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Xdechamps Paper v4
Xdechamps Paper v4
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F-D. Roosevelt 50 (CP 165/41), Brussels, Belgium
‡
M. Rasquin
Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne (IL), USA
§
K.E. Jansen
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder (CO), USA
This work is concerned with the numerical study of an unsteady and incompressible
flow of an electrically conducting liquid metal inside a pipe of circular cross-section at low
Reynolds number. In particular, the aim of this work is to understand better the influence
of an external transverse magnetic field on the flow field and the transition between a
fully turbulent regime to a fully laminar regime at moderate Reynolds number as the
Hartmann increases. For that purpose, direct numerical simulations have been carried out
and provide mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles, physical and numerical
dissipation profiles and skin friction data. The obtained results show the damping of
turbulence due to the action of the magnetic field and the development of anisotropy in
the flow.
Nomenclature
∗ Graduate student, department of Aero-Thermo-Mechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F-D. Roosevelt 50 (CP
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Rcont = ∇ · u = 0 (1a)
∂u J×B
Rmom = + (u · ∇) u + ∇p − ν∇2 u − =0 (1b)
∂t ρ
Rcharge = ∇2 φ − ∇ · (u × B) = 0 (1c)
J = σ (−∇φ + u × B) (1d)
The set of boundary conditions specified in Eqs.(2) are applied along the wall in order to close the
problem (n stands for the normal to the wall). Regularity conditions are imposed on the axis (r = 0) for
velocity, pressure and electric potential (see section III.A).
~u(z, r = R, θ) = 0 (2a)
∂φ
(z, r = R, θ) = 0 (2b)
∂n
The non-dimensional parameters that characterize the problem are
Inertial forces ub d
Reb = = Reynolds number (3a)
Viscous forces ν r
Lorentz force σ
Ha = = BR Hartmann number (3b)
Viscous forces ρν
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with Ωe the area of the element and Uc the mean planar component of the velocity inside the element. The
discretized Eq. (4) can be written in the more compact form described in Eq. (6). For the sake of brevity, the
matrices M1 , M2 , M3 , L1 , L2 and L3 are not detailled in this paper (see Ref. 29 for more details about their
hydrodynamic components). The mass matrices M1 , M2 and M3 are linked to the time-derivative dependent
terms. The matrices L1 , L2 and L3 contain all the linear terms of the Navier-Stokes equations. The right-
hand side terms Cu , Cp and Cφ contain the non-linear terms that are treated through the pseudo-spectral
approach.
u u Cu
∂2 ∂ ∂2
∂ ∂
M1 + M2 + M3 2 p + L1 + L2 + L3 2 p = − Cp (6)
∂θ ∂θ ∂t ∂θ ∂θ
φ φ Cφ
The discretization in the θ-direction is introduced by means of a discrete sum of N Fourier modes
N
−1
2
1 X 2π
q(z, r, θ, t) = q̂k (z, r, t) eIk θmax θ (7)
N
k=− N
2 +1
where θmax is the maximal azimuthal coordinate of the domain in the direction of periodicity (θmax = 2π
for domain with a symmetry of revolution such as in this study). The last step of the spatial discretization
consists in applying a Direct Fourier Transform to Eq. (6), which leads to a set of independent systems of
equations in Fourier space for the unknowns q̂k :
" 2 # ûk
2π 2π ∂
M1 + M2 Ik + M3 Ik p̂k +
θmax θmax ∂t
φˆk
" 2 # ûk Ĉu
2π 2π
L1 + L2 Ik + L3 Ik p̂k = − Ĉp (8)
θmax θmax
φ̂k Ĉφ
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where qp is the unknown vector in physical space associated with the p-th finite element plane. We clearly
observe here the decoupling of each matrix system for the Fourier modes. The right-hand side, composed
of the non-linear terms, couples all the Fourier modes together. For each mode, the matrices Mk and Lk
are constant in time but differ for each Fourier mode. Once the linear systems presented in Eq. (9) are
assembled, both the real and complex components of the Fourier coefficients q̂k need to be solved. As the
physical solution is purely real, the following symmetry appears in Fourier space:
so that only the first N/2 + 1 modes need to be solved, the other ones being evaluated through the symmetry
relation of Eq. (10). Furthermore, modes 0 and N/2 are both purely real. They are combined in a single
complex-valued linear system so that the size of every systems is always identical for a load balance point of
view and only N/2 linear systems need to be solved in practice.
To impose boundary conditions on the axis (r = 0) is mathematically not compulsory because this edge
is of artificial nature. However, the regularity conditions summarized in table 1 are applied in order to
obtain a better quality results29 . The terms between parentheses are not treated explicitly as they are
treated implicitly through an integration by parts with the finite element method described in the previous
paragraph. Because of the form of the regularity condition for the radial and azimuthal components of
velocity of mode k = 1, the r- and θ- momentum equations are replaced by the linear combination [r-
momentum]±I[θ-momentum]. The regularity condition ûr,1 + I ûθ,1 = 0 replaces the first linear combination
for all the nodes lying on the axis.
where βs and S depends on the chosen time integrator for the non-linear terms.
• First, the physical domain is partitioned by METIS30 in as many parts as the total number of processes
launched for the computation. Each process assembles its own local matrices Ak and right-hand side
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(f) Ha = 0 (g) Ha = 5
(h) Ha = 10 (i) Ha = 15
Figure 2. Instantaneous velocity field (a) to (e) in cross-section x − y located at z = Lz /2 and (f ) to (i) in the meridional
x-z plane (parallel to B). All the plots have the same contour level ranging from 0 (blue) to 5.03 (red).
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Figure 3. Instantaneous isosurfaces of Q-criterion for (a) Ha = 0 and (b) Ha = 10. These isosurfaces are coloured by
the norm of velocity.
