Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M1 Section 1 - Intro To DE
M1 Section 1 - Intro To DE
Module 1: Introduction
Section 1:
Definitions & Classifications
Lesson Outline
2
Learning Outcomes
3
Definitions and Notation
Differential Equation
An equation containing the derivatives of one or more
dependent variables (or unknown functions ), with respect
to one or more independent variables, is said to be a
differential equation (DE).
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
!"
where: 𝑎 =
!#
, therefore
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 𝑣, 𝑡 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
4
Definitions and Notation
More example of Differential Equations:
1. 𝒚!! + 𝟐𝒚! = 𝟑𝒚
2. 𝒇! 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝟑 𝒚
3. 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟓
4. +𝟐 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒚
5. + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝝏𝒚
6. + 𝟓 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒕
5
Definitions and Notation
Notation
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝟑𝒚 𝒅𝒏 𝒚
• Leibniz notation: ,
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟑
, … 𝒅𝒙𝒏
𝑦′′ − 𝑦′ + 3𝑦 = 0
6
Definitions and Notation
Notation
You should also be aware that in physical sciences and
engineering, Newton’s dot notation (derogatorily referred
to by some as the “flyspeck” notation) is sometimes used
to denote derivatives with respect to time t.
7
Definitions and Notation
Notation
Partial derivatives are often denoted by a subscript
notation indicating the independent variables.
Example:
𝒖 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒖 𝒕𝒕 − 𝟐𝒖 𝒕
8
Classifications of D.E.
• Type
- Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)
- Partial Differential Equation (PDE)
• Order & Degree
- 1st , 2nd , … nth
• Linearity
- Linear
- Non-linear
9
Classifications of D.E.
Classification by Type
1. If a differential equation contains only ordinary
derivatives of one or more unknown functions with
respect to a single independent variable, it is said to be
an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
10
Classifications of D.E.
2. An equation involving partial derivatives of one or more
unknown functions of two or more independent variables is
called a partial differential equation (PDE).
11
Classifications of D.E.
Classification by Order & Degree
• The order of a differential equation (either ODE or
PDE) is the order of the highest derivative in the equation.
• The degree of a differential equation is represented by
the power of the highest order derivative in the given
differential equation.
For example,
12
Classifications of D.E.
More Example:
Determine the Order of the following Differential Equations (ODE or
PDE):
1. 𝒚!! + 𝟐𝒚! = 𝟑𝒚
2. 𝒇! 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒚
3. 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 + 𝒆 = 𝟐𝒙
𝟑
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟓
4. 𝒅𝒙𝟐
+𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆𝒙
𝝏𝒚
5. + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝝏𝒚
6. 𝝏𝒙𝟐
+ 𝟓 𝝏𝒕
=𝟎
13
Classifications of D.E.
14
Classifications of D.E.
(2)
15
Classifications of D.E.
y″ − y′ + 6 = 0 is y″ = y′ − 6y.
16
Classifications of D.E.
Classification by Linearity
An nth-order ordinary differential equation (1) is said to be
linear if F is linear in y, y′, . . . , This means that an
nth-order ODE is linear when (1) is
or
(3)
Condition to note:
1. The dependent variable and all of its derivatives are always to the first
power.
2. There are no products of the function y and its derivatives.
3. The coefficient can be zero, constants or function of x.
17
Classifications of D.E.
(4)
18
Classifications of D.E.
19
Classifications of D. E.
20
References
[1] D. G. Zill, Differential Equations with Modeling Applications,
11th Edition, Cengage Learning 2018
[2] W. E. Boyce and R. C. DiPrima, Elementary Differential
Equations and Boundary Value Problems , 11th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY, 2017.
[3] C.H. Edwards and D.E. Penney, Differential Equations and
Boundary Value Problems: Computing and Modeling , 5th
edition, Pearson, 2014.
[4] William F. Trench, Elementary Differential Equations with
Boundary Value Problems. Books and Monographs. Book 9.
2013. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/mono/9
21
Q&A
THANK YOU
22