of 150 m. Over the course
of a year, the bridge is subjected to temperatures ranging from
−40°C to +40°C, and the associated temperature changes cause
the beam to expand and contract. Expansion joints between the
bridge beam and the supports at the ends of the bridge (called
abutments) are installed to allow this change in length to take
place without restraint. Determine the change in length that must
be accommodated by the expansion joints. Assume that the
coefficient of thermal expansion for steel is 11.9 × 10−6/°C .
(Answer: 142.8 mm)
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 Sample Problem
• Cutting tools such as mills and drills are connected to machining
equipment by means of toolholders. The cutting tool must be firmly
clamped by the toolholder to achieve precise machining, and shrink-fit
toolholders take advantage of thermal expansion properties to achieve
this strong, concentric clamping force. To insert a cutting tool, the
shrink-fit holder is rapidly heated while the cutting tool remains at room
temperature. When the holder has expanded sufficiently, the cutting
tool drops into the holder. The holder is then cooled, clamping the
cutting tool with a very large force exerted directly on the tool shank.
At 20°C, the cutting tool shank has an outside diameter of 18.000 ±
0.005 mm and the toolholder has an inside diameter of 17.950 ± 0.005
mm. If the tool shank is held at 20°C, what is the minimum temperature
to which the toolholder must be heated in order to insert the cutting
tool shank? Assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the
toolholder is 11.9 × 10−6 /°C. (Answer: 301°C)
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 Reference
• Philpot, T. (2017). Mechanics of Materials: An Integrative
Learning System (4th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.