OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY PROGRAM OF BATANGAS

EGG PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE IN BARANGAY

DON LUIS, SAN JOSE, BATANGAS

Jielian A. Anyayahan

Marielle O. Javelosa

Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering

December 2019
 ii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Name: Jielian A. Anyayahan

Birthdate: April 13, 2000

Birthplace: Lucena City, Quezon

Permanent Address: Brgy. Concepcion Palasan Sariaya,

Quezon

Contact Number: 0936-913-5942

Email Address: jielianyayahan@gmail.com

Educational Background:

School/University: Inclusive Years Honor/Award

Concepcion Ibaba Elementary School 2005 – 2011 4th Honorable Mention

Sariaya Institute, Inc. 2011 - 2015
Southern Luzon State University 2015 - present

Academic Affiliations:

 Operations Research Society of the Philippines (ORSP) SLSU Student Chapter

Member, 2018-present

 Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers (PIIE) SLSU Student Chapter

Member, 2016-present

 Future Engineers League (FUEL)

Member, 2015-present
 iii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Name: Marielle O. Javelosa

Birthdate: November 9, 1998

Birthplace: Lucena City, Quezon

Permanent Address: Brgy. Domoit, Lucena City, Quezon

Contact Number: 0966-387-4883

E-mail Address: mariellejavelosa18@gmail.com

Educational Background:

School/University Inclusive Years Honor/Award

Lucena North 1 Elementary School 2005-2011 2nd Honorable Mention

Quezon National High School 2011-2015
Southern Luzon State University 2015-present

Academic Affiliations

 Future Engineers’ League (SLSU-FUEL)

Member, 2015 – Present
 Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers – Student Chapter (SLSU-PIIE SC)
2nd year – 4th year IE Representative, 2017-2019; Vice President Internal, 2019-
2020
 Operations Research Society of the Philippines (SLSU-ORSP)
Member, 2018 – Present
 iv

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

We hereby affirm that this compliance is our own work and that, to the best of our

understanding and certainty, it covers no material previously published by another person

nor material to which to a considerable range has been acknowledged for award of any

other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where

due credit is made in the text.

We also declare that the logical content of this thesis is the product of our own

effort, even though we may have customary assistance from others on style, presentation

and semantic expression.

JIELIAN A. ANYAYAHAN
Researcher

MARIELLE O. JAVELOSA
Researcher

Noted:

ENGR. MARIA CORAZON B. ABEJO

Adviser
 v

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in

Industrial Engineering, this research paper entitled, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

PROGRAM OF BATANGAS EGG PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE IN

BARANGAY DON LUIS, SAN JOSE, BATANGAS, has been prepared and submitted

by JIELIAN A. ANYAYAHAN and MARIELLE O. JAVELOSA, who are hereby

recommended for oral examination.

ENGR. MARIA CORAZON B. ABEJO

Research Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, by the oral examination committee.

ENGR. MARIBELLE A. GAYTANO ENGR. MARIA ROSSANA DL. DE VELUZ

Member Member

ENGR. LYNNEVEL R. AMPARO

Chairperson

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the DEGREE BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING.

06 July 2020 ENGR. RENATO R. MAALIW III

Date Dean, College of Engineering

 vi

DEDICATION

I dedicate this research paper to the people who supported me all throughout by

always reminding me this: “You will get through this. Keep going.” To my

siblings and my Mama, for their unending patience for listening to my

rants whenever I cannot keep it inside anymore. To my friends,

Fatima, Ameliza, Carlo, and Jane, for all the shared memories

since the beginning which made the hardships lighter to

carry. To my research partner, Marielle, for her

endless patience and perseverance

in finishing our research

paper.

And lastly, to my Papa who I miss every

single day. I kept going and I got through this!

This is only the beginning.

Keep going. ;

- JAA
 vii

DEDICATION

To my family, friends, and to the Lord, I am very thankful and blessed to have all

of you. To my parents, Rodel and Wilma, I will be forever grateful for all your

support and unconditional love. I could not succeed in every challenges

without your guidance. To my sister, Krystel Xyra, who helped me in

my studies and supported me financially. To my brothers, Clarenze,

Aldrin, and Kirby, and grandmother, Lola Lina, for being my

inspiration. To my thesis mate, Jielian, thank you for your

patience and understanding throughout our study.

To my bestfriend, Julie Anne, who encourage

me and support me through

ups and downs.

Above all, I am extremely grateful to our Almighy God

for always guiding in every phases of my life, for

hearing all my prayers. You are my savior

and strength. I will always be thankful

and blessed to have you.

- MOJ
 viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to take this opportunity to thank and express their

gratitude to the following persons for their guidance and support throughout the entire

journey of making this research.

To Engr. Maria Corazon B. Abejo, research adviser, for giving her time and effort

in order to help the researchers in conducting their study. For imparting knowledge and

advice that helped the researchers step by step in completing the research paper.

To Engr. Maria Rossana DL. De Veluz, Engr. Maribelle A. Gaytano and Engr.

Lynnevel R. Amparo, for checking the research paper and sharing their insights. Also, for

always reminding the students to be responsible in doing the researches and sharing words

of wisdom to the researchers especially in hard times.

To BEPCO’s Manager, Mrs. Judith A. Mangmang and Safety Officer, Ms.

Shirlyn Aguila, for giving overwhelming acceptance to the researchers in their company.

For letting the researchers explore and learn about the establishment.

To their beloved parents, for the unconditional love and support since day one. For

giving the researchers reason to not give up and always step up in life.

To their sibling and friends, for cheering and supporting in times of ups and

downs.

Mostly, to the Lord Almighty, for giving blessings and help all the time. For

making sure that in every obstacles, hope and faith is always there.
 ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Biographical Sketch ii

Certificate of Originality iv

Approval Sheet v

Dedication vi

Acknowledgement viii

Table of Contents ix

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xiv

List of Appendices xv

Abstract xvi

Chapter I Introduction

Background of the Study 2

Objectives of the Study 7

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Limitations 9

 x

Definition of Terms 10

Chapter II Review of Literature

Related Literature 13

Related Studies 32

Conceptual Framework 35

Chapter III Methodology

Research Design 36

Variables of the Study 36

Sources of Data 37

Respondents of the Study 37

Research Instrument 37

Data Gathering Procedure 40

Chapter IV Results and Discusion

4.1 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO 42

4.1.1 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO’s Office Area 42

4.1.2 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO’s Production Area 54

4.1.3 Analysis on BEPCO’s Emergency Preparedness and Response 85

4.2 Hazards Identified in existing condition of BEPCO 88

 xi

4.3 Proposed Safety Program for BEPCO 97

4.4 Measuring and knowing the benefits of Safety Program 159

Results of Benefits of Implementing Safety Program 166

Chapter V Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings 168

Conclusions 171

Recommendations 172

References Cited 173

Appendices 174
 xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Risk Assessment Matrix 38

3.2 Consequence Score and Likelihood Score 39

4.1.1.1 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Safety Signage in Office Area 42

4.1.1.2 Results of HIRA Checklist on Materials in Office Area 46

4.1.1.3 Results of HIRA Checklist on Environment in Office Area 48

4.1.2.1. Results of HIRA Checklist on Safety Signage in Production Area 54

4.1.2.2 Results of HIRA Checklist on Confined Space in Production Area 57

4.1.2.3 Results of HIRA Checklist on Machine Guarding in Production Area 59

4.1.2.4 Results of HIRA Checklist on Housekeeping in Production Area 62

4.1.2.5 Results of HIRA Checklist on Material Handling in Production Area 65

4.1.2.6 Results of HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Lighting in Production

Area 66

4.1.2.7 Results of HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Noise in Production

Area 67

4.1.2.8 Results of HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Ventilation in

Production Area 68

4.1.2.9 Results of HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Temperature in

Production Area 69
 xiii

4.1.2.10 Results of HIRA Checklist on Chemical Hazards in Production Area 71

4.1.2.11 Results of HIRA Checklist on Electrical Hazards in Production Area 75

4.1.2.12 Results of HIRA Checklist on Ergonomic Hazards in Production Area79

4.1.2.13 Results of HIRA Checklist on Biological Hazards in Production Area 82

4.1.2.14 Results of HIRA Checklist on Psychological Hazards in Production

Area 84

4.1.3.1 Results of HIRA Checklist on Emergency Preparedness and Response 85

4.2.1 Summary of the Results of Hazards Identified in Office Area 88

4.2.2 Summary of the Results of Hazards Identified in Production Area 90

4.2.3 Summary of the Results of Hazards Identified in Emergency Preparedness

and Response 95

4.3.1 Existing Light Intensity Level in Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative 97

4.4.1 Cost and Benefits of Safety Program 159

4.4.2 Estimated Cost of Implementing Safety Program 162

4.4.3 Estimated Benefits of Implementing Safety Program 165

 xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Steps in Hazard Identification 29

2 Conceptual Framework of Safety Program 35

 xv

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix Table Page

A 1 HIRA Checklist for Office Area of BEPCO 174

2 HIRA Checklist for Production Area of BEPCO 182

3 HIRA Checklist for Emergency Preparedness and

Response of BEPCO 197

B 4 Summary of the Benefits and Cost of Safety Program 199

5 Present Value of Costs of Safety Program 200

6 Present Value of Benefits of Safety Program 201

 xvi

Abstract
Title: Occupational Safety Program of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in
Barangay Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas
Authors: Jielian A. Anyayahan and Marielle O. Javelosa
Adviser: Engr. Maria Corazon B. Abejo

This research study is conducted to analyze and evaluate the existing condition of safety in
Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative (BEPCO) and design a safety program for the
cooperative. Safety program is a vital tool for every business organizations and is required
as the number of employees increases. The manager of the Cooperative wanted to focus on
workplace safety. The establishment of Safety Program results into prevention of hazards
and risks within the Cooperative. To be able to come up with the Safety Program, the
researchers use Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) checklist. Risk scoring
was used in order to identify the hazards in the workplace. The designed Safety Program
covers all the policies and procedures applicable to the safety requirements of the
Cooperative.

Keywords: hazards, safety, safety management, safety program

 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Safety is one of the key factors that is vital to every organization. A safe work

environment is a productive one. No matter the type and size of an organization, workplace

safety procedures are necessary for all company personnel. These protect employees as

well as facilities of a business. Avoiding or minimizing injuries and damages to workplace

will result in fewer accidental or unforeseen expenses thus, having productive and

profitable results in the long run.

Occupational Safety and Health is a field which is concerned with the reduction

and elimination of injuries and accidents in the working environment. Every sector

including the government, manufacturing and service business, schools, and organizations

all play important roles in reducing the occurrence of the occupational illnesses and

injuries.

The attitude of most of the companies was, “Let the worker beware,” placing the

workforce liable to work-related accidents. With the advancement and fast paced

industries, workplace injuries became more prevalent. Dangerous machinery caused many

accidents. As manufacturing expanded and moved to larger plants, the workers to plant

ratio increased, at the same time augmented the need for supervision (Lehto and Landry,

2012).
 2

On July 24, 2017, Republic Act No. 11058 was signed and implemented. This law

requires all employees, including manual laborers and office workers, contractors and also

consumers to comply with the regulation included in the occupational safety and health

standards. The practice of occupational safety and health in the Philippines resulted to both

advantages and disadvantages. This is due to the inadequate resources in the form of both

financial and human.

The root cause of these and many other types of worker injuries can be often

addressed through better workplace conditions. Instead of subsequently reacting to

accidents, injuries, or illness, management should proactively take steps to prevent them

from occurring. The first step to this success is through the implementation of Safety

Program.

According to Ben Church of Kaiser Industries (2013), the implementation of safety

program positively influences the entire organization. It enables people to be more aware

of safety, thus causing them to be more confident in performing their jobs. As a result, it

will benefit both the entire production and the quality of the product.

Background of the Study

Eggs are part of every people’s daily food consumables. It is an inexpensive food

wherein vitamins and minerals could be found. Many industries today uses eggs as source

of raw ingredients for their products and as their main product for sale.
 3

One of the growing egg product producers in the country is the Batangas Egg

Producers Cooperative (BEPCO). The Cooperative’s poultry egg farmers consist mostly

members of Batangas Egg Producers Association. They have been aspiring to invest in an

egg processing plant to modernize egg industry and make products competitive globally as

early as 2004. They have formally organized and established BEPCO in 2010 under

Cooperative Development Administration. The Cooperative is located in the municipality

of San Jose, Batangas which is known as the Egg Capital of the Philippines that provides

25% of nation’s supply of chicken table eggs (PSA, 2015). BEPCO’s first project is the

Establishment of Liquid Egg Processing Plant and has been a successful Public-Private-

Partnership with the Department of Agriculture (DA). In such agreement, the DA provided

them grant for the procurement of the equipment and initial set up of the facility while

BEPCO is in charge of completing the facility, research, product development and

marketing of the pasteurized liquid egg products, namely, whole, yolk, and whites.

Currently, BEPCO offers products such as Quick-Egg Pasteurized Liquid Eggs,

Quick-Egg Supreme Frozen Pasteurized Eggs, Itlogsaeyo Roasted Eggs, Chef Jose Fresh

Eggs, Chef Jose Brown Eggs, and BEPCO Chilled Sanitized Eggs. It supplies its products

to 38 established marketing linkages that include hotel, food corporations, fast foods,

pharmaceuticals, and bakeshops. There are 9 machines used in the production of BEPCO’s

products including 3 Egg Grader, 1 Egg Washer, 1 Egg Breaker, 1 Filtering Machine, 1

Cooler, 1 Homogenizer, and 1 Pasteurizer. There are 65 employees working from 8:00 am
 4

to 5:00 pm, including the production department which consists of 15 workers who works

from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm without shifts.

At present, the Cooperative follows workplace measures such as the Sanitation

Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) in food production plants which are required by

Food Safety and Inspection Service. They also have fire prevention practices such as yearly

fire drill, provisions of fire extinguisher and fire alarms, and fire exit in production area.

The Cooperative has no existing program in terms of the safety and health in the workplace.

In terms of safety signage, BEPCO lacks provision inside and outside of the plant. On the

other hand, the Cooperative provides the workers inside the production area with protective

equipment such as rubber gloves, boots, laboratory gowns, and face masks. There are also

first aid kits available. Despite having these provisions, the Cooperative still encounters

injuries and accidents of its employees.

The Cooperative Manager, Mrs. Judith A. Mangmang, and the part-time Safety

Compliance Officer, Ms. Shirlyn Aguila suggested to the researchers that they are focusing

on improving the workplace safety and the awareness of every employee regarding the

proper safety measures in response to different hazards. The need for proper response to

the increasing number of accidents and injuries is one of their concerns. According to the

manager, their cooperative lacks in taking proactive measures and records in terms of

safety performance. In line with these, throughout the period of 2016-2019, the recorded

average injuries and accidents that occurred were 3 cases per month.
 5

Based from the recorded injuries in 2016-2019, the minor injuries recorded were

body pain (knee and back due to manual handling of raw materials), cut on fingers, eye

irritation due to chemical contact (such as Alkali), cut on feet and back, headache, colds,

and burn. The major injuries recorded were bumped by the delivery truck, laceration, slip,

and leg and chest pain.

In the year 2016 with 48 employees working for 96,000 hours a year, the total

frequency of minor injuries were 31 cases and 6 cases for major injuries. The total

recordable incident rate was 13 employees involved for every 100 employees. In 2017 with

50 employees and 100,000 working hours, the total incidence of minor injuries was 35 and

3 major injuries. For every 100 employees there are 6 employees involved in recordable

injuries. In 2018 with 55 employees working for 110,000 hours a year, there were 58 minor

injury cases and 10 major injury cases. The total recordable incident rate was 18 out of 100

employees involved in recordable injuries. For midyear 2019 with 65 employees working

for 65,000 working hours from the month of January to June, there were 30 cases of minor

injuries and 5 major injuries. The total recordable incident rate of injury was 8 employees

involved per 100 employees.

In 2016, the recorded lost work days due to injuries were 8 days, 8 days for year

2017, 21 days for 2018, and 5 days for mid-2019. The severity rate for 2016 is 12.69 lost

work days, 12.43 lost work days for 2017, 27.63 for 2018, and 11.65 lost work days for

2019.
 6

Based from the records of accidents in the cooperative, the total recordable incident

rate (TRIR) is increasing per year from 2016-2019. A good TRIR is 3.0 or less. A perfect

TRIR is zero. The records of the cooperative exceed the acceptable TRIR which is an

indication that the occurrences of injuries are high and needs to be addressed.

Associated with these minor and major accidents is the expense for the company,

aside from the unproductivity due to absences and lack of motivation in the workplace.

Minor accidents are responded with the use of first-aid while major accidents are responded

with medical check-ups and hospitalization. The allotted budget of the company for

medical check-ups and hospitalization is Php 2,000 for every employee not including the

medicines for cure. Due to confidentiality, the company’s data regarding costs incurred

with these injuries would be just an estimation. The costs for both major and minor

accidents combined are Php 18,000 in 2016, Php 25,000 in 2017, Php33, 000 in 2018, and

Php20, 000 for midyear 2019. This implies that an accident of an employee is a loss for the

company. In line with this, the researchers decided to propose a safety program that would

engage in both the commitment of management and involvement of workers. Analysis and

evaluation of the existing workplace of the Cooperative would allow the researchers to

identify hazards and risks in the workplace.

According to Perfecto S. Sison (1991), one of the activities of Safety Program is

maintenance and healthful work environment.

 7

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study was to propose an Occupational Safety Program

in Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative and to identify the hazards through analysis of

existing workplace condition applicable, specifically in the Production Area and Office

Area.