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
uz / ub
uz / ub
0.6 0.6
Ha = 0 Ha = 0
Ha = 5 Ha = 5
0.4 Ha = 10 0.4 Ha = 10
Ha = 15 Ha = 15
Ha = 20 Ha = 20
0.2 0.2
Ha = 30 Ha = 30
Ha = 100 Ha = 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Mean uz streamwise component of velocity in a direction parallel (a) and perpendicular (b) to B. The
averages are performed over time and along the streamwise coordinate z. The velocity profiles are normalized by the
bulk velocity ub .
The velocity fluctuations are represented by the root-mean-square values u2ij,rms = ui uj − ui uj where
(. . .) is the temporal average operator. Figure 5 shows the distribution of the fluctuations of each velocity
component as well as the Reynolds-stress components uzr,rms . The results are non-dimensionalized by the
friction velocity uτ . In these cuts, we represent only the turbulent cases because the fluctuations are equal
to zero for laminar cases. An obvious observation is the damping of turbulence with an increasing Hartmann
number. We can see that this damping is slightly more pronounced in the direction parallel to B than in
the direction perpendicular to B.
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2 2
u+z,rms
u+z,rms
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
u+r,rms
u+r,rms
0.5 0.5
Ha = 0 Ha = 0
0.4 Ha = 5 0.4 Ha = 5
0.3
Ha = 10 0.3
Ha = 10
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
1 1
0.8 0.8
u+θ,rms
u+θ,rms
0.6 0.6
Ha = 0
Ha = 5
0.4 Ha = 10 0.4
Ha = 0
0.2 0.2
Ha = 5
Ha = 10
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
0.8 0.8
Ha = 0 Ha = 0
0.7
Ha = 5 0.7
Ha = 5
Ha = 10 Ha = 10
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
u+zr,rms
u+zr,rms
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
Figure 5. Mean velocity fluctuations in a direction parallel (left) and perpendicular (right) to B. The averages are
performed over time and along the streamwise coordinate z.
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of the mean axial velocity. In figure 6, the global Satake (2002) − Reb=5300
skin friction coefficient Cf = τw /ρu2b /2 is repre-
4
in the laminar regime (2Ha/Re 10 ≥ 37.5). This
10
evolution of the skin friction coefficient is a combi-
nation of two effects: the steeper velocity profile in 1,271 (Ha/Reb)+0,000242
5
the Hartmann layer in the laminar regime and the
damping of turbulence in the turbulent regime. The
0
fact that the flow at 2Ha/Re 104 = 37.5 in Ref. 11 0 50 100 150 200 250
2 Ha / Reb x 104
is still in the turbulent regime is maybe an indicator
that our result at Ha = 15 is not fully reliable. In- Figure 6. Skin friction coefficient Cf = ρuτ2w/2 as a function
b
deed, as underlined in Ref. 37, the transition point of the ratio Re Ha
b
.
between turbulent and laminar case covers a rela-
tively wide range of Ha/Re. Several factors can
influence the transition: the periodic length along the streamwise direction, the regime of the initial con-
dition, etc. In the purely hydrodynamic case (Ha = 0), the skin friction coefficient was found to be very
−1/4
close to the analytical value obtained by Blasius’ law Cf = 0.079Reb . In the laminar regime, the slope of
the line is slightly larger than the analytical slope of 3π/8 obtained by Shercliff.38 This discrepancy is also
observed for the other numerical/experimental values but no satisfactory explanation has been found so far.
All these contribution are shown in figure 7. Concerning the viscous and Joule dissipations, we notice
the appearance of peaks of dissipation in the Hartmann layers. These peaks are more important for high
Hartmann numbers because of the narrowing Hartmann layer. The narrowing Hartmann layer causes steeper
velocity gradients and narrower passages for the electric current. In contrast, the evolution of the dissipations
is smooth in the Roberts layers. Concerning the contributions of the stabilization terms in the energy
budget, we see that their amplitude is 2 up to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the physical dissipations.
The additional numerical stabilization terms do not alter the physics of the solution and allow a smooth
evolution of the solution without any spurious oscillations.
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εviscous
Ha = 30
4 2 Ha = 30
Ha = 100
Ha = 100
3 1.5
2 1
1 0.5
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
−7 −8
1
x 10
4
x 10 Ha = 0
Ha = 0 Ha = 5
0.9
Ha = 5 3.5 Ha = 10
0.8
Ha = 10 Ha = 15
3
0.7 Ha = 15 Ha = 20
Ha = 20 2.5
Ha = 30
0.6
Ha = 30 Ha = 100
εJoule
εJoule
0.5 2
Ha = 100
0.4
1.5
0.3
1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
−10 −10
x 10 x 10
14 18
Ha = 0 Ha = 0
16 Ha = 5
12 Ha = 5
Ha = 10 14 Ha = 10
10 Ha = 15
Ha = 15 12
Ha = 20 Ha = 20
8
10 Ha = 30
Ha = 30
εSUPG
εPSPG
6 Ha = 100 8 Ha = 100
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
−2 −2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Radius r / R Radius r / R
Figure 7. Mean physical and numerical dissipations in a direction parallel (left) and perpendicular (right) to B. The
averages are performed over time and along the streamwise coordinate z. The numerical dissipations are shown only
in the direction parallel to B.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique
(FRS-FNRS). This work utilized the Janus supercomputer, which is supported by the National Science Foun-
dation (award number CNS-0821794) and the University of Colorado Boulder. Computational resources have
also been provided by the supercomputing facilities of the Université Catholique de Louvain (CISM/UCL)
and the Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif en Fédération Wallonie Bruxelles (CÉCI) funded
by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (FRS-FNRS).
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