Specific Objectives

1. To analyze and evaluate the existing condition of BEPCO in terms of:

1.1 Safety Signage

1.2 Equipment, machinery, and plant

1.2.1 Confined Spaces in terms of Storage Area

1.2.2 Machine Guarding

1.3 Materials

1.3.1 Housekeeping

1.3.2 Material handling

1.4 The environment

1.4.1 Physical Hazards

1.4.1.1. Lighting

1.4.1.2. Noise

1.4.1.3. Ventilation
 8

1.4.1.4. Temperature

1.4.2 Chemical Hazards

1.4.3 Electrical Hazards

1.4.4 Ergonomic Hazards

1.4.5 Biological Hazards

1.4.6 Psychological Hazards

1.5 Emergency Preparedness and Response

1.5.1 Power Shut-down

1.5.2 Evacuation

1.5.3 Extreme Weather Conditions

2. To identify the hazards in the workplace.

3. To design a safety program in order to address the hazards and occurrence of injuries

and accidents.

4. To measure and know the benefits of the safety program.

Significance of the Study

The identification and proposal of Occupational Safety Program was conducted in

Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas. This program would
 9

help to reduce the risks of having injuries and accidents that could result in efficient and

productive work environment.

The study would be beneficial to the company for their safety needs in the

workplace. Provision of safety program would allow them to have workplace awareness

and follow safety rules and procedures.

The study would benefit the contractors and customers for they would see the

importance and practice of safety of every worker that would give them satisfaction and

trust not just the product but the service as well.

The study would benefit the researchers in a way that it would give them a greater

understanding and knowledge of providing Safety Program in every organization. The

researchers would also know more about the OSHA standards and apply it in different

situations.

Finally, the study could benefit the future researchers; this may serve as a reference

for their own studies.

Scope and Limitations

The study focused on the identification and proposal of Occupational Safety

Program of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas. The

research covered the safety procedures and policies that were appropriate to the hazards

and risks of the organization's work activities. It includes a commitment to protect, as far
 10

as reasonably attainable to its employees, members, and customers from safety risks

associated with its activities.

The study involved the office and production area. The study was done through the

utilization of questionnaires, checklists and observations that served as a reference in

evaluating the safety and health of the workplace. This helped identify and design a

program that would benefit the entire organization. The program conformed to the

standards of safety.

Definition of Terms

The following terms along with a description were applicable in the study of

Occupational Safety Program of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in Barangay Don

Luis, San Jose, Batangas.

Accident is an unplanned or uncontrolled event that typically results in damage or

injuries during office works and in the production of liquid eggs up to the delivery

to the customers.

Egg Producers Industry is a sector of agricultural industry where different products

such as liquid eggs are processed and sold for the convenience of the customers.

Hazard is a condition with the potential for causing injury to personnel, damage to

equipment or structures, loss of materials, or lessening the ability to perform a

 11

prescribed function.

Health is the general condition of the body and state of the mind that influence the

efficiency and effectivity of workers in Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative.

HIRA Checklist is a checklist used to identify hazards in the workplace and take

countermeasures to address the hazards.

Injury is an act that damages or hurt a worker due to manual handling of materials,

poorly arranged workplace and environmental hazards.

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on

preventing occupational illnesses and injuries that provides awareness about

safety and health.

Risk Matrix is used as a basis of identifying the risk of a hazards based on their

likelihood and consequences.

Safety is the condition of being safe from hurt, injury, or loss inside and outside the

workplace that enables the workers to perform the tasks effectively.

Safety Program consist of policies, regulations and implementations to

prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and
 12

financial hardship, these events can cause for workers, their families, and

employers.

Total Recordable Incident Rate useful for comparing working conditions in workplaces

and industries. It is calculated by combining the actual number of safety incidents

and total work hours of all employees with a standard employee group (100

employees working 40 hours a week for 50 weeks a year).

Workplace Environment a place where the procurements, operations, processes,

packaging, and delivery of the egg products take place. It is where the workers

experience different sensations while performing the tasks.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of related literature has been gathered to present the relevant

information and current situation regarding the safety present in the work environment of

Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in Barangay Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas. It

awakened the awareness and interest of the researchers concerning the subject tackled.

Workplace Accident and Injuries

Workplace accidents are a significant global issue. A major concern of the safety

at work is preventing accidents at work. Heinrich in the 1930s, defines accident as an

unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction of an object, substance,

person or radiation results in personal injury or the probability thereof. It suggests that such

type of accidents cannot be controlled. However, when the causes are determined, it is

usually found that many events were predictable and could have been prevented.

Based from the article released by Philippine Statistics Authority on December 27,

2017, a survey conducted by Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE) and

shows that the number of occupational accidents reached a total of 44,739 in 2015, a
 14

decline of 5.7 percent from 47,440 accidents reported in 2013. Despite the decrease, the

resulting occupational injuries as an aftermath of these occupational accidents in 2015 grew

by 3.8 percent from 49,118 in 2013 to 50,961. Across industries, manufacturing accounted

for the highest shares of total occupational injuries at 50.4 percent.

A study published in the July 2015 issue of the Journal of Occupational and

Environmental Medicine (JOEM), the official publication of American College of

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, confirms that workers involved in the modern

food industry are at higher risk of injury and death than those in other industries. The

researchers used a farm-to-table model that considered five major industry pathways and

processes namely, food production, processing, distribution, storage, and retail. The study's

findings may help in targeting specific workplace hazards across the industry, reports Kira

L. Newman, BA, of Emory University and her colleagues. They analyzed US Bureau of

Labor Statistics’ occupational morbidity and mortality data in food-related industries from

2008 to 2010.

The common causes of workplace injuries in the food industries includes the

handling of tools, the operation of machines, overexertion, and collisions with moving or

stationary objects and falls or slips in the workplace are the major causes of injuries in the

sector. Other causes of injuries which are frequently reported include the handling of

chemical substances or hot materials and parts of the body being trapped in machine.
 15

Accidents Causation

Some of the earliest research on accident causation was done by Heinrich in the

1920s. Based on his analysis of 75,000 industrial accidents, Heinrich concluded that 88%

of the accidents were caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by

unpreventable cause. His conclusion that 98% of accidents are potentially preventable by

eliminating unsafe acts and conditions was a major departure from the prevailing opinion

that industrial accidents were unavoidable cost of progress and set the stage for a whole

host of approaches for accident prevention.

Safety Management

There are many processes and tools used in safety management. Most of the

processes used to manage safety aim to eliminate or control costs and the exposure of

people to harm. According to Easter K., et al (2004), safety management has two forms:

risk management and loss control. A systems approach to risk management looks closely

at areas within the workplace through the following steps.

Step one: One of the first practical steps that can be taken with risk management is

to consider the work systems within an organization and then at each department level.

Work systems include all the components required to perform a particular function, for

example:

• Human resources – people

• Equipment – tools, plant

 16

• Environment – physical surroundings, lighting

• Procedures – the way or method in which work is carried out

• Supervision – control, steering

All of these components are required to function together; however, if a risk or

subsequently a failure occurs in any one area, efficiency is reduced and loss occurs.

Risks associated with the above example may include:

• Equipment not regularly serviced or maintained

• Ineffective safe operating procedures

• Manual handling risks

• Floor surface, e.g. slippery

• People not properly trained.

Step two: Identify the work areas or departments within an organization. An

organization may, depending upon its structure, include these six areas:

Office Shop floor

Stores Dispatch

Maintenance On the road

Once the work areas and work systems have been established, risks may be

identified using this grouped approach.

Step three: Risks may be identified through employee identification, safety inspections,

analysis or accident statistics, and near miss incident audits, checklists and reports.
 17

This is not an exhaustive list. Once risks are identified, review the process involved

from Step 1, within the selected department (Step 2), then evaluate and apply risk control

principles in consultation with the department supervisor, employees and health and safety

representatives.

Major areas of risk in an organization may be divided into:

• Employees and management

• Equipment, machinery and plant

• Materials

• The environment

• Work practices

Employees and management

Management failure in the work system can take various forms. Therefore,

consideration should be given in the preparation and implementation of such a system to

the following:

• Formalized procedures and correct use of PPE

• Enforcement of the health and safety policy and rules

• Regular reviews of all written systems of work

• Establishment of health and safety committees and election, where law provides,

of health and safety representatives

• Industrial relations

• Adequate training and instruction

• Safe plant and equipment

 18

• Clear and effective communication pathways

• Checks that procedures are followed and review of these on a regular basis

• On-going education and training

• Competent supervision.

Equipment, machinery, and plant

As employees are often in direct or indirect contact with items of equipment,

machinery or plant, questions that need to be asked are:

• Is there adequate guarding on all plant and equipment?

• Is equipment used for its designed purpose?

• Is equipment regularly maintained?

• Do selection criteria for equipment meet standards and legislative requirements?

• Is there a safe working procedure documented and practiced with plant, machinery

and equipment?

• Has consideration been given to the ergonomic principle of fitting the task to the

person?

Materials

Material handling and processing may involve risks such as manual handling, thermal

conditions and dust exposure. In consideration of this, risks may be associated with the:

• Poor selection of materials

• Work practices unsuited to the materials

• Poor housekeeping

• Poor cleaning, handling and disposal of waste.

 19

The environment

The setting in which we work presents hazards which can be grouped into six main

categories:

• Chemical – risks from dust, fumes and vapours or flammable, corrosive, irritant,

carcinogenic or teratogenic substances

• Physical – lighting (inadequate lighting to attend to tasks), noise (hearing damage

from loud noise), radiation, temperature (temperature extremes, e.g. too hot or

cold), gravitational, hydraulic, kinetic (moving parts) energy or stored energy (e.g.

springs, flywheel), poor layout, lack of storage, poor housekeeping

• Biological – waste disposal, syringes, animal-borne diseases, cooling towers

• Ergonomic – floor surfaces (floor surfaces that are slippery or hard), poorly

designed work stations (e.g. for VDUs)

• Electrical – wiring, tools, control panels, circuits, fuses, etc.

• Psychological – quality of work, fatigue, pace and length of work, quality of

management.

Work practices

Work practices are the way in which tasks or procedures are carried out. It is not

only the physical aspects of work practices which may present a risk but also the layout of

the work areas. Work practice problems include:

• Bad timing with process

• Safe work procedures may not be adhered to or developed

• Work schedules may result in employees rushing

 20

• Poor ergonomic design of work stations

• Inadequate storage space and housekeeping problems

• Lack of job rotation

• Repetitive actions in individual work tasks.

Hazard

Hazard present in the work environment can have a significant effect on the

productivity, safety and health, worker satisfaction, and employee turnover. Dirty,

cluttered, poorly organized work, traffic, and storage areas are some common problems.

Other potential concerns include exposure to hazardous materials, temperature extremes,

inadequate lighting, or noise levels. Addressing these issues requires knowledge of how

environmental conditions impact people, assessment methods, and a toolbox of solution.

Engineering solutions which involve altering the environment are the most fundamental

approach but are often expensive. Less expensive solution includes administrative control,

such as job rotation, rest breaks, and employee selection, as well as implementing better

methods of housekeeping. Providing protective equipment and clothing is another potential

solution in some situations.

According to Tomoda, S. (1993), highly diversified activities are evident in food and

drink industries, thus making them more prone to hazards in the work place. One of the

common factors shared by all branches of the food and drink industries is that they are

required to follow strict health and hygiene standards, since their products can affect the

health of consumers. At the initial stage of food processing, raw materials must be

thoroughly washed, while workers have to observe personal hygiene rules, such as the
 21

washing of hands. The constant use of water in the workplace also means that the floor is

likely to be wet, with a consequent increase in the risk of falling and slipping. Another

common feature of the industries is that they are engaged in the processing and

transformation of raw materials, such as meat, poultry and seafood, which spoil easily

unless processed quickly at a low temperature. In these branches, workers often have to

perform their tasks in a refrigerated room, often standing for long hours. The fact that the

same task is performed repeatedly at low temperatures also increases the risk of strains,

particularly of the elbow and wrist. In some cases, workers have to enter freezing rooms

when handling raw materials, such as carcasses. These workers are likely to suffer from

respiratory disorders, frostbite, and rheumatic disorders. Other workers have to operate in

a high temperature environment. Many products are now given a higher added value

through processes involving heat, such as roasting, drying, boiling and baking. Workers in

high temperature environments are exposed to the risk of burns. Another activity that poses

the same level of hazard is that workers often use sharp and dangerous hand tools to process

various raw materials.

Risk

Easter K., et al (2004) defined risk as the combination of the likelihood that a hazard

will actually result in an accident. HSE in the publication of Essentials of health and safety

at work Fourth Edition (2006), also defined risk as is the chance (big or small) of harm

being done, as well as how serious that harm could be. It is not expected to eliminate all
 22

risks but rather make sure to know about the main risks that affect the company, and what

is needed to do to manage them responsibly.

Confined Space in terms of Storage Area

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (2017) defines confined space

as a fully or partially enclosed space that is limited for access to egress and ingress that can

complicate first aid, rescue, evacuation, or other emergency response activities. It can

represent a risk for the safety of anyone who enters, due its design, construction, location

or atmosphere, the materials or substances in it, work activities being carried out in it, or

the mechanical, process and safety hazards present. Examples of confined spaces are

tunnels, wells, manholes, cold storage, silos, tanks, vaults, etc. All hazards found in a

regular working space are also found in a confined space but they could be more hazardous.

These hazards could include poor air quality, chemical exposures, fire hazard, shifting or

collapsing of bulk material, and exposure to biohazards such as viruses and bacteria from

fungi or molds.

Machine Guarding

Machine-related injuries such as crushed fingers or hands, lacerations and severed

fingers and limbs are due to moving machine parts during operation. Machine guarding

plays a significant role in protecting workers from the occurrence of injuries. University of

California, Santa Barbara (2018) classifies thee basic types of hazards. This includes

hazardous motions, points of operation, and pinch points and shear operation. Hazardous

motions are those injuries that may occur from rotating machines. Points of operation are

those machines which cuts, shapes, or bend the stock being processed through it. Lastly,
 23

the Pinch point and shear points are those areas where a part of the body of clothing could

be caught between a moving part and stationary object.

There are also non-mechanical hazards that can injure machine operators or

personnel working in the vicinity of machinery. These hazards include splashes, sparks or

sprays that are created when the machine is operating. These hazards can be prevented

through the use of machine guarding and wearing/use of required personal protective

equipment (PPE).

Safety Signage

Safety signage play a very important role in a facility of an organization. It helps

employees to be aware of hazardous materials and instruct them for emergency situations.

Examples of safety signage are danger signs, warning signs, hazardous substances signs,

electrical hazard signs, etc. They appear as signboard or stickers in a variety of color which

corresponds to how critical a hazard could be.

Housekeeping

Martinson (n.d) defines effective housekeeping as not just cleanliness. Rather, it

includes keeping work areas neat and orderly, maintaining halls and floors free of slip and

trip hazards, and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards

from work area. It is an on-going operation: it is not a one-time or hit-and-miss clean-up

done occasionally. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2018) enumerates

the elements of an effective housekeeping program which include maintenance, dust and

dirt removal, employee facilities, surfaces, maintaining light fixtures, aisles and stairways,

spill control, tools and equipment, waste disposal, and storage.

 24

Types of Hazards

The following are the classifications of hazards that can be seen and experienced in

the work place. These hazards are the reasons for the occurrence of accidents and injuries

in the workplace.

Physical Hazards

Australian Government Comcare (2020) defined physical hazard as a factor of

environment that can harm the body without necessarily touching it. Environmental

dangers include: lighting, noise, ventilation, and temperature.

Lighting

Hayward, T. (2015) defined lighting at work as a very important consideration to

the health and safety of everyone using the workplace. Poor lighting can not only affect the

health of people at work causing symptoms like eyestrain, migraine and headaches, but it

is also linked to Sick Building Syndrome in new and refurbished buildings. Symptoms of

this include headaches, lethargy, irritability and poor concentration. Poor lighting at work

can represent a significant cost to business in the form of: time off work as a result of

accidents and injuries; increased absenteeism; reduced staff efficiency and productivity.

Noise

Work Health and Safety (Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work)

Code of Practice (2015), defined hazardous noise as a physical hazard which can destroy
 25

the ability to hear clearly and can also make it more difficult to hear sounds necessary for

working safely, such as instructions or warning signals.

Noise at levels that do not damage hearing can have other adverse health effects.

This can arise when noise chronically interferes with concentration and communication.

Persistent noise stress can increase the risk of fatigue and cardiovascular disorders

including high blood pressure and heart disease.

Ventilation and Temperature

According to an article about ventilation by Durham (2019), the Workplace

(Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (1992) states that workplaces need to be

adequately ventilated in the proper manner by which clean air is drawn from an external

source outside of the workplace and circulated throughout the building. In addition to this,

companies also need to ensure that their workplaces are maintained at an appropriate

temperature. General guidelines are that workplaces should be kept at a temperature of at

least 16⁰ C (61⁰ F) where most of the work is sedentary and at least 13⁰ C (55⁰ F), where

the work involves more of a physical exertion.

Chemical Hazards

Chemical hazards are caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace which can

cause acute or long-term detrimental health effects. Some chemicals present in BEPCO are

Ammonia, Chlorine, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid. Depending on

 26

chemical, the hazards involved may vary, thus it is important to know and apply the PPE

especially in laboratory rooms.

Electrical Hazards

An electric hazard is a dangerous condition where a worker can or does make

electrical contact with energized equipment or conductor. Electrical hazards have injured

an average of 4,000 workers and have claimed 300 lives per year according to Electrical

Safety Foundation (2015). The most common electric hazards found in the workplace are

overhead power lines, damaged tools and equipment, inadequate wiring and overloaded

circuits, exposed electrical parts, improper grounding, damaged insulation, and wet

conditions.

Ergonomic Hazards

Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and

systems so that they fit the people who use them. Ergonomics applies to the design of

anything that involves people – workspaces, sports and leisure, health and safety.

According to Ross (1994) poor workplace design, awkward body mechanics or postures,

repetitive movements, and other ergonomic hazards induce or contribute to a staggering

number of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) which affects hands, wrists, elbows, arms,

shoulders, the lower back, and the cervical spine area.

Biological Hazards

Biological hazard, which is also known as “biohazard” refers to those that has the

potential to be passed from person to person. The source of these is organism or substances
 27

produced by an organism that may pose a threat to human health. Examples of biohazards

are human blood and blood products, animal waste, human body fluids, microbiological

wastes, pathological waste, and sharps waste.

Psychological Hazards

Psychological hazards are those that can affect the mental health of a worker by

overwhelming coping mechanisms and impacting the ability to work in a healthy and safe

manner. They are often due to both organizational factors (e.g., workplace violence, work

isolation, fatigue, long hours of work, etc.) and personal factors (e.g., age-related, work-

life conflict, and mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, etc).

Emergency Preparedness and Response

According to Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2018), “an

emergency plan specifies procedures for handling sudden or unexpected situations”. A

workplace emergency is an occurrence of situations in which the lives of people, properties,

companies, and customers are at stake. Emergencies may be in a form of natural or man-

made that causes disruptions and damages. Natural emergencies may be in the form of

natural phenomenon such as typhoon, tornado, hurricane, blizzards, and earthquake. Man-

made emergencies may be in the form of chemical spills, disease outbreaks, and power

loss.

Preparedness for emergencies is the process of responding to the natural or man-

made risks faced by an organization for their capability to respond and recover from such
 28

emergencies. Some types of emergency preparedness plans are for evacuation, extreme

weather conditions, and extended power loss.

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA)

Based from the book by the CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety) (2011),

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) is a collective term that encompasses all

activities involved in identifying hazards and evaluating risk at facilities, throughout their

life cycle, to make certain that risks to employees, the public, or the environment are

consistently controlled within the organization’s risk tolerance. It addresses three main risk

questions to a level of detail commensurate with analysis objectives, life cycle stage,

available information, and resources.

The three main risk questions are:

 Hazard – What can go wrong?

 Consequences – How bad could it be?

 Likelihood – How often might it happen?”

To manage risk, hazards must first be identified, and then the risks should be evaluated

and determined to be tolerable or not.

According to Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis Workbook (Emergency

Management Ontario, 2012), there are four steps to create and maintain HIRA. Which

includes Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Analysis, and Monitor and Review

shown in Figure 1.
 29

Figure 1. Steps in Hazard Identification

First is the Hazard Identification in which the hazards are to be reviewed and find

the possible causes of it. Second is the Risk Assessment where the hazard is examined. The

hazards are inspected for the possibility of its occurrence and its impact on the people and

the working environment. Next step is the Risk Analysis. The information gathered from

the risk assessment step will be analyzed in this step. The result of the risk analysis is the

ranking of hazards which will be the priority of making management program. The final

step is the monitoring and review for the continuous examination of hazards and their

associated risk.

Hazard Identification, Assessment, and Control

Hazard identification and elimination is not only an inherent responsibility of

supervision in providing a safe workplace for employees, but also requires employee
 30

involvement. As such, hazard evaluation and control shall be an on-going concern for all.

It is the responsibility of everyone (management, supervisors and all employees) to

identify, report, and correct, all possible hazards. Employees are particularly important in

this process because they are in the best position to identify hazards in the workplace and

day-to-day operations. Reporting hazards is a protected activity and no action will be taken

against anyone for identifying unsafe conditions. Reports should be made to the safety

manager or supervisor for appropriate action.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost-Benefit Analysis is defined as a methodology for valuing costs and benefits

that enables broad comparisons to be made (Snell, 1997) and imposes the appropriate

framework that prescribes classes of benefits and costs to consider, means to measure them,

and approaches of aggregating them (Pearce, 1988).

Benefit-Cost (B-C) Ratio Method is indicator showing the relationship between the

relative costs and benefits of a proposed project, expressed in monetary or qualitative

terms. If a project is greater than 1.0, the project is expected to deliver a positive net present

value to a firm. On the other hand, if a project’s B-C is less than 1.0, the project’s costs

outweigh the benefits and it should not be considered.

𝑃𝑉(𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡)

B−C=
𝑃𝑉(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡)
 31

Safety and Health Program

According to LaTourrette & Mendeloff (2008), it was in 1998 when the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) began developing a standard that

require all workplaces to establish a “safety and health program.” The creation of safety

and health program in an organization affects all aspects of work both in low hazard and

high hazard organizations. The program complements regulations targeting specific

hazards by focusing on general management and organizational systems, with the intention

of promoting safety. An effective program includes provisions for the systematic

identification, evaluation, and prevention or control of general workplace hazards, specific

job hazards, and potential hazards that may arise from foreseeable conditions (OSHA,

1989).

Benefits of Occupational Safety Program

Implementing safety program can be expected to reduce fatalities, injuries, and

illnesses. This will result in cost savings in a variety of areas, such as lowering workers’

compensation costs and medical expenses, avoiding OSHA penalties and reducing costs in

accident investigations.

According to ASSE and OSHA, workplaces can reduce injury and illness costs by

20% to 40% by establishing safety management. Workplace safety programs also decrease

absenteeism and faulty products.

According to Michael W. Thompson, ASSE President (2018), an effective

management and implementation of safety program adds significant value to individual by

 32

reducing the likelihood of having injuries. Investing safety to people, property, and

environment is an advantage for businesses.

OSHA states that employers will discover that implementing safety and health program in

the workplace bring benefits such as:

 Prevent workplace injuries and illnesses

 Improve compliance with laws and regulations

 Reduce costs, including significant reductions in workers' compensation premiums

 Engage workers

 Enhance their social responsibility goals

Increase productivity and enhance overall business operations

Related Studies

Based from a research study by L. Mehra (2018 pp. 61-69), he suggested that health

and safety is positively related to commitment. The study aimed to establish the effects of

safety program on employees’ commitment. Of 559 respondents including both males and

females from organizations operating in India and the results revealed that there is a

positive relationship between health and safety programs and employees’ commitment.

The results demonstrate that the implementation of health and safety culture in an

organization leads to positive employee outcomes. Several studies have underlined the

similar findings. For instance, Dwomoh et al. (2013) as cited by L. Mehra (2018) asserted

that occupational health and safety policies foster employees’ performance. Further, Foot
 33

and Hook (2008) as cited by L. Mehra (2018) also highlighted that a successful integration

of health surveillance program can help in reducing hazards and ensuring safety work

environment simultaneously which thereby leads high productive employees.

Developing Accident Avoidance Program in a Workplace

According to a study by Shamsuddin et al. (2014), an effective safety program is

effective must demonstrate effective management leadership, worker participation,

continual improvement, evaluation, integration, and management review in the workplace.

The paper aimed to design the accident avoidance program to improve the safety as well

as health in manufacturing environment. Accident in workplace often happen as a result of

neglecting the precautionary measures in the competitive market where advanced

technologies, intensive exploitation of resources, the increasing of natural and technical

threats which resulting in lower economic growth rate (Spilka, 2010).

Workplace accident prevention programs are proactive processes which will

substantially reduce the amount in numbers and severity of workplace injuries and illnesses

and may alleviate the associated financial burdens on workplaces. These systematic

programs allow employers and workers to collaborate on an ongoing basis to find and fix

workplace hazards before workers are hurt or become ill. This kind of programs can

provide the basis for breakthrough changes within the way employers and their workers

identify and control hazards, resulting in a significantly improved workplace health and

safety environment. Adoption of a workplace accident prevention program will result in

workers’ reduced suffering from injuries, illnesses and fatalities. In addition, employers

will improve their compliance with existing standards and experience the financial benefits
 34

of a safer and healthier workplace. There are few steps to develop a good accident

prevention program, it includes developing management leadership and commitment,

worker participation, hazard identification and assessment, hazard prevention and control,

education and training and program evaluation and improvement.

 35

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm that guided the study “Occupational Safety Program of

Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in Barangay Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas” is shown

in Figure 2.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Hazard
Evaluation of
Identification and
Existing Occupational
Risk Assessment
Workplace Safety Program
(HIRA)
Condition of of Batangas Egg
Batangas Egg Cost-Benefit Producers
Producers Analysis Cooperative
Cooperative

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of Occupational Safety Program

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented and discussed the procedures that the researchers had

followed in conducting the study. It also described the research design, variables of the

study, sources of data, respondents, research instrument, and data gathering and procedure.

Research Design

The researchers employed the descriptive type of research in conducting the study.

This identified the factors in the workplace that needs improvement on safety. The

researchers seek the necessary data and information through unstructured interview dealing

mostly with the safety through the use of checklists. An observation was also conducted in

the workplace in order to gain information and analyze the safety condition of the

cooperative.

Variables of the Study

In this study, two variables that showed the relationship from one another were

identified: the independent variable and dependent variable. The independent variable was

the existing workplace conditions of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative, particularly the
 37

office and production area, such as the factors that may affect the safety of the workers

while the dependent variable was the occupational safety program.

Sources of Data

The researchers used both primary and secondary data in conducting the study.

Primary sources of data included the key informants which is the management of BEPCO.

These data were collected through observations, unstructured questionnaires, and personal

interviews. Secondary data sources were collected based from the technical documents and

records of BEPCO, published books, journal articles, studies, and the internet that tackles

about safety in the workplace.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the management, the part time safety officer,

and the workers inside the Cooperative which includes the Production Area and Office

Administration. The respondents were interviewed and asked questions about the current

condition of the workplace safety.

Research Instrument

The researchers used checklists such as Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

(HIRA) checklist to evaluate the workplace condition. The checklist helped in determining

the different hazards present in the workplace. The HIRA is composed of four stages

namely, Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Analysis, Monitor and Review that

helped in evaluating the existing condition of workplace safety.

 38

The item in the HIRA checklist were marked with a check () in the column with

the conformance to the answer. The three columns included are YES, NO, N/A (Not

Applicable). Table 3.1 shows the relationship between the likelihood and consequence that

helped to determine the risk level.

For the Risk Scoring, Table 3.2 was the basis for consequence and likelihood. The

Risk Assessment is the matrix for the scoring. For the Risk Level, there is corresponding

range for the risk score that determines if it is Low, Moderate, High, and Extreme.

In the evaluation of the proposed Occupational Safety Program, the researchers

used the Cost-Benefit Analysis in order to know the effectiveness of the program.

Table 3.1 Risk Assessment Matrix (Score = Consequence x Likelihood)

Likelihood

5
1 2 3 4
Almost
Rare Unlikely Possible Likely
Certain
5
5 10 15 20 25
Catastrophic
4
4 8 12 16 20
Major
Consequen 3
3 6 9 12 15
ce Moderate
2
2 4 6 8 10
Minor
1
1 2 3 4 5
Negligible
Source: National Patient Safety Agency (NHS) (Date: January 2008 www.npsa.nhs.uk)
 39

For grading risk, the scores obtained from the risk matrix are assigned grades as

follows:

Table 3.1 Continued…

Score Risk Level

1 to 3 Low

4 to 6 Moderate

8 to 12 High

15 to 25 Extreme

Table 3.2 Consequence Scores and Likelihood Scores

Consequence
Minimal injury requiring no/minimal intervention or treatment ; No
1 Negligible
time off work
Minor injury or illness, requiring minor intervention; Requiring time
2 Minor
off work for <3 days; Increase in length of hospital stay by 1–3 days
Moderate injury requiring professional intervention; Requiring time
off work for 4–14 days; Increase in length of hospital stay by 4–15
3 Moderate
days; RIDDOR/agency reportable incident; An event which impacts
on a small number of patients
Major injury leading to long term incapacity/disability; Requiring
4 Major time off work for >14 days; Increase in length of hospital stay by >15
days; Mismanagement of patient care with long-term effects
5 Incident leading to death; Multiple permanent injuries or irreversible
Catastrophic health effects; An event which impacts on a large number of patients
 40

Table 3.2 Continued…

Likelihood

1 Rare This will probably never happen/recur (<0.10 per cent)

Do not expect it to happen/recur but it is possible it may do so (0.1-1

2 Unlikely
per cent)

3 Possible Might happen or recur occasionally (1-10 per cent)

Will probably happen/recur but it is not a persisting issue (10-50 per
4 Likely
cent)
5 Almost
Will undoubtedly happen/recur, possibly frequently (>50 per cent)
certain
Source: National Patient Safety Agency (NHS) (Date: January 2008 www.npsa.nhs.uk)

Table 3.2 shows a guide in determining the consequence score and likelihood score.

Data Gathering Procedure

1. The researchers requested for permission to conduct research through email which

is addressed to the Cooperative Manager of the company.

2. The approval to conduct research was received and an appointment for observation

and interview was scheduled.

3. The researchers prepared interview questionnaires to gather both primary and

secondary data necessary for the study from the company.

4. The researchers presented the topic to the manager related to the existing condition

of the cooperative.
 41

5. The research adviser was consulted regarding the opportunity for improvements.

The researchers gathered and read literatures.

6. The researchers conducted an observation and used the Hazard Identification

checklist to analyze the existing condition of the Batangas Egg Producers

Cooperative.

7. The information gathered by researchers was analyzed.

8. The data were summarized and tabulated.

9. The data were interpreted.

10. The researchers made the Occupational Safety Program for the cooperative

11. The researchers used cost benefit analysis to evaluate the cost and benefits of the

program.

12. The results and recommendations were finalized.

 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The following were the results of the data gathered that was needed to analyze the

study. Results were based on the HIRA checklist conducted on Batangas Egg Producers

Cooperative. The risk score and risk level were based on the Risk Matrix shown in Table

3.1.

4.1 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO

4.1.1 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO: Office Area

Table 4.1.1.1 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Safety Signage in Office Area

Risk
Score Risk
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments
(C x Level
L)
1.0 Safety Signage
1.1 External/Building
Entrance
Is your assembly point No signage
clearly identified and in a  for assembly 12 High
safe location? point
 No signage
If a visitor leaves via a
for the
rear/side fire exit door,
location of 12 High
can they find their way to
assembly
the assembly point?
point
 43

 There was
no
Is the designated smoking
designated 12 High
area clearly defined?
smoking
area
 There was
Are people smoking no
outside of the entrance designated 12 High
rather than the designated smoking
smoking area? area
Can the roof and skylights 
hold the weight of an
average human?
Are fragile roof signs 
clearly visible?
If CCTV is in use, are 
No CCTV in
signs clearly visible and
the office 6 Moderate
details of the operator
area
displayed?
 The marks
were faded
Are parking bays clearly and there
12 High
marked? were no
parking
signs
Is parking available near  No parking
to the entrance for signs for 12 High
disabled visitors? PWD
Do visitors know how to  No visible
get to the reception/goods signs for 12 High
in/car park etc? parking
Are there any areas  No visible
outside the building that signs for no 12 High
are strictly no parking? parking
1.2 Reception Area,
Corridors, and Stairs
Are fire extinguishers No fire
present in the reception extinguishers
area?  located in 12 High
the reception
area
 44

Is fire extinguisher visible  No fire

from distance and from extinguishers
all areas of the room? located in 12 High
the reception
area
Can visitors easily locate  No signs for
toilets? directing 4 Moderate
toilet
Do ‘wash hands’ signs  Signage for
currently appear in wash hands
washrooms? were
provided
Are toilets inspected  Toilets were
regularly? kept clean
daily
Does the building display  No provision
at least one updated of safety and
10 High
Safety and Health poster? health
posters
Does every fire alarm call  No signage
point have a fire action for fire
notice above it? action notice 12 High
above fire
alarm
Are customers, visitors No visible
and staffs aware of areas signs for
 12 High
they are restricted from restricted
entering? area
There was
Is there fire exit sign with
no fire exit
an arrow pointing
 in the 12 High
upwards above each fire
reception
door?
area
1.3 Administrative
Office Area
 Use of
Are mobile phones
mobile
allowed in the office
phones were
area?
allowed
 Foods and
Is food or drink allowed
drinks were
in the office area?
allowed
 45

Is a fire exit visible in the  There were

area? two fire exits
Are safety instructions  No visible
visible and available safety
whenever safety instructions 10 High
instructions and for
reminders are needed? employees
Is there fire exit sign with 
an arrow pointing There was
12 High
upwards above each fire no fire exit
door?

Table 4.1.1.1 shows the result of the checklist on Safety Signage in the existing

condition of the Office Area, which includes the External/Building Entrance, Reception

Area, Corridors, and the Administrative Office Area. This Frequency and Risk Level shows

that the lack in the provision of Safety Signage in the areas of External/Building Entrance,

Reception Areas, Corridors, and Stairs have the most High-Risk Level. Meanwhile the

High-Risk level was found on the lack of Safety Signage and the provision of fire exit in

Administrative Office Area.

 46

Table 4.1.1.2 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Materials in Office Area

Risk
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score Risk Level
(C x L)

2.0 Materials
2.1 Housekeeping
Files were
cluttered
Are all work areas clean
 above the 12 High
and orderly?
table of the
employees
Are all toilets and 
washing facilities clean
and sanitary?
Are aisles and 
passageways kept clear?
Are standard stair rails or 
handrails on all stairways
having four or more
risers?
 The stairs
Are all stairways at least
were 36''
22'' wide?
wide
 Overhead
Do stairs have at least a clearance
6'6" overhead clearance? up to
ceiling
Are step risers on stairs 
uniform from top to
bottom, with no riser
spacing greater than 7-
1/2 inches?
Are steps on stairs and 
Steps on
stairways designed or
stairs have
provided with a surface
slip-
that renders them slip
resistant
resistant?
 47

Is material on elevated 
surfaces piled, stacked or
Files were
racked in a manner to
stored in
prevent it from tipping,
an open
falling,
cabinet
collapsing, rolling or
spreading?
Are lamps or light  Lights
sources clean and provide were
adequate illumination for cleaned
working? regularly
They were
Are emergency
not easily
equipment (e.g., fire
seen
extinguishers, first aid  12 High
around the
kits) placed around where
working
it can be easily seen?
area
 The tiles
Are floors (e.g., tiles,
were in
boards, and carpet) in
good
good condition?
condition
 Files were
Are stacked materials
stored in
placed on a flat and firm
an open
foundation?
cabinet
There were
bins but
Are there proper waste
the
bins for general waste,
recyclable
recyclable waste, and so
 and non- 10 High
on provided at work areas
recyclable
to facilitate responsible
waste bins
disposal?
were not
provided

Table 4.1.1.2 shows the result of the checklist on Materials in the existing condition

of the Office Area, which includes the Housekeeping. The risk score and risk level shows

that most of considerations were in High Risk and needs to be implemented with safety

control measures.
 48

Table 4.1.1.3 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Environment in Office Area

Risk
N/ Score
No. Item Inspected Yes No Comments Risk Level
A (C x
L)
3.0 Environment
3.1 Physical Hazards
3.1.1 Lighting
Is all work areas 
adequately
illuminated?
Are lighting levels 
appropriate for work
tasks, location of work,
times when work is
performed and for
access?
Glares from
computers
Are glares minimized?  12 High
were
noticeable
 All lights
Are there no flickering were in
or expired lights? good
condition
Are lights properly 
positioned?
 There were
windows
Are natural light that were
provided in the area? enough to
provide
natural light
Are the standard 
intensity requirement
for lights being
followed?
 49

No
Are emergency lights
 emergency 12 High
provided?
lights
Is proper placement of

light considered?
Workers
complain of
Do workers complain
visual strain
of visual strains and/or  12 High
due to long
headaches?
exposure to
computer
Are computer monitors
No proper
positioned to reduce
position of
glare from various  12 High
some
sources (window,
computers
overhead lighting, etc.)
Are images clear and 
readable in the
computer monitor?
Are there blinds or 
curtains on windows?
3.1.2 Ventilation
Is adequate ventilation 
The offices
provided to ensure a
were all air-
supply of sufficient
conditioned
clean air?
Does the office have 
HVAC (Heat,
Ventilation, and Air-
Conditioning) System?
Is the HVAC system 
inspected at least
annually, and problems
corrected?
1.1.3.1.3 Temperature
Is the workplace
directly affected by

temperature of outdoor
environment?
Does the temperature 
of the workplace varies
from hot or cold?
 50

Does the air in the 

workplace feel hot?
3.2 Electrical Hazards
Are all employees 
required to report as
soon as practicable any
obvious hazard to life
or property observed in
connection with
electrical equipment or
lines?
Are portable electrical 
tools and equipment
grounded or of the
double insulated type?
 There was
grounding
Do extension cords conductor in
being used have a extension
grounding conductor? cords
 Extensions
Are multiple plug were being
adapters used? used
Are all temporary 
circuits protected by
suitable disconnecting
switches or plug
connectors at the
junction with
permanent wiring?
Are all cord, cable and 
raceway connections
intact and secure?

Are there no broken
plugs, sockets or
switches?
Are electrical 
enclosures such as
switches, receptacles,
junction boxes, etc.,
has tight-fitting covers
or plates?
 51

Are all cord, cable and 

raceway connections
intact and secure?
Are there no broken 
plugs, sockets or
switches?
Are electrical 
enclosures such as
switches, receptacles,
junction boxes, etc.,
provided with tight-
fitting covers
or plates?
3.3 Ergonomic
Hazards
Those
workers in
the office
 have long 12 High
Is the work performed exposure
without eyestrain or that leads to
glare to the employees? headache.
 No
Does the task require prolonged
1 Low
prolonged raising of raising of
the arms? the arms
 Working in
Do the neck and front of
shoulders does not computers 12 High
have to be stooped to was done
view the task? while sitting
 Workers
were
Are there no pressure required
points on any parts of straight 12 High
the body (wrists, hours of
forearms, back of sitting on
thighs)? plastic chair
Is the work done 
without twisting or
overly bending the
lower back?
 52

 Lunch
breaks and
Are there sufficient rest 30 minute
breaks, in addition to rest breaks
the regular rest breaks, were
to relieve stress from provided to
repetitive-motion the
tasks? employees
 Chairs made
Are all pieces of up of plastic
furniture adjusted, (not
positioned and ergonomical 8 High
arranged to minimize ly designed)
strain on all parts of the are used in
body? offices
 Chairs used
Are furniture and in the office
equipment such as were not
work benches or chairs adjustable 8 High
can be adjusted to suit (not
each worker while ergonomical
sitting or standing? ly designed)
 30-minutes
Do workers stand rest break
continuously for were
periods of more than provided to
30 minutes? the workers
Do workers not sit for 
period of more than 30
minutes without the
opportunity to stand or
move around freely?
3.4 Psychological
Hazards
Are there any signs of
work fatigue of
employees evident in Headaches
the work place (e.g. due to long
weariness, tiredness,  exposure to
sleepiness, irritability, computer in
headaches, and the office
increased susceptibility
to illness)?
 53

Is rotational shift work 

being practiced in the
workplace?
 There was
little
Are there processes for concern
3 Low
preventing workplace regarding
harassment and/or harassment
bullying? or bullying
Are there counselling  No available
and support services counselling
3 Low
available for affected and support
workers? services
 Every
employee in
every
Are workers working
department 3 Low
alone or in isolation?
always has a
fellow
worker

Table 4.1.1.3 shows the result of the checklist on Environment in the existing

condition of the Office Area, which includes Physical Hazards, Electrical Hazards,

Ergonomic Hazards, and Psychological Hazards. The Risk Score and Risk Level shows

High Risks were evident in Physical and Ergonomic Hazards.

 54

4.1.2 Analysis of Existing Condition of BEPCO’s Production Area

Table 4.1.2.1 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Safety Signage in Production Area

Risk
Score
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Risk Level
(C x
L)
1.0 Safety Signage
No visible
Are signs for not
signs for
allowing mobile
restricting
phones in the  6 Moderate
mobile phones
production area
in the
visible?
production area
Are signs for not No visible
allowing food or signs for
drinks in the  restricting food 6 Moderate
production area or drink in the
visible? production area
No signs or
Are all bins,
labels provided
equipment, racks
for identifying
and pallet easily  9 High
bins,
identified from
equipment,
one another?
racks and pallet
Is a fire exit
visible in the 
production area?
Are there warning No warning
signs for signs for
hazardous  hazardous 15 Extreme
devices/equipment equipment/devi
use in production? ces
No signage for
Are there cautions
 wet/slippery 15 Extreme
for wet floor?
floor
 55

Are safety
instructions visible
No safety
in the production
instruction sign
area? (wherever  15 Extreme
posted in the
safety instruction
production area
or reminders are
needed)
Do required tags
have a signal word
No required
of either Danger,  15 Extreme
tags posted
Caution, Hazard
symbol?
Do required tags
define the specific
hazardous There were no
condition or the required tags
 15 Extreme
instruction to be posted in
communicated, in production area
either words, or
pictures, or both?
Are signal words
readable from at There were no
least five feet, or  signal words 15 Extreme
further if the for hazards.
hazard warrants it?
Is the proper
color-coding of
tags observed?
No tags posted
(Red for Danger
 including the 15 Extreme
tag, Yellow for
color coding
Caution tag,
Orange for
Warning tag, etc)
Are there visible
signs for No signage in
trucks/vehicle the
 15 Extreme
drivers in the loading/unloadi
loading/unloading ng area
area?
 56

No two way
Are there two way mirrors
mirrors at blind  provided for 15 Extreme
corners? loading/unloadi
ng vehicles

Table 4.1.2.1 shows the result of the checklist on Safety Signage in the existing

condition of the Office Area of the Cooperative. The Risk Score and Risk Level show that

the lack in the provision of Safety Signage in the areas of production have resulted mostly

in Extreme Risk Level. Following the Extreme Risk was the Moderate Risk Levels

including the lack of provision of signage of mobile phone and food restrictions.
 57

Table 4.1.2.2 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Confined Space (Storage Area) in
Production Area

Risk
Risk
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(C x L)
Confined Spaces
2.0
(Storage Area)
Are confined spaces
thoroughly emptied
Hazardous
of any corrosive or
substances were
hazardous substances, 
cleaned before
such as acids or
the entry
caustics, before
entry?
Is adequate The light was
illumination provided adequate to
for the work to be  provide clear
performed in the view of the
confined space? surroundings
Is the atmosphere
inside the confined
space frequently

tested or continuously
monitor during
conduct of work?
Is either natural or
mechanical
ventilation provided 
prior to confined
space entry?
Is there an assigned 
safety standby
employee outside of
the confined space,
whose sole
responsibility is to
watch the work in
progress, sound alarm
if necessary, and
render assistance?
 58

In addition to the 
standby employee, is
there at least one
other trained rescuer
in the vicinity?
Are there trained First Aiders
personnel in First Aid were trained and

and CPR immediately present in the
available? vicinity
Is the confined space
First Aiders
checked for possible
were trained and
industrial waste, 
present in the
which could contain
vicinity
toxic properties?

Are pallets usually

Confined space
inspected before
was checked to
being loaded or 
remove toxic
moved?

Are confined spaces Cold Storage

 15 Extreme
in organized manner? were crowded

Table 4.1.2.2 shows the results of the checklist for Confined Space and Storage

which identifies the risk levels in each item. The results show that there was an Extreme

Risk Level of occurring in the Cold Storage and Filling areas where the products and

materials are stored.

 59

Table 4.1.2.3 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Machine Guarding in Production

Area

Risk
Risk
3.0 Machine Guarding Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
Is there a training
No training
program to instruct
program for safe
employees on safe  12 High
operation of
methods of machine
machine
operation?
Detailed
Is there adequate supervisions
supervision to considering safety
ensure that using machines
employees are  were not provided 12 High
following safe they just follow the
machine operating use of machines in
procedures? the process of
products
Is there a regular
Maintenance
program of safety
personnel uses
inspection of 
checklist for the
machinery and
machines
equipment?
Is all machinery and Hot water and
equipment kept detergents were

clean and properly used to clean the
maintained? machines
Is sufficient
clearance provided
around and between
machines to allow

for safe operations,
set up and servicing,
material handling
and waste removal?
 60

Is equipment and
machinery securely
placed and
Sharp edges of the
anchored, when
machines caused
necessary to prevent  15 Extreme
injuries such as cut,
tipping or other
scars, etc.
movement that
could result in
personal injury?
Is there a power
The position of the
shut-off switch
switch was far
within reach of the  9 High
from where the
operator's position at
operator’s position
each machine?
Can electrically Machines can be
power to each shut-down when
machine be locked  there is
out for maintenance, maintenance and
repair, or security? repair
Are manually
operated valves and
switches controlling
Operating valves
the operation of
 and switches were
equipment and
visible
machines clearly
identified and
readily accessible?
Emergency buttons
Are all emergency
were within the
stop buttons colored 
machines and color
red?
red
Are methods
provided to protect
the operator and
No provisions of
other employees in
procedures for
the machine area
addressing
from hazards  12 High
accidents from
created at the point
hazards involving
of operation,
machines
ingoing nip points,
rotating parts, flying
chips, and sparks?
 61

If special hand tools

are used for placing
and removing Hand gloves were

material, do they provided
protect the
operator's hands?
If machinery is
cleaned with
compressed air, is
air pressure
controlled and
Safety goggles for
personal protective
 eye protection were 12 High
equipment or other
not provided
safeguards used to
protect operators
and other workers
from eye and body
injury?
Rotating machines
Are rotating or
that were
moving parts of
unguarded in the
equipment guarded  15 Extreme
production area
to prevent physical
was a hazard for
contact?
employees

No proper
procedure for
lockout; No tags
Are lockout
and locks were
procedures followed
placed in the
for maintenance and 
machines for the 12 High
repair?
isolation of
machines

Table 4.1.2.3 shows the result for the checklist on Machine Guarding. The results

show that most of the risks of injury/accident occurrence involving machineries were in

the high-risk level. The high-risk level includes the lack of provisions in the proper safety

measure on operating the machines. The Extreme Risk levels include the frequency of
 62

occurrence of injuries including injuries from the sharp/pointed edges of the machines and

rotating machines where production personnel were mostly exposed.

Table 4.1.2.4 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Housekeeping in Production Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
4.0 Housekeeping
Production area
were wet and
slippery; delivery
bays. aisles were
wet; crowded in
Are all worksites filling room and
 15 Extreme
clean and orderly? cold storage;
electrical wirings
were cluttered;
poorly arranged
areas in locker
room
Are work surfaces
kept dry or Floors were wet;
appropriate means Work surfaces has
 15 Extreme
taken to assure the no slip-resistant
surfaces are slip- material
resistant?
Are all spilled Spilled Chemicals
materials or liquids were cleaned

cleaned up immediately with
immediately? water
Is waste stored safely Has provisions of
and removed from the  trash bins for
worksite promptly? wastes
Are all toilets and
Comfort Rooms
washing facilities 
were clean
clean and sanitary?
 63

Are wet surfaces

No provisions of
covered with non-slip  15 Extreme
non-slip material
materials?
Freezer was
Are materials or placed in the aisle;
equipment stored in Pallets, bins were
such a way that sharp cluttered in the
 15 Extreme
projectiles will not working area;
interfere with the finished materials
walkway? were not
organized
Are standard stair
rails or handrails on No stairs in the

all stairways having production area
four or more risers?
Are all stairways at No stairs in the
least 22 inches wide? production area
Do stairs have at least
No stairs in the
a 6'6" overhead 
production area
clearance?
Is material on
elevated surfaces
piled, stacked or Materials on
racked in a manner to filling and cold
 15 Extreme
prevent it from storage were not in
tipping, falling, order
collapsing, rolling or
spreading?
Are cords, cables and Electrical wirings
hoses bundled up  were cluttered in 15 Extreme
when not in use? floor
Are lamps or light
Some areas in
sources clean and
production were
provide adequate  12 High
not properly
illumination for
illuminated
working?
Emergency
Are items placed
equipment have
around emergency
designated
equipment (e.g., fire 
locations far from
extinguishers, first
other unrelated
aid kits)
items
 64

Are floors (e.g., tiles,

boards, and carpet) in 
good condition?
Are floor markings The floor
highly visible and not  markings were 12 High
faded? faded
Are there proper
waste bins for general
waste, recyclable Trash bins and
waste, hazardous bins for hazardous

waste, and so on waste were
provided at work provided
areas to facilitate
responsible disposal?
Are waste (including
hazardous waste)
Hazardous waste
collected regularly so
were collected
that there is no 
once every two
unnecessary
weeks
accumulation of
waste?
Is there a
predetermined
disposal area
designated for
situations where

waste material (e.g.,
bulky waste, toxic
waste) need to be
accumulated till the
next waste collection?

Table 4.1.2.4 shows the results taken form the existing condition on Housekeeping.

The results show that majority of the hazards found involving the clean and orderly manner

inside the Production Area was in Extreme Risk Level. The high risks case was for the

inadequate floor markings and inadequate illumination in some areas that if not provided,
 65

could cause injuries/accidents to employees due to being exposed to restricted areas. (See

Table 4.5 for light intensity of areas in production)

Table 4.1.2.5 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Material Handling in Production

Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
Material
5.0
Handling
Are aisle ways
designated,
Aisles were not
permanently 15
marked and
marked, and kept  Extreme
blocked by a
clear to allow
freezer
unhindered
passage?
Are pallets usually
inspected before

being loaded or
moved?
Are truck or
Movement of
trailers secured
trucks causes
from movement 15
 accidents in the Extreme
during loading and
loading/unloading
unloading
area
operations?
Workers
manually carry
Do workers the raw eggs from
perform manual the delivery area; 15
 Extreme
handling no handling
techniques? equipment was
used aside from
pallets and racks
Containers sizes
Are the containers
 depend on the
size standardized?
type of products
 66

Table 4.1.2.5 shows the result of the existing condition on Material Handling. The

results shows that Extreme Risk Levels involved the material handling of materials.

Table 4.1.2.6 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Lighting in

Production Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
6.0 Physical Hazards
6.1 Lighting
Is all work areas

adequately illuminated?
Are lighting levels
appropriate for work
tasks, location of work, 
times when work is
performed and for access?
Some lights
Are glares minimized?  have no 12 High
protection/cover
Are there flickering or Some light 12
 High
expired lights? flickers
Are natural light provided Windows were

in the area? provided
Lack of
Are the standard intensity knowledge on 12
requirement for lights  the different High
being followed? classes of light
intensity
No provision of
Are emergency lights
 emergency 12 High
provided?
lights
Do they consider the

proper placement of light?
 67

Table 4.1.2.6 shows the result on the existing condition of Lighting under Physical

Hazards. The results show that there were High-Risk Level of each cases regarding

lighting. Glares, intensity level, and no provisions of emergency lights has high risk levels.

Table 4.1.2.7 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Noise in

Production Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
6.0 Physical Hazard
6.2 Noise
No
Are noise levels being measuring
measured using a sound equipment
level meter or an octave used, no
 High
band analyzer and records records; does 12
being no perform
kept? noise
measuring
Have engineering controls
No provision
been used to reduce  12 High
of controls
excessive noise levels?
Are hearing protection
No Hearing
supplied if noise cannot be 12
 Protection High
controlled by any other
Used
way?
Where engineering
controls are determined not
No shifting
feasible, are administrative
for exposed
controls (i.e. worker
 workers in High
rotation) being used to 12
the
minimize individual
production
employee exposure to
noise?
 68

Is there an ongoing
preventive health program No health
to educate employees in program for
safe levels of noise and  preventing 12 High
exposure, effects of noise noise
on their health, and use of hazards
personal protection?
Workers in
the
Have work areas where
production
noise levels make voice
area cannot 12
communication between  High
communicate
employees difficult been
well due to
identified and posted?
noise of
machine

Table 4.1.2.7 shows the result on the existing condition of Noise. The results show

that there was High Risk Level of each cases regarding noise. Lack of provisions in

controlling noise hazards in production has high risk levels.

Table 4.1.2.8 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazards: Ventilation in

Production Area

Risk Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score Level
(CxL)
6.0 Physical Hazards
6.3 Ventilation
Is adequate ventilation
provided to ensure a

supply of sufficient clean
air?
 69

Does the plant have HVAC

Provision of
(Heat, Ventilation, and 
HVAC
Air-Conditioning) System?

Inspection
Is the HVAC system
of HVAC
inspected at least annually, 
were at least
and problems corrected?
twice a year

Table 4.1.2.8 shows the results regarding the ventilation system. There were enough

provisions in the Production Area regarding the Ventilation since the processing of their

products needs well-ventilated rooms.

Table 4.1.2.9 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Physical Hazard: Temperature in

Production Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
6.0 Physical Hazards
6.4 Temperature
The
Is the workplace directly workplace
affected by temperature of  was secured
outdoor environment? from outside
temperature
Working in
Does the temperature of the production
workplace varies from hot  were High
12
or cold? continuous
with cold
 70

temperature
due to air-
condition
then the
workers
were
exposed to
hot
temperature
due to the
processing
Air-
condition
was
Does the air in the
 provided
workplace feel hot?
both in
office and
production

Table 4.1.2.9 shows the result on the existing temperature. The results show that

there was high risk regarding the variation of temperature form hot to cold temperature and

vice versa. The work environment in the production area was provided with air-condition.

On the other hand, the workers were exposed to the heat produced by the processing of the

egg products. Being exposed to varying temperatures made the exposure was at high-risk

level.
 71

Table 4.1.2.10 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Chemical Hazards in Production

Area

Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score Risk Level
(CxL)
7.0 Chemical Hazards
Are employees
trained in the safe Employees
handling practices were not
of hazardous  trained for safe 12 High
chemicals such as handling of
acids, caustics, and chemicals
the like
Are unused or
Proper
unnecessary
chemical waste
chemicals disposed 
disposal was
of in a safe
being practiced
manner?
Are employees
aware of the
Those
potential hazards
employees
involving various
inside the
chemicals stored or
 laboratory
used in the
room were the
workplace—such
most exposed
as acids, bases,
to chemicals
caustics, epoxies,
and phenols?
Those
Is employee employees
exposure to inside the
chemicals kept  laboratory
within acceptable room were the
levels? most exposed
to chemicals
 72

No eye
protectors
(safety
goggles),
Are necessary
respiratory
equipment for safe
protection,
use of chemicals
 chemical 12 High
provided (e.g.,
cartridge and
ventilation, PPE,
gloves
safety shower)?
(chemical
resistant) were
available for
use.
Are eye wash
fountains and
safety showers
No eye wash
provided in areas  12 High
fountains
where corrosive
chemicals are
handled?
No eye
protectors
Are all employees (safety
required to use goggles),
personal protective respiratory
clothing and protection,
equipment when  chemical 12 High
handling chemicals cartridge and
(i.e.gloves, eye gloves
protection, and (chemical
respirators)? resistant) were
available for
use.
Sanitation
Have standard
Standard
operating
Operating
procedures been
Procedures
established and are
 (SOPs) for
they being
food
followed when
manufacturing
cleaning up
were being
chemical spills?
followed.
 73

Where needed for

emergency use, are
respirators stored No respirators
 12 High
in a convenient, were available
clean and sanitary
location?
Are employees
prohibited from
Eating was not
eating in areas
 allowed inside
where hazardous
the production
chemicals are
present?
Are there written
standard operating
procedures for the No respirators
 12 High
selection and use of were available
respirators where
needed?
Have control
procedures been
instituted for
hazardous
materials, where
No respirators
appropriate, such  12 High
were available
as respirators,
ventilation
systems, handling
practices, and the
like?
Whenever possible,
are hazardous There was a
substances handled laboratory
in properly room

designed and designated
exhausted booths inside the
or similar facility.
locations?
 74

Is there a dermatitis
problem—do
There were no
employees
cases of
complain about 
dermatitis so
skin dryness,
far
irritation, or
sensitization?
Is vacuuming used,
Vacuums were
rather than blowing
being used
or sweeping dusts 
when clean-ups
whenever possible
were done
for clean up?
Are Safety Data
Sheet supplied for It was included

each hazardous in the SSOP
chemical?

Hazardous
If hazardous substances
substances are used such as Liquid
in your processes, Caustic Soda
do you have a (Sodium

medical or Hydroxide),
biological Alkali, etc.
monitoring system were identified
in operation? and employees
were aware
Are you familiar
with the Threshold
Limit Values or
No limit values
Permissible
to exposure
Exposure Limits of
 were being
airborne
used in the
contaminants and
company
physical agents
used in your
workplace?

Table 4.1.2.10 shows the result on the Chemical Hazards within the production

area. The result shows that the Chemical Hazards were at High Risk Level. Lack in the
 75

provisions of PPEs such as the safety goggles and respirators would result in higher risk of

being exposed to hazards.

Table 4.1.2.11 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Electrical Hazards in Production

Area

Risk
Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No N/A Comments Score
Level
(CxL)
Electrical
8.0
Hazards
Are all employees
required to report
as soon as
When there is
practicable any
equipment
obvious hazard to
breakdown,
life or property 
maintenance
observed in
department was
connection with
responsible for it
electrical
equipment or
lines?
Are employees
instructed to
make preliminary There was daily
inspections and/or maintenance
appropriate tests checklist for every
to determine what  operation for both
conditions exist start up and
before starting shutdowns of
work on electrical machine
equipment or
lines?
 76

When electrical
equipment or
lines are to be No lock out tags
serviced, or any warning
maintained or signs when
adjusted, are  equipment are 12 High
necessary serviced,
switches opened, maintained, or
locked-out and adjusted
tagged whenever
possible?
Are portable
electrical tools
Electrical tools
and equipment
 were of double
grounded or of
insulation type
the double
insulated type?
Do extension There was
cords being used grounding

have a grounding conductor in
conductor? extension cords
Multiple plug
Are multiple plug adapters were

adapters used? used both in office
and production
Are all temporary
circuits protected
by suitable
disconnecting
switches or plug 
connectors at the
junction with
permanent
wiring?
Is exposed wiring
and cords with
Some of electrical
frayed or
wirings were
deteriorated
 exposed that is 15 Extreme
insulation
possible to cause
repaired or
accident
replaced
promptly?
 77

Are all cord, Some of electrical

cable and wirings were
raceway  exposed that is 15 Extreme
connections intact possible to cause
and secure? accident
Are there no
broken plugs,

sockets or
switches?
In wet or damp
locations, are
electrical tools
and equipment
appropriate for 
the use or
location or
otherwise
protected?
Are all electrical
raceways and
enclosures 
securely fastened
in place?
Is sufficient
access and
working space
provided and
maintained about

all electrical
equipment to
permit ready and
safe operations
and maintenance?
Are electrical
enclosures such
as switches,
receptacles,

junction boxes,
etc., provided
with tight-fitting
covers or plates?
 78

Are employees
who regularly
work on or
around energized
Employees were
electrical
not instructed if
equipment or  15 Extreme
there were such
lines instructed in
case
the
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
(CPR) methods?
Are employees
not working alone
on energized lines 
or equipment over
600 volts?
Are Emergency
Maintenance
shut-down
 department was
procedures in
responsible
place?

Table 4.1.2.11 shows the results for the checklist on electrical hazards. The results

show that majority of the electrical hazards falls in the Extreme Risk level including being

exposed to cluttered electrical wirings. The High-Risk Level in the Electrical Hazard

includes the lack of provision in warning tags when there were repairs or adjustments

involving electricity.
 79

Table 4.1.2.12 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Ergonomic Hazards in Production

Area

Risk
N N/
Yes Score
o A
No. Items Inspected Comments (CxL) Risk Level
Ergonomic
9.0 Hazards
Manual
Do the neck and lifting of
shoulders do not  containers 15 Extreme
have to be stooped used in
to view the task? production
There was
manual
lifting of
containers
 with the 15 Extreme
Is the work done handle but
using the larger no proper
muscles of the lifting
body? technique
Is the work done There is
without twisting or manual
overly bending the lifting of
lower back? containers
with the
 15 Extreme
handle but
proper
lifting was
not being
practiced
Are there sufficient Lunch
rest breaks, in breaks and
addition to the 30 minute
regular rest breaks, rest breaks

to relieve stress were
from repetitive- provided to
motion the
tasks? employees
 80

Are tools,
instruments and Workers
machinery shaped, were
positioned and exposed to
 15 Extreme
handled so that sharp edges
tasks can be of machine
performed and rotating
comfortably? machine
Are objects handled Employees
easy to grasp, have were
no sharp edges and exposed to
are not hot, cold,  sharp edges 15 Extreme
slippery or bulky? of machine
and rotating
machine
Is lifting from Some
ground level or employees
above shoulder lift the
 15 Extreme
height avoided? containers
with their
shoulders
Is the work area,
equipment and
systems of work
designed to 
minimize sustained
or repetitive
movements?
Is the work area,
equipment and
systems of work
designed to
eliminate sideways 
twisting of the
body, excessive
bending or
reaching?

Is there enough
space to allow free

movement while
doing the task?
 81

Is training provided No proper

about risk factors training on
and the proper proper
 15 Extreme
technique to do the positions
task? while using
equipment
Is the need to move No proper
heavy loads lifting
eliminated or  15 Extreme
techniques
minimized? were being
used
Are workers Workers
protected against were not
vibration when exposed to
 2 Low
using powered much
equipment for long vibration
periods?
Do workers stand 30-minutes
continuously for rest break
periods of more  were
than 30 minutes? provided to
the workers
Do workers not sit
for period of more
than 30 minutes
without the 
opportunity to stand
or move around
freely?

Table 4.1.2.12 shows the results for the checklist on Ergonomic Hazards. The

results show that majority of the Ergonomic Hazards falls in the Extreme Risk level

including being exposed to manual lifting of containers, exposure to sharp edges of

machines and rotating machines. Safety controls and implementations must be provided by

the management both for the Extreme and High Levels.

 82

Table 4.1.2.13 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Biological Hazards in Production

Area

Risk
N/
Yes No Score Risk Level
A
No. Items Inspected Comments (CxL)
10.0 Biological Hazards
Do work practices
minimize workers’
exposure to 
biological hazards
(e.g. Salmonella)?
Are employees not
potentially exposed

to infectious agents
in body fluids?
Have occasions of Such cases
potential were not
occupational documented
 8 High
exposure been because
identified and they are not
documented? critical
Has a training and
information
program been
No trainings
provided for
 programs 15 Extreme
employees exposed
were used
to or potentially
exposed to
biohazards?
Have infection
control procedures
been instituted
PPEs such
where appropriate,
as gloves,
such as ventilation,
boots,
universal 
laboratory
precautions,
gowns, and
workplace practices,
face masks
and personal
protective
equipment?
 83

Are employees
aware of specific
They were
workplace practices
included in
to follow when
 the SSOP
appropriate? (Hand
being
washing, handling
followed
sharp instruments,
handling of laundry)
Are
facilities/equipment
to comply with
workplace practices
They were
available, such as
included in
hand-washing sinks,
 the SSOP
biohazard tags and
being
labels, needle
followed
containers,
detergents/disinfecta
nts to clean up
spills?
Is infectious waste
placed in closable, Proper
leak proof waste
containers, bags or  disposal was
puncture-resistant being
holders with proper practiced
labels?
Is training on
workplace practices,
which should Laundry
include blood room and
drawing, room  washing
cleaning, laundry room for
handling, clean-up employees
of blood spills were
provided? provided

Table 4.1.2.13 shows the results for the checklist on Biological Hazards in

the Cooperative’s Production Area. The results show that there was an Extreme Risk Level

regarding the lack of provision in biohazards’ program. Injuries/accidents are more likely
 84

to occur if employees are not aware of the biohazards present in the working environment.

Extreme Risk Level must be responded immediately by the management. The results also

show that there was a high risk in not recording the cases in biohazards. High Risk Level

must be addressed within 1 to 2 days. Safety controls, monitoring and implementations

must be provided by the management both for the Extreme and High Levels.

Table 4.1.2.14 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Psychological Hazards in

Production Area

Risk
N/ Score Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No A Comments (CxL) Level
Psychological
11.0 Hazards
Are there any signs
of work fatigue of
employees evident in
Headaches due
the work place (e.g.
to long
weariness, tiredness,
exposure to
sleepiness, 
cold
irritability,
temperature in
headaches, and
production area
increased
susceptibility to
illness)?
In production,
employees
Is rotational work 13 hours
shiftwork being (including
 8 High
practiced in the lunch break and
workplace? 30-minutes rest
break) without
shifting
 85

Table 4.2.14 shows the results for the checklist on Psychological Hazards in the

Cooperative’s Production Area. The results show that there was a High-Risk Level

regarding the rotational work shifts in the production area. Injuries/accidents are likely to

occur in High Risk Levels including fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, etc. High Risk Level

must be addressed within 1 to 2 days. Safety controls, monitoring and implementations

must be provided by the management for High Risk Levels.

4.1.3 Analysis on BEPCO’s Emergency Preparedness and Response

Table 4.1.3.1 Results of the HIRA Checklist on Emergency Preparedness and

Response

Risk
N/ Score Risk
No. Items Inspected Yes No A Comments (CxL) Level
Emergency
Preparedness and
1.0 Response
1.1 Power Shut-down
Has someone with
appropriate skills
been made
responsible for
specific actions in an
emergency, for 
example managing an
evacuation or
assigning area
wardens?
 86

The
Cooperative
have no
Do workers working
alone know what to  Emergency
12 High
Action Plan and
do in an emergency?
Training except
for the case of
Fire Prevention
The
Are specific Cooperative
procedures in place have no
for critical functions,  Emergency
12 High
for example power Action Plan
shut-downs? except for
Power Shut-
down
Are the emergency
contact details
displayed at the No emergency
workplace in an  contact details 12 High
easily accessible displayed
location?

Are contact details No emergency

updated regularly?  contact details 12 High
displayed
1.2 Evacuations
Has an evacuation
No evacuation
procedure been
 procedure 12 High
prepared (if
available
applicable)?
Does the procedure:
address all types of
No evacuation
situations and
 procedure 12 High
hazards which may
available
arise at the workplace

Does the workplace

have appropriate fire
protection

equipment? Is it
suitable for the types
of risks at the
 87

workplace, for
example foam or dry
powder type
extinguishers for fires
that involve
flammable liquids?
Are workers trained
No Emergency
in emergency
Evacuation
evacuation and  12 High
Training for
related procedures?
workers
Risk
Extreme Weather N/ Risk
Yes No Comments Score
Conditions A Level
1.3 (C x L)
If there is a risk of
extreme or dangerous
weather conditions, No Emergency
for example bushfire, Action Plan for
floods or storms, will  extreme 12 High
the control measures weather
be effective in these conditions
conditions?

If workers travel into

areas where extreme
weather warnings No Policies and
may be declared, Procedures for
have appropriate workers who
policies and  travel in 12 High
procedures been Extreme
developed for when Weather
such declarations are Conditions
made?

Table 4.1.3.1 shows the result of the checklist on Emergency Preparedness and

Response in terms of Power Shut-down, Evacuation, and Extreme Weather Conditions.

This Frequency and Risk Level show that there was High Risk of having injuries and

accidents when the emergency procedures were not provided. The Extreme Risk Level
 88

must be responded to immediately. Safety measures, planning and control must be

implemented.

4.2 Hazards Identified in existing condition of the BEPCO

The following table shows the summary of result of the hazards and its risk level

present in the existing condition of the Office Area, the Production Area, and the

Emergency Preparedness and Response of the Cooperative.

Table 4.2.1 Summary of the Results of Hazards Identified in Office Area

Items Inspected
1.0 Safety Signage: Risk Level
1.1 External/Building Entrance
No signage for the location of assembly point
There was no designated smoking area High
The marks were faded and there were no parking signs
No parking signs for PWD
No CCTV in the office area Moderate
1.2 Reception Area, Corridors and Stairs
No fire extinguishers located in the reception area
No provision of safety and health posters
High
No signage for fire action notice above fire alarm
No visible signs for restricted area
No fire exit in the reception area
No signs for directing toilet Moderate
1.3 Administrative Office
No visible safety instructions for employees
High
No fire exit provided
 89

2.0 Materials: Housekeeping

Files were cluttered above the table of the employees
They were not easily seen around the working area High
There were bins but the recyclable and non-recyclable waste
bins were not provided
3.1 Physical Hazard:
3.1.1 Lighting
High
Glares from computers were noticeable
Workers complain of visual strain due to long exposure to
computer
High
No emergency lights
No proper position of some computers

3.2 Ergonomic Hazards

Those workers in the office have long exposure to computers
that leads to headache.
Working in front of computers was done while sitting
High
Workers were required straight hours of sitting on plastic chair
Chairs made up of plastic (not ergonomically designed) were
used in offices

Table 4.2.1 shows the summary of the results of the Hazard Identification Checklist

on the Office Area of the Cooperative. Majority of the areas in the office were in high risk

level due to the lack in provision of Safety Signage. High Risk levels imply that the

possibility of injuries/accident to occur needs to be acted upon immediately, with safety

measures and controls within 1 to 2 days.

 90

Table 4.2.2 Summary of the Results of Hazards Identified in Production Area

Items Inspected
1.0 Safety Signage Risk Level

No warning signs for hazardous equipment/devices

No signage for wet/slippery floor

There were no required tags, signal words for hazards

posted in production area and no color coding followed Exreme

No signage in the loading/unloading area

No two-way mirrors provided for loading/unloading

vehicles
No signs or labels provided for identifying bins,
equipment, racks and pallet High
No visible signs for restricting mobile phones in the
production area
Moderate
No visible signs for restricting food or drink in the
production area
2.0 Confined Space (Storage Area)

Cold storage and filling areas were crowded Extreme

2.0 Machine Guarding

Sharp edges of the machines cause injuries such as cut,

scars, etc.
Extreme
Rotating machines that were unguarded in the
production area was a hazard for employees

No training program for safe operation of machine High

 91

Detailed supervisions considering safety using

machines were not provided they just follow the use of
machines in the process of products

The position of the switch was far from where the

operator’s position
Safety goggles for eye protection were not provided

No proper procedure for lockout; No tags and locks are

placed in the machines for the isolation of machines

4.0 Housekeeping

Production area were wet and slippery; delivery bays.

Aisles were wet; crowded in filling room and cold
storage; electrical wirings were cluttered; poorly
arranged areas in locker room
No provisions of non-slip material Extreme

Freezer was placed in the aisle; Pallets, bins were

cluttered in the working area; finished materials were
not organized
The floor markings were faded
Some areas in production were not properly High
illuminated
5.0 Material Handling

Aisles were not marked and blocked by a freezer

Unseen movement of trucks causes accidents in the

loading/unloading area due to no signage and two-way Extreme
mirrors on rear view of drivers
Workers manually carry the raw eggs from the delivery
area
6.0 Physical Hazard: Lighting
 92

Some lights do not have cover/protection

Some light in the delivery bay flickers and some were

defective
High
Lack of knowledge on the different classes of light
intensity (See Table 4.5 for light intensity)

No emergency light provided

7.0 Physical Hazard: Noise

No Hearing Protection Used

No shifting for exposed workers in the production
No health program for preventing noise hazards High
Workers in the production area cannot communicate
well due to noise of machine

8.0 Temperature

Working in production were continuous with cold

temperature due to air-condition then the workers were High
exposed to hot temperature due to the processing

9.0 Chemical Hazards

Employees were not trained for safe handling of

chemicals except for those in the laboratory

No eye protectors (safety goggles), respiratory High

protection, chemical cartridge and gloves chemical
resistant) were available for use.
No respirators were available
10.0 Electrical Hazards

Some of electrical wirings were exposed that is

Extreme
possible to cause accident
 93

Employees were not instructed if there are such case of

performing CPR for unexpected electrical accident

No lock out tags or any warning signs when equipment

High
are serviced, maintained, or adjusted
11.0 Ergonomic Hazards

Workers were exposed to sharp edges of machine and

Extreme
rotating machine that is possible to cause an injury

No proper training on proper positions while using

equipment
Extreme
There was manual lifting of containers with the handle
but proper lifting was not being practiced
12.0 Biological Hazards

No training programs were used for biohazards Extreme

Cases involving potential biohazards were not

High
documented because they are not critical
13.0 Psychological Hazards

In production, employees work 13 hours (including

lunch break and 30-minutes rest break) without shifting
High

Headache due to cold temperature

Table 4.2.2 shows the summary of the results of the checklist. The results revealed

that in terms of Safety Signage there was an extreme risk in lack of signage. For machine

guarding, inadequate provision of safety measures and Personal Protective Equipment

were in the high risk levels followed by extreme levels for sharp edges of machines.
 94

Majority of the items inspected were also in extreme risks followed by high risk levels for

Housekeeping, Material Handling, Physical hazards, Electrical, Chemical, Biological and

Psychological Hazards.

High risk levels have the possibility of injuries/accident occurrences are need to be

responded immediately with safety measures and controls within 1 to 2 days. The extreme

risk level must be given the appropriate action immediately by the management.
 95

Table 4.2.3 Summary of the Results of Hazard Identified on Emergency

Preparedness and Response

Items Inspected
1.0 Emergency Preparedness and Response Risk Level

1.1 Power Shut-down

The Cooperative have no Emergency Action Plan and

Training except for the case of Fire Prevention

The Cooperative have no Emergency Action Plan except for High

Power Shut-down

No emergency contact details displayed

1.2 Evacuation

No Emergency Evacuation Training for workers

High
1.3 Extreme Weather Conditions

No Emergency Action Plan for extreme weather conditions

High

Table 4.2.3 shows the summary of the results of the Hazard Identification Checklist

on the Emergency Preparedness and Response of the Cooperative. The summary revealed

that there was high risk level that injuries and accidents would occur due to the lack of

procedures and actions in cases of emergency. Procedures for Emergency Action for Power

Shut-down, Evacuation, and Extreme Weather Conditions were in extreme need for the

cooperative to conduct. The High-Risk Levels must be responded immediately within 1 to

2 days and control measures must be planned and implemented.

 96

The results of the Hazard Identification Checklist show the hazards in the existing

workplace condition of BEPCO (Office Area, Production Area, Cooperative’s Emergency

Procedures ad Response Plan). Tables 4.4.1, 4.4.2, and 4.4.3 shows the hazards with

moderate, high, and extreme risk level. High and extreme risk level are those that need to

be prioritized immediately. These were the major concerns that were considered in

designing the Occupational Safety Program for the Cooperative. All of the compliance

based from the checklist were included in the program. Other additional safety information

and procedure relevant to the working condition of the cooperative were also indicated.
 97

4.3 Proposed Occupational Safety Program for Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative

Based from the hazards identified in the cooperative using the Hazard Identification

Checklist, the researchers designed an Occupational Safety Program in order to address the

hazards and avoid the occurrence of accidents in the workplace as tabulated in the

following.

Table 4.3.1 Existing Light Intensity Level in Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative

Existing Light Required Light

Conform (/)
Intensity Intensity
Area
Not Conform
Foot Candles Lux Foot Candles Lux
(x)
Raw material
15.4 165.76 20–30 215-320 x
receiving
Raw Materials
Delivery Bay 10.8 116.25 20–30 215-320 x
Area
Egg Processing 59.1 636.15 55-65 590-700 /
Packaging
78.1 587.71 70-80 750-860 /
Room
Finished
Product 32.1 345.52 20-30 215-323 /
Storage Area
Maintenance
75.7 814.83 70–80 750-860 /
areas
Locker
rooms/restroo 44.7 481.15 30-50 320-540 /
ms
Administration
76.4 822.37 60-90 645-970 /
Office

 1-foot candle = 10.764 lux

 98

Table 4.3.1 shows the existing and the required intensity level in

production area of egg processing. The table shows that the light intensity in raw

materials receiving and raw materials delivery bay does not conform to the

required intensity level.

99
 100

The BATANGAS EGG PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE (BEPCO) is a food

processing plant located at Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas. The Cooperative was established

on September 2010 and was initially composed of 54 members including farmers, feed

millers, and businessmen involved in the egg industry. At present, BEPCO has 65

employees. The Cooperative has been actively supporting the development of the

livelihood of its members through production and marketing of fresh and pasteurized

liquid eggs.

The total land area of BEPCO is 2,483.586 square meters which is composed of

one large building where the Administration Office and the Production Area is located.

The Cooperative distributes and sells their products to 38 marketing linkages such as

hotels, food corporations, fast food chains, bakeries, and pharmaceuticals. The volume of

their transactions varies based from the need for egg products.
 101

VISION

We envision ourselves as the preferred producer of safe and high-quality pasteurized egg

products in the Philippines.

MISSION

Be the provider of safe and high-quality raw materials for food service, food

manufacturing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Ensure and promote pasteurized egg products to clients.

Partake in the egg industry's journey to sustainability, continuous improvement, and

modernization.

Care and support members to become productive contributors to the egg industry.

Operate in an efficient manner and friendly to both the immediate community and the

environment.
 102

BATANGAS EGG PRODUCERS’ COOPERATIVE PLANT AREAS

BEPCO has one building in which it includes the area for the production and the

area for the office.

Production Area is located at the first floor of the cooperative’s building which includes:

Production/Processing Room

Packaging Room

Laboratory

Egg Shell Storage

Production Office

Cloak Room (Male and Female)

Work-shop spare and maintenance office

Utilities

Delivery Bay

Room for Final Product

Loading Area

On the other hand, the Office is in the second floor of the building which includes:

Conference Room

Lobby
 103

Safety Policy

Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative (BEPCO) ensures a safe and healthy

workplace for employees conducive to greater productivity. The Cooperative is committed

to continually improve its operation on producing safe and high-quality egg products. In

line with this, the cooperative envisions an occupational safety management system and

comply with all relevant safety legislations and requirements to prevent accidents resulting

in personal injury and illnesses, damage to equipment and material, and operational

interruption. Care for both the products and employees will help to partake in the

continuous improvement and modernization in the egg industry. Concern for occupational

safety and health is shared responsibility between the Cooperative and its employees. All

manager, supervisors, and employees are enjoined to ensure that safety programs and

safety practices are in place and in their areas of responsibility.

Safety Objectives

The cooperative is optimistic and aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Promote and develop safety, health and wellbeing of all employees.

2. Secure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other people at

work.
 104

3. Protect the public from the health and safety risks of business activities.

4. Eliminate workplace risks at the source.

5. Involve employers, employees and the organizations that represent them in

the formulation and implementation of health, safety and welfare standards.

Roles and Responsibilities

Responsibility for health and safety in the workplace is generally allocated to

positions within the organizations. The responsibilities are divided as follows:

Management

a. Provide a working environment that is safe and without risks to health.

b. Establish and maintain a health and safety program.

c. Ensure workers are trained or certified, as required.

d. Report accidents/incidents and cases of occupational disease to the

appropriate authority.

e. Provide medical assistance and first aid facilities.

f. Ensure that Personal Protective Equipment is available.

g. Provide workers with health and safety information.

Manager and Supervisor

a. Implement policies and procedures.

b. Identify workplace hazards.

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c. Ensure that effective consultation occurs.

d. Investigate accidents and incidents.

e. Provide induction and ongoing training for employees.

f. Respond to issues raised by health and safety representatives.

g. Submit statistics and reports.

Health and safety officers/advisors/coordinators

a. Advise all employees on health and safety matters.

b. Coordinate interdepartmental health and safety activities.

c. Collect and analyze health and safety statistics.

d. Provide health and safety training.

e. Conduct research on special problems.

f. Attend a joint health and safety committee meetings as a resource person.

Employee Responsibility

a. Follow work practices, procedures, instructions and rules.

b. Perform all duties in a manner which ensures their health and safety and

that of others in the workplace

c. Wear protective equipment supplied.

d. Report hazards.
106
 107

OFFICE
AREA
 108

OFFICE AREA

I. General Provision

The following rules and procedures are the measures that must be followed

for the Safety in the Cooperative.

I.1 Safety Signage (Office Area)

This procedure establishes the requirements for Safety Signage in the Office Area.

All employees must comply with the procedure.

(1) The Office Area must be provided with fire, emergency, danger signs, safety policy

and instruction that are visible all the time. Standard color coding for safety signage

must be present and clearly seen all the time.

(1) External/Building Entrances

a. The Cooperative must provide Assembly Point Signs that are essential for

identifying the areas of safety where the employees should gather in the

event of an emergency.

b. Designated Smoking Area outside the building must be provided by the

Cooperative.

c. Regulations regarding the use of driveways for entry and exit, speed limits,

space allotments and parking methods must be provided and strictly

enforced where all the employees are parking their vehicles.

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d. Parking Areas must be clearly marked and signage provisions must be

placed on the parking area.

e. Parking Signage for Person with Disorders (PWD), both customers and

employees must be provided.

(2) Reception Area and Corridors

a. Safety posters in the reception area must be displayed for an excellent

opportunity to inform staffs and visitors of important safety messages.

b. Fire equipment such as Fire Extinguishers must be identified with an

appropriate sign. Training and instruction onj6 how to use the equipment is

also required.

c. Toilets and restrooms must be clearly marked and visible in all areas of the

reception.

d. Emergency Exit Signs must be provided to guide people from wherever they

are within a building to the place of ultimate safety (assembly point)

e. All of the exit doors must be open in the direction of the intended travel

f. Exits must have appropriate lighting and be illuminated

g. Emergency exits must never be blocked or locked form the inside

(3) Administrative Office

a. Visible instructions and safety posters must be provided.

b. Emergency Exit Signs must be provided to guide people from wherever they
 110

are within a building to the place of ultimate safety (Assembly Point).

c. All of the exit doors must be open in the direction of the intended travel.

d. Exits must have appropriate lighting and be illuminated.

e. Emergency exits must never be blocked or locked form the inside.

I.2 Office Housekeeping

In order to have a clean and safe workplace, everyone must adhere to the following

guidelines:

(1) Individual Workspace

(1) Chairs, files, bookcases and desks must be maintained in a safe operating

condition.

(2) Filing cabinet drawers must always be kept closed when not in use.

(2) Walking/Working Surfaces

Walking/Working Surfaces must include worker areas, aisles, and passageways,

including stairs, doorways, electrical panels and exits.

(1) Worker areas, aisles, and passageways, including stairs, doorways,

electrical panels and exits must be free and clear of obstructions, and must be in a

clean, orderly, and sanitary fashion.

(2) Floors and stairs must be in a clean and dry condition (as far as possible. If a
 111

spill occurs, clean it up immediately or warn others and report it so that it can be

cleaned up.)

(3) Slippery conditions, such as wet floors and slippery floors on walkways and

working surfaces, must be eliminated.

(3.1) Where employers are not unable to remove slippery conditions, two

alternatives are appropriate: (a) restricting worker passage or access to safe

areas, or (b) providing workers with slip-resistant footwear.

(3.2) Immediate response to wet conditions of walkways and working

surfaces must be provided such as floor mats or any other protective

measures such as footgear (e.g., plastic boots).

(3.3) Materials must be stored in a way that will prevent tripping or struck

by hazards.

(3) Employee Facilities

Employee facilities include toilets and sinks, locker rooms, washing rooms, laundry

rooms.

(1) Toilets must be must be kept in clean, hygienic, and functional condition.

(2) Sinks must be at each toilet facility which contains soap and clean single-use

hand towels with a sanitary means for disposal.

(3) Workers in the laboratory who are engaged in handling hazardous or toxic
 112

substances must be informed about the importance of washing their hands at the

end of work shift and prior to eating and drinking.

(4) Locker rooms, washing rooms, and laundry rooms must always be cleaned and

free of clutters that may lead to crowded storage area.

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I.3 Physical Hazards

(1) The compliance safety officer must periodically review or update the Standards on

permissible noise exposure levels, illumination levels, temperature and other technical

standards regarding physical agents.

I.3.1 Lighting

The following must be followed in order to reduce exposure to computer radiations,

glares and visual strains.

(1) Brightness and contrast of computer screen must be adjusted to reduce glare

exposure.

(2) Dim lights by removing one or two florescent lights in the office ceilings.

(3) Position of light must not be placed directly on computer screen.

(4) Cover computer screens with anti-glare filter.

(5) Close window shades or blinds to reduce external light source. Position the

computer to the side instead in front or behind the window.

(6) Blink more often to moisten the eyes to prevent dryness and irritation.

(7) To reduce the tiredness of the eyes, look away from your computer at least

every 20 minutes and gaze at a distant object (at least 20 feet away) for at least 20

seconds (20-20-20 rule).

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(8) Office Employees must take frequent breaks at least 10 minutes break every

hour.

(9) Emergency Light must be provided and visible in the office area.

(10) Emergency Lighting must be activated for as long as the danger exists, or until

normal lighting is resumed for work activities to continue safely.

(11) Direction and fire exit signs must be illuminated.

I.3.2 Ventilation

The following must be followed in the maintenance and preservation of the existing

HVAC systems of the Cooperative:

(1) Replace Filters every 1 to 6 months.

(2) Clean Evaporator and Condenser Coils once or twice per year.

(3) Inspect fan, bearings, and belts twice annually.

(4) Inspect area around air intake twice annually.

(5) Fix leaks in cabinet and supply duct annually.

(6) Clean and adjust dampers annually.

(7) Clean Air Ducts every 2 years.

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I.4 Office Ergonomics

(1) Office must follow the provided Ergonomics Program that is intended to address

activities that require significant forces, awkward and static postures, repetitive motion,

vibration and other work-related risk factors. Figure 5 and Figure 5.1 shows the proper

positions while using office computer

(1.1) In order to reduce stress and strain on the muscles, tendons, and skeletal

system, and reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), neutral

body postures while working with computer considers:

a. Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight, in-line and roughly parallel to the

floor.

b. Head is level, forward facing, and balanced. Generally, it is in-line with the

torso.

c. Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms hang normally at the side of the body.

d. Elbows stay in close to the body and are bent between 90 and 120 degrees.

e. Feet are fully supported by the floor or a footrest may be used if the desk

height is not adjustable.

f. Back is fully supported with appropriate lumbar support when sitting

vertical or leaning back slightly.

g. Thighs and hips are supported and generally parallel to the floor.

h. Knees are about the same height as the hips with the feet slightly forward.

i. Ergonomically designed chair must be provided for employees.

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PRODUCTION
AREA
 117

II. 1 Safety Signage (Production Area)

(1) The Production Area must be provided with fire, emergency, danger signs, safety policy

and instruction that are visible all the time. Standard color coding for safety signage shall

be present and clearly seen all the time.

(2) Signage for labeling hazardous materials, equipment, devices must be provided.

(3) Caution Signs must be used when potential hazards or unsafe practices could exist

which may result in minor or major injury.

(4) All employees must be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger; caution

signs indicate a possible hazard. Preventive measures are advised whenever either sign is

observed.

(5) Aisles in the production area must be provided with Wet/Slippery Caution.

(6) The Loading Area and Delivery Bay (where vehicle is used) must be provided with

proper safety signage that are visible to drivers and incoming customers.

(6.1) Loading and Unloading Zone Signs when delivering and loading eggs must

be placed in the loading are and delivery Bay.

(6.2) Two-way mirrors/Blind Spot mirrors must be placed in the loading and

delivery bay area to assist blind spot of the vehicle drivers.

(7) Comfort rooms and dressing rooms must be separated according to gender (male and

female) of workers.
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(8) Containers such as bins, racks, pallets used in the production area must be placed with

label.

(9) Signage for Hot machines and substances in the processing room must be provided

(10) Use of mobile phones and other gadgets must be strictly prohibited inside the

production area. Signage for restricting gadgets must be placed on the entrance door of the

production area.

(11) Food and drinks must be prohibited inside the production area. Restricting food

signage must be placed on the entrance door of the production area.

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II.2 Confined Space (Cold Storage Area)

(1) Cold Storage of egg products must be cleaned and arranged.

(2) Suitable protective clothing must be worn inside the cold storage.

(3) Any ice build-up must be removed regularly to avoid accidents.

(4) Only authorized personnel must be allowed to enter the cold storage.

(5) Emergency exit must be provided with proper signage.

(6) Emergency Lighting must be provided (battery operated for emergency).

(7) Cold Storage Area must be checked before locking.

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II.3 Machine Guarding

This procedure aims to administer the minimum safety requirements related to

machine securities which are used to keep employees safe when the machines are in

operation, whether employees are both in contact or not.

(1) Interlocked and Fixed Guards must be placed on liquid egg machines to protect the

operator(s) and other employees in the area from hazards such as those created by areas

where there is close contact with the machines. This includes a body part and clothing

being fed in the machines, sharp edges of the machine that causes scratches or cuts, and

even sparks cause by electric wirings.

(2) Gates must be provided for egg breaker (rotating machines) before starting production

to protect the operator during operation

(3) Rubber Edge Protector must be installed in the sharp edges of the machines

Machines: Egg Grader, Egg Washer, Egg Breaker.

(4) Warning Signage must be placed in each of the machines used in the Egg Processing.

(5) Lockout-Tagout must be provided for each machine when repairs and maintenance are

to be done.
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Safety Precautions While working with Machinery

(1) The guards must be in position and in good operating condition before operating.

(2) Emergency stop switches must be visible to the operators. Signage for Emergency stop

switched must be provided.

(3) Keys and adjusting wrenches must be removed from the machines before the

operation starts.

(4) Stop the machine before measuring, cleaning or making any adjustments.

(5) Keep hands away from rotating parts and other moving parts.

(6) Keep work are clean. Floors inside the Egg Processing Room must be provided with

non-slip resistant floor mat.

(7) Do not leave the machine unattended.

(8) Switch off the machine before leaving.

(9) Rotating parts of the machines must not be stopped with hands after switching off.

Personal Protective Equipment

(1) Safety glasses must be provided and wear always by all personnel entering the

production area where machines are operated for protection.

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(2) Ear muffs or ear plugs must be worn for protection from noise.

(3) Safety shoes must be worn inside the production area.

(4) Hand gloves must not be worn while working with machinery to avoid getting caught

in the nip points or rotating machines.

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II.4 Housekeeping

(1) Good housekeeping must be maintained and improved at all times which

includes cleanliness in the aisles, machines and equipment, regular waste disposal,

and proper organization of locker rooms, processing area, office area, maintenance

area, and utility.

(2) All surfaces inside the production area must be nonslip or slip resistant and free

from standing water especially in the production area where the floor are wet and

slippery

(3) Non-Slip Floor mats or other slip resistant must be provided and installed in the

aisle ways of the production area.

(4) Areas must not be obstructed and remain trip hazard free and clutter free

(5) Freezer must be removed from the aisle ways

(6) Floor marking must be painted and visible in walkways, traffic ways, and

location of pallets.

(7) Floor Cord Covers must be provided to cover the Electric wirings in the filling

room.

Other Considerations:
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(8) Housekeeping in employee facilities includes toilets and sinks, locker rooms,

washing rooms, laundry rooms:

(8.1) Toilets must be must be kept in clean, hygienic, and functional

condition.

(8.2) Sinks must be at each toilet facility which contains soap and clean

single-use hand towels with a sanitary means for disposal.

(8.3) Workers in the laboratory who are engaged in handling hazardous or

toxic substances must be informed about the importance of washing their

hands before and after their work and prior to eating and drinking.

(8.4) Locker rooms, washing rooms, and laundry rooms must always be

cleaned and free of clutters that may lead to crowded storage area.

(9) Hazardous materials must be properly handled and disposed of.

(10) A waste receptacle of hazardous material must be labelled to warn employees

of the potential hazards.

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II.5 Material Handling

(1) Aisle ways must be free from obstructions.

(2) Adequate spaces must be provided between machinery and equipment to allow normal

operation, maintenance or repair and free flow of materials in process or in finished form.

(3) Freezer must be removed from the aisle ways to ensure smooth flow of materials,

operations, movements and employees.

(4) Loading/Unloading Signage must be installed in delivery bay and loading area.
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II.6 Physical Hazards

II.6.1 Lighting

(1) All places where persons work in every area of the production must be provided

with appropriate lighting suitable for the operation and the special type of work

performed.

(2) Lights must be provided with cover to avoid eye strain and glare.

(3) Flickering and expired lights must be removed and placed with a new one.

(4) Lights and Light Covers must be cleaned and obstructions must be removed

(5) Electrical circuits must be checked for any faults in the supply

(6) Proper light intensity in every areas of the production must be provided

(7) Emergency Light must be provided and visible in the production area

(8) Emergency Lighting must be activated for as long as the danger exists, or until

normal lighting is resumed for work activities to continue safely.

(9) Direction and fire exit signs must be illuminated

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II.6.2 Noise

(1) Workers in the production area must be provided with hearing protection such

as ear plugs, ear muffs especially those workers inside the egg processing room, as

well as the maintenance personnel.

(2) Noise monitoring must be recorded and performed to avoid injuries from noise.

(3) Noise hazard signage indicating the need for hearing protection, must be posted

at all entrances to areas in which the noise levels regularly exceed the Occupational

Exposure Limit of 85 dB.

(4) Maintenance personnel must lubricate the machine regularly to extend the life

of machinery, save production time, reduce the noise level and to have a smooth

flow of communication.

(5) Proper preventative maintenance of machines lowers noise level hazards

(6) Limit the exposure of employees to noise hazards to reduce negative health

effects.

(7) Production personnel must have a shifting hours of work to minimize exposure

to noise brought by machines.

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II.6.3 Temperature

(1) Temperature and humidity must be decreased or increased depending on the

kind of work performed

(2) Workers must be provided with proper insulation and PPE to avoid radiation

or being exposed to hot machineries

(3) A passage room must be provided in order for employees to adjust themselves

of being continually exposed to varying temperature

(4) Production personnel exposed in varying temperature must have shifting work

hours to avoid fatigue, cramps, frostbite, trench foot, chilblains

(5) Employees must seek medical help right away if the exposure to temperature

harms the body.

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II.7 Chemical Safety

SAFE HANDLING OF CHEMICALS

The purpose of this procedure is to understand the hazards of products that can lead

to employee injuries, costly clean-up, or property losses. In order to be both safe and

effective, employees in the laboratory room must comply with the safe handling of

chemicals.

Safe Handling of Chemicals Procedure

(1) Employees must identify the chemicals that are being used.

(2) Employees must take an inventory of all chemicals that are being used by listing

the quantities on hand, where they are stored, and what they are stored in.

(3) Employees must keep a log of all Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) on

hand. These will be needed for future training of employees and for quick reference

in case of an emergency.

(4) Employees must label all containers with the following information:

a. Name of the chemical.

b. Concentration (strength) of the chemical.

c. Information about the possible danger (For example, skin

irritant) and emergency information (If chemical gets in eyes…).

d. Manufacturer’s name.
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e. Date of manufacture (chemicals can degrade over time).

(5) Employees must identify personal protective equipment to be used while

handling chemicals.

(6) Employees must be aware of directions regarding the chemicals.

(7) Employees must always wash thoroughly after handling chemicals. Use the

shower that to get cleaned up quickly.

(8) Employees must not eat, drink, or smoke when handling chemicals.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPEs)

Purpose

The purpose of this procedure is to protect employees in the laboratory room from

chemical substances they are exposed to when handling chemicals. Employees must be

aware of the use of the PPEs and must use the PPEs provided by the Cooperative.

Safety Goggles

These are protective eyewear that enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in

order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes.

Chemical Cartridge Respirator

This is a protective device that covers the nose and mouth or the entire face or head to

guard the wearer against hazardous atmospheres

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Chemical-Resistant Rubber Gloves.

These are gloves that are made up of nitrile which protect hands against chemical

exposures
 132

II.8 Electrical Safety

(1) All portable tools and controls must be properly grounded.

(2) All electrical tools must be checked and color-coded by a designated competent

person each month.

(3) Daily visual inspection of caps, ends, and cords for deformed or missing pins,

insulation damage, and internal damage

(4) Cords and equipment which do not meet requirements must be removed from

service until repairs have been made

(5) Maintain a written log of all tests on all cords, tools and equipment

Electrical Safety

GENERAL LOCKOUT /TAGOUT PROCEDURE

This procedure establishes the least possible requirements for lockout of energy

sources that could cause injury/accident to employees. All employees must be instructed

in the safety significance of this procedure and must comply with this procedure. Each

new or transferred affected employee must be instructed by designated individuals in the

purpose and use of the lockout/tagout procedure.

Rules for Using Lockout Procedure

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(1) All equipment that is to be serviced, adjusted, or maintained must be locked out

to protect against injury/accident to employees.

(2) No employee must attempt to operate any switch, valve, or other energy

isolating device bearing a lock.

Preparation for Lockout

(1) Employees who are authorized to perform the lockout/tagout procedure must be

certain as to which switch, valve, or other energy isolating devices apply to the

equipment being locked out. If there are any questionable identification of sources,

it must be cleared by the employees with their supervisors. Before lockout

procedure begins, job authorization should be obtained.

Sequence of Lockout Procedure

(1) Notify all affected employees that a lockout/tagout is required and the reason

therefore.

(2) Shut down the operating equipment by the normal stopping procedure such as

depressing the stop button.

(3) Isolate energy sources (electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, other) from the equipment

by operating the switch, valve, or other energy isolating devices.

(4) Lockout energy isolating devices with assigned individual locks.

(5) Restrain stored energy by grounding, repositioning, or blocking.

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(6) After checking that no personnel are exposed and having disconnected the energy

sources, make sure that the equipment will not operate.

CAUTION: It is important to return operating controls to neutral position after the

lockout procedure.

(7) The equipment is now locked out.

Restoring Equipment to Service

When the lockout procedure is finished and equipment is ready for testing or normal

service, check the equipment area to see that no personnel are exposed. When equipment

is clear, eliminate all locks. The energy isolating devices may be operated in order to restore

energy to equipment.

ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENT PROCEDURE

If an employee was exposed to having contact of the body to any source of electric

current causing electrical shock, this procedure must be followed. All employees must be

instructed to this procedure, including the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

Electrical Shock Treatment Procedure

(1) DO NOT touch the shocked victim if he/she’s still in contact with the source of

electricity.

(2) Separate the victim from the current’s source using dry, non-conductor object made

of wood, rubber, or cardboard.

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(3) Call for local emergency or company emergency number.

(4) When it is finally safe to touch the victim, check if he/she is not breathing or do not

have a pulse then do CPR, if necessary.

(5) Check for other injuries. If the person is showing signs of shock, such as vomiting

or becoming faint or very pale, elevate their legs and feet slightly.

(6) Wait for the help.

(7) Follow up.

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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

1. POSITION. 2. GIVE 30 RAPID CHEST

COMPRESSIONS.
Keep your elbows straight
To a depth of at least 2
and position your hands
inches, at a rate of at least
one on top of the other in
100 per minute. Let the
the center of the chest.
chest rise completely after

each compression.

4. GIVE 2 RESCUE
3. TILT THE HEAD AND LIFT
BREATHS.
THE CHIN
Each lasting 1 second
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II.9 Biohazard Safety

The purpose of this procedure is to have the employees trained on how to handle

when biological hazards coming from eggs being inspected in the laboratory takes over.

Following this procedure will lessen the possibility for exposure in having diseases.

Biohazard Safety Procedure

(1) Employees must wash their hands well to prevent spreading contaminants such as

Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) etc.

(2) All employees in the laboratory room who handles biohazardous materials must

wear laboratory gowns, shoes, face masks, and disposable rubber gloves.

(3) Disposable rubber gloves must not be washed or reused.

(4) Change disposable rubber gloves whenever they are contaminated, have been

penetrated or damaged, or when otherwise appropriate.

(5) Cuts or wounds must be cleaned, treated, and reported right away because they

could be infected.

(6) The laboratory equipment used in handling biohazardous substances must also be

decontaminated.
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II.10 Ergonomics

Manual Lifting

This procedure establishes the proper manual lifting of containers and packages.

The proper manual lifting technique must be followed in order to avoid minor injuries such

as back, aches, shoulder aches, etc.

Proper Manual Lifting Procedure

(1) Lifting heavy loads (containers) from floor level or above what employee can reach

height must be, as much as possible, avoided.

(2) Lifting aids such as platform trucks or trolleys must be used to reduce moving heavy

loads in a long distance.

(3) Weight of the load to be carried can be assessed and whether the employee can

move the load safely or needs any help – must be heavy loads could be broken down

into lighter loads

(4) Exposure to repetitive movements such as twisting or turning around to stack heavy

loads must be done freely

(5) Stacking containers that are overhead must be done by using platforms so that

reaching is minimized.
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(6) Avoid lifting from the floor, if lifting from the floor is needed, keep the load close

to the body and lift by pushing with legs.

Unloading Techniques

(1) Maintain good body placement. Maintain the back’s natural curve. Flex and

bend your knees. Do not bend over the load.

(2) Pay attention to your hands. Keep your fingers away from the bottom of the

load.

(3) Keep the object close to your body as your unload or release it. A weight lifting,

if you stretch the object away from your body, you risk seriously injuring back and

neck.
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EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
AND
CONTROL
 141

IV. Emergency Preparedness and Procedures

Employees must conform to the following practices in the event of an emergency:

(1) Employees must be aware of signals during an emergency. This includes those

signals from fire alarms, sirens, and other signals.

(2) Employees must be familiarized with the evacuation routes of each area of the

cooperative’s building. They must know the areas for evacuation and for assembly.

(3) Employees must call and warn all persons (other employees, customers, and

visitors) in the workplace when there is an emergency.

(4) Employees must provide support and help those persons who needs assistance.

(5) Employees must be trained and be aware of what to do during emergencies

such as fire, earthquake, flood, typhoon, sudden attacks, and other emergencies.

(6) Employees must stay calm but move quickly during evacuation.

(7) Employees must follow directions from authorities such as safety officers and

respondents, police, and fire officials.

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General Instruction for Reporting Emergencies

(1) Summon emergency assistance by CALLING :

726 3630 - Bureau of Fire Protection San Jose (SFI Adrian Quilang)

7861637 - Rural Health Unit (Dr. Rufo Luna)

7262767 - San Jose Municipal Police Station (PCI Virgilio Jopia),

7408301 - Batangas Medical Cente

7023902 - City Disaster Risk Reduction and Mangement Office

(02) 911-5061 to 65 - NDRRMC

(2) Be prepared to provide the following information:

a. Your name and location.

b. Phone number from where the call is being made.

c. Location of the emergency, including facility name, Bldg #, full address.

d. Type of emergency:

Medical

Fire

Confined Space Rescue

Hazardous Material

 Other important Information:

a. Number and condition of victims.

b. Location and extent of situation, hazard, fire, etc.

c. Involvement of Hazardous Materials (as available, give product name

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and/or describe any markings, labels or placards).

(3) DO NOT HANG UP FIRST. Let emergency personnel hang up first. After the call,

station someone to direct Emergency Response personnel to the scene of the emergency.
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IV.1 Evacuation Procedures

In the event of fire, or other event the following steps must be taken:

(1) Activate the fire alarm. Alert others to the nature and location of emergency on

your way out. Remain calm and do not panic, proceed calmly to the exterior, and

never push others.

(2) If time permits, shut down any hazardous equipment or processes.

(3) Evacuate the building using stairs and closest exit.

(4) From a safe location and distance, call BFP (726 3630) and Municipal Police

Station (726 2767) of San Jose immediately and provide information.

(5) Assist injured personnel or notify emergency responders of the medical

emergency.

(6) Exit the building following emergency routes.

(7) Ensure all personnel are out of the building.

(8) Use a fire extinguisher only if safe to do so and you have been trained.

(9) Assemble personnel at a remote location noted on evacuation layout.

(10) Report hazardous conditions.

(11) Stay away from building until it is safe to return.

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IV.2 Extreme Weather Conditions

TYPHOON

I. Before the Typhoon

1. Monitor weather reports and do not ignore rainfall warning alerts you receive.

2. Make your own lifeline kit consisting of essential items like food, money,

documents, and toiletries

3. Keep the following items in handy in case of power outrage: battery-operated radio,

flashlights, and spare batteries.

4. Check the building for anything that needs to be fixed or secured, such as leaky

roofs and trees to be trimmed.

5. Prepare the list of emergency hotlines to call.

6. Evacuate immediate and calmly, - if there’s an order from the local government

unit.

* When Signal No. 3 or higher raised by PAGASA, all workers and offices

must be automatically cancelled or suspended.

II. During the Typhoon

1. Tune in your radio to a nearby radio station for up to the minute storm reports.

2. Maintenance staff and fire emergency unit on standby.

3. Close all windows, doors, and other openings.

4. Remove all loose boards and other items which might be easily blown about and
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cause damage during the storm/typhoon.

5. Tie down with heavy cable or ropes, all equipment that can be moved or blown by

wind.

6. Roll up, fold up or remove all wiring.

7. Provide emergency supplies.

8. Move materials that might be damaged by water to safer places.

9. Check fire protection apparatus and emergency equipment. Also check electrically

operated alarms and other safety devices.

III. After the Typhoon

1. Check structural damage and make necessary repairs.

2. Check the fire protection equipment in the office.

3. Check the stocks and contents in the building for water damage.

4. Start necessary salvage operations or drying out. Keep in mind that some materials.

when damp, will spontaneously catch fire.

FLOOD

I. When you received a flood warning:

1. Store drinking water in various containers. Water services may be interrupted

2. If forced to leave your office, move essential items to safe ground. Fill tanks to keep

them from floating away. Grease immovable machineries.

 147

3. Move to safe area before access is cut off by flood water.

II. During the Flood

1. Be ready to evacuate as directed by the Emergency Coordinator.

2. Follow the recommended primary or secondary evacuation routes.

3. Do not attempt to cross a flowing stream which is above your knees.

4. Climb to high ground and stay there.

5. Avoid walking or driving through flood water.

III. After the Flood

1. Seek necessary medical care at nearest hospital, if necessary.

2. Do not handle live electrical equipment in wet areas. Electrical equipment must be

checked and dried before operation.

3. Use flashlights, not lanterns or torches, to examine buildings. There may be

flammable liquids/items inside.

4. Report broken utility lines to appropriate authority. During any flood emergency,

stay tuned to your battery-operated radio and/or TV for news update.

EARTHQUAKE

I. Before an Earthquake

1. Find safe and the nearest areas such as desk or table that are far from windows, tall

cabinets and furniture that could fall.

2. Perform dock, cover, and hold-on in each safe place. Drop under the desk or table
 148

and hold on to its leg. Keep your head down to avoid hurting your eyes.

3. Be prepared with an emergency kit which includes water, food, medication, a first-

aid kit, bandages for injuries, flashlight, batteries, radio, and other personal items.

4. Keep fire extingusihers in the appropriate places and know how to used it in case

of emergency.

5. Know how to turn off the water, gas, and electricity

6. Secure heavy items, such as file cabinets, tall furnitures, mirrors, and light fixtures

to the wall.

II. During an Earthquake

When Indoors: Drop, Cover, Hold

1. Stay Inside

2. Drop under heavy furniture such as table, desk, or any solid furniture.

3. Cover your head and torso to prevent being hit by falling objects.

4. Hold onto the object that you are under so that you remain covered.

5. Stay away from windows, and cabinets with heavy objects.

6. Do not rush for exits, move away from display shelves containing objects that could

fall.

III. After an Earthquake

1. Remain calm and reassure others

2. Be prepared for aftershocks, and plan where to take cover when they occur

3. Stay informed.
 149

4. Beware of objects that could fall off shelves

5. Help injured or trapped persons, give first aid where appropriate

6. Put on sturdy shoes and Protective clothing to help prevent injury from debris,

especially broken glass

7. Carefully clean up any spilled hazardous materials. Wear proper hand and eye

protection.

IV.3 Extended Power Loss

In the occurrence extended power loss to a facility certain precautionary measures

should be taken depending on the geographical location and environment of the facility:

(1) Unnecessary electrical equipment and appliances must be turned off in the event

that power restoration would surge causing damage to electronics and effecting

sensitive equipment.

(2) Facilities with freezing temperatures must be turn off and drain in the event of

a long-term power loss:

a. Potable water lines

b. Toilets

(3) Equipment that contain fluids that may freeze due to long term exposure to
 150

freezing temperatures must be moved to heated areas, drained of liquids, or

provided with auxiliary heat sources.

Upon Restoration of heat and power:

(1) Electronic equipment must be brought up to ambient temperatures before

energizing to prevent condensation from forming on circuitry.

 151

FIRST AID
TIPS
 152

V. First Aid Safety Practices

In rendering first aid, employees must comply with the following safety practices:

(1) Provide first aid only to the extent you have been trained to safely and

effectively perform.

(2) Know how to obtain emergency medical response as quickly as possible. In the

interim, make the distressed person comfortable and explain that help is on the way.

(3) Comply with the requirements for personal bloodborne pathogen exposure

prevention, including use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other

“universal precautions” if first aid emergency medical care is provided.

(3.1) Treat all blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials

(OPIMs) as infectious and follow safety practices to avoid direct contact. In

the case of medical emergencies (for example, involving patients) if unsure

of what to do, contact the nearest physician or EMT service.

(3.2) Follow practices and use protective equipment (gloves, gown, and

mask) to the extent necessary to avoid exposure when you will handle or

otherwise come in contact with blood or other potentially infectious

materials. This is particularly necessary when providing first aid/CPR in a

medical emergency, even as a good Samaritan.

(3.3) Decontaminate any surface or object (such as a screwdriver) that has

 153

been contaminated with potentially infectious materials with alcohol,

hypochlorite (bleach) solution, or other suitable disinfectant.

(4) Obtain expert medical follow-up for the injured/distressed person any time first

aid is rendered, except for obviously minor injuries such as small cuts and burns.

(5) For the existing first aid supplies used, notify the person responsible so that

replacement supplies may be obtained.

(6) Thus, the supplies of employer’s first aid kit are as follows:

Disinfectant Solutions Adhesive dressing (bandages)

Safety Pins Adhesive tape rolls, 1 inch wide

Tweezers and scissors 1- and 2-inch gauze roll or compress

CPR mask Sterile gauze pad, 2- and 4-inch square

Latex gloves Protective gown

Face shield/mouth protector Triangular bandages

The content of the first aid kit must be checked periodically (at least

monthly) to ensure appropriate supply is kept on hand.

 154

VI. Implementation, Monitoring, and Corrective Actions

Training and Communication

Knowledge of safety rules and how and when to function under the rules,

supplemented by compliance, is essential to safety.

(1) Employees scheduled for any safety and health training will attend such training.

(2) New employees will be provided orientation training and will be furnished information

and literature covering the company health and safety policies, rules, and procedures. This

orientation training must be provided prior to the employee's exposure to the work

environment.

(3) Individual job/task training will be provided to all employees. Included in this training

are the applicable regulations/standards for their job; the recognition, avoidance, and

prevention of unsafe conditions; areas and activities that require personal protective

equipment; and how to use protective equipment (such as respirators, etc.).

(4) Monthly/quarterly on-going safety training sessions will be conducted to provide

information and training on new equipment, new procedures, new chemicals,

refresher/remedial training in specific areas, or meet annual requirements. Such training

may be held in conjunction with the safety briefings/meetings addressed elsewhere in this

program.
 155

(5) Various individual BEPCO’s Safety programs specify that training be provided to

employees. Supervisors will ensure their employees are scheduled and provided this

training as required.

Examples of specified training include but not limited to:

* Signage and Equipment Usage (conducted by the Safety Officer)

* Confined space entry

* Respirator care and use

* Hazard communication

* Lockout/tagout procedures

* Electrical work

* Emergency Drills (conducted by Safety and Health Officer in coordination with

Bureau of Fire Protection

(6) Training addressed above will be documented in the employees' personnel records

and/or in a master training record.

 156

VII. Provision for Discipline

(1) Safety Violation notices must be issued to any of BATANGAS EGG PRODUCERS

COOPERATIVE’s employee, contractor, or anyone on the cooperative’s site violating the

Safety Rules of Regulations.

(2) Any violation of a safety rule can result in suspension or immediate termination

(3) Issuance of a Safety Violation notice for failure to use Protective Equipment, or

report a job injury (at the time of injury), will result in immediate termination

(4) Written safety violation will be issued by the Safety Officer, any foreman, or any

management person who observes a safety violation being committed.

(5) An issuance of verbal warning can be used to replace written safety violation

(6) Written safety violation must be submitted within 24 hours to the administration office

and will be determined what type of disciplinary action to be used.

(7) An employee who has received a written safety violation will receive a written

statement of the disciplinary action to be taken based on the number of citations on files as

follows:

FIRST OFFENSE: Employee will receive a written safety violation citation

classified as a warning.

SECOND OFFENSE: Employee will receive a written safety violation citation

 157

requiring a two-day suspension without pay.

THIRD OFFENSE: Employee will receive a written safety violation citation

requiring a five-day suspension without pay.

FOURTH OFFENSE: Employee will receive a written safety violation citation

requiring discharge and will not be eligible for rehire for a period of three months.
 158

VIII. Audit and Review

The goal of a health and safety audit is to assist in the continuous improvement of your

company’s OHS procedures. The audit should:

a. Identify the risks and the levels of those risks within the workplace;

b. Identify strengths and weaknesses in your safety procedures;

c. Assess whether your safety procedures are legally compliant;

d. Compare current documentation and practices against best practice and legal

obligations;

e. Recommend improvements in your safety procedures;

f. Ensure that there are adequate resources available to manage OHS; and

g. Ensure that the resources devoted to health and safety are being utilized effectively.
 159

4.4 Measuring and Knowing the Benefits of Safety Program

The following table shows the costs and benefits of Occupational Safety Program

of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative.

Table 4.4.1 Cost and Benefit of Occupational Safety Program

Costs/Issues Benefits

•Decrease in accidents at work

•Prevent injuries and ensure staff and

visitors are well aware of the possible

dangers and hazards ahead in certain

situation

Provision of Occupational Safety •Boost safety consciousness amongst

Program (Safety Signage, Protective employees

Equipment, other safety equipment) •Reduce employer’s responsibility

•Highlights necessary information

•Protect employees against exposure to

health or safety risk in job

•Increase productivity and enhance overall

business productions

Note: Not all benefits can be quantified

 160

Table 4.4.1 shows the cost and benefit of the Occupational Safety Program for

BEPCO. Detailed Costs and Benefits of the program is shown in Table 4.4.2 and Table

4.4.3

Table 4.4.1 Continued…

Costs
Total
Cost
Descriptio Quantit Unit Usefu
Items Location Size (Quantit
n y Price l Life
y x Unit
Price)
Investm Safety
ents Signage
In front
of the
Assembly building, 12" x 10-15
1 1 P570 P570
Point Sign near 16" years
parking
area
Front
door of
No 15 cm
Office 10-15
2 Smoking x 30 2 P360 P720
and years
sign cm
Productio
n Area
Parking Parking 8" x 12 10-15
3 1 P 300 P 300
sign Area " years
Parking
Parking 8" x 12 10-15
4 sign for 1 P300 P300
Area " years
PWD
Office
and 4 in 1 10-15
5 CCTV 2 P1200 P2400
Productio 1080P years
n Area
Office
25.5
Direction and 10-15
6 cm x 2 P200 P400
of toilet Productio years
7.2 cm
n Area
 161

Signage for Office

7'' x 8''
Fire and 10-15
7 x3 2 P209 P418
extinguishe Productio years
mm
rs n Area
Office
Signage for 7'' x 8''
and 10-15
8 fire action x3 2 P150 P300
Productio years
notice mm
n Area
Processin
g Area
Maintena
Restricted nce Area 8" x 10-15
9 4 P130 P520
Area Laborator 10" years
y Room
Packagin
g Room
 162

Table 4.4.2 Estimated Costs of Implementing Occupational Safety Program

Processing
Room
Packaging
No food or
Room 20 cm x 10-15
10 drinks 4 P150 P600
Laboratory 30 cm years
allowed
Room
Egg Shell
Storage
Caution
Aisle in the 615 mm
for 10-15
11 Production x 235 1 P700 P700
slippery years
Area mm
floor
Loading/U
Delivery
nloading 20 cm x 10-15
12 Bay/Loadi 1 P330 P330
Zone 30 cm years
ng Area
Signage
Signage
for
Office and
Recyclable 17 cm x 10-15
13 Production 2 P200 P400
and Non- 12.7 cm years
Area
Recyclable
Materials
No
gadgets Production 20 cm x 10-15
14 1 P150 P 150
allowed Area 30 cm years
signage
Maintenan
200 mm
Electrical ce Room 10-15
15 x 200 2 P305 P610
Sign Production years
mm
Area
Noise 300 mm
Production 10-15
16 Hazards x 200 1 P700 P 700
Area years
Sign mm
Lockout
Production 3" x 5 1/4 10-15
17 /tagout 1 P2100 P2100
Area " years
sign
Lockout
Production 10-15
18 /tagout 1 P500 P500
Area years
padlock
 163

Floor Production 2" ( 1 10-15

19 1 P675 P 675
Markings Area roll) years
Price of Safety
Signage (*Prices P12,693.00
based: Pensigns.co.za)
Value-Added Tax of
P1,523.16
12 %
Total Price of Safety
P14,486.16
Signage

Table 4.4.2 Continued…

Tot
al
Co
st
Uni (Q
Qu
Purchase of Protective t ua Usefu
Location Size ant
Equipment Pri ntit l Life
ity
ce y x
Uni
t
Pri
ce)
Anti-glare filter up to
P63 P94
20 for computer Office Area 14 in LCD 15 2
0 50
(15 computers) years
Laboratory
Safety Goggles P30 P60 3-5
21 Room and 3M 20
(20 employees) 0 00 years
Production Area
Hearing
P
Protector ( Ear 0.47in x P10 2-3
22 Production Area 20 200
Plug for 20 0.94" 0 years
0
employees)
Chemical
Laboratory P15 P75 3-5
23 Resistant 14in 5
Room 0 0 years
Gloves
P15 P15 10
24 Respirator Production Area 3M 1
00 00 years
 164

25 Two-way Delivery 60 ( 1 P15 P15 10

mirrors for Bay/Loading convex 00 00 years
loading/unloadi Area mirror) and
ng area up
P
Slip Resistant Aisle in the P40 10
26 18m x 2m 1 400
floormat Production Area 00 years
0
2x1 W
Emergency Office and High P15 300 20
27 2
Lights Production Area Power 00 0 years
SMT LED
10
Eye wash 95 x 45 x P20 200 years
28 Production Area 1
fountain 28 cm 000 00 and
up
11
Ergonomic
60 cm x 82 P30 69, years
29 Office Chair Office area 23
cm 00 000 and
(23 employees)
up
39.37in x P 10-
Floor Cord P21
30 Cold Storage 531in x 1 214 15
Cover (6.5 ft) 42
0.79in 2 years
Rubber Edge
10-
Protector for 9 mm x 14 P15 P13
31 Processing Room 9 15
machines (9 mm 0 50
years
machines)
Price of Additional PPEs
(*Prices based from P120,692
Ph.element14)
Value-Added Tax of 12 % P14,483.04
Total Price of PPEs P135,175.04
Additional Investment No. of employee
Safety
P10 65,
32 Training/Semin 65
00 000
ar (Per month)
Total Cost of Project P214,661.20
*Note:Price varies depending on the store/supplier
Prices are based from Pensigns.co.za, Ph. element14
 165

Table 4.4.2 shows the different investments and purchases needed for the provision

of Occupational Safety Program. The cost of the items was based on the average pricing

on their respective stores.

Table 4.4.3 Estimated Benefits of Implementing Occupational Safety Program

Benefits Amount Total Cost

Savings for Medical Assistance
per Employee
(P 2000/employee) P2000 x 65 employees P 130,000
Human
Capital
Approach
Estimating benefits of
occupational safety
program
Before program, employees
missed 20 days of work on per
year on average (Based on lost
work days)
20 lost work days – 8 lost days P 9,600 (earned
After program,
after program = 12 days * for
participant missed 8
P800/day productivity)
days of work per year
Average
Income =
P
20,000/m
onth
Average
earning =
P800/dail
y
Cost of Benefits that could
gain by cooperative in the P139,600
future
 166

Table 4.4.3 shows the benefits that could be earned by the cooperative in the future

for the provision of Occupational Safety Program.

Results of the Benefits of Implementing Safety Program

Based on the proposed Occupational Safety Program for the cooperative, the

estimated total cost of the developing a program was P214,661.20. This includes provisions

of Safety Signage, additional Personal Protective Equipment, and Safety Training for

employees. The quantitative benefits that could be gained for five-year projection was

estimated at P621,474.40 which includes savings for medical assistance and the

productivity gained (based from lost work days) (See Appendix B).

The Benefit-Cost Ratio (B-C Ratio) was used in order to weigh the long-term

benefits of a safety program against the costs associated with that program. Present value

was also calculated in relation to B-C Ratio. Present values were included because it is

assumed that the money you have now is worth more than the same amount of money

in the future, due to the effects of inflation. In economic terms, if BCR>1, the program

should be allowed to proceed. If BCR<1, program should not proceed and if BCR=0,

program should be allowed to proceed but with little viability.

The calculated B-C Ratio was 2.90 which means that the program has positive

return and should proceed. The program’s estimated benefits significantly outweigh its

costs. Moreover, Batangas Egg Producer’s Cooperative could expect P2.90 in benefits

for each P1.00 of costs (See Appendix B for calculation).

 167

In another approach, Return on Investment (ROI) was also calculated to know how

efficient investing in a program is. The computed ROI is 2.25 which is positive and greater

than zero. It means the program was acceptable. The ROI has a positive return on

investment. P 2.25 could be gained for every peso the Cooperative invested in Safety

Program. This investment was extremely efficient because it could increase 2.25 times.

(See Appendix B Calculation)

 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The research study was conducted to analyze the safety condition of Batangas Egg

Producers Cooperative in Barangay Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas, through the

identification of the hazards in the office and production area. The existing condition of

Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative was analyzed in terms of Safety Signage, Confined

Space and Storage, Machine Guarding, Housekeeping, Material Handling, Physical

Hazards in terms of Lighting, Noise, Ventilation, Temperature, Chemical hazards,

Electrical Hazards, Biological Hazards, Psychological Hazards, and Emergency

Procedures and control. A safety program was designed in order to address these hazards.

Summary of Findings

1. The existing condition of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative was analyzed. In the

Office Area, majority of the items inspected were in high risk level. This includes

Safety Signage, reception area, corridors and stairs, administrative office,

housekeeping, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards.

In the Production Area, majority were in high and extreme risk levels. The items

inspected with high risk level include machine guarding, physical hazard, biological

hazards and psychological hazard. Meanwhile, the items inspected in extreme risk level
 169

includes safety signage, confined space, housekeeping, material handling, and

electrical hazards.

For the Emergency Preparedness and Response, majority of the items inspected

were in high level. This includes Power Shut-down, Evacuation, and Extreme Weather

Condition.

2. The identified hazards and its sources were the ones lacking in the provisions of

Safety Signage.

In terms of Safety Signage, the Office Area of the cooperative have no signage

provided for assembly point, parking space for employees and PWD, smoking area,

restricted area, fire action notice, safety posters and instructions, while for Production Area,

signage for wet floor, hazardous materials, signage for restricting mobile phones and food

in have no signage provisions.

In terms of Confined Spaces, the hazards found in cold storage area was the crowded

in the production area

The hazards found in terms of Machine Guarding were the sharp edges of the machines

in the production area, unguarded rotating machines, no provision of safety goggles, no

procedures for lockout and tagout of machines, and safety procedures of using the

machines.

In terms of housekeeping, in the Office Area, the unorganized workplace in terms of

cluttered files above table and not categorized trash bins of employees was observed for

inadequate housekeeping. For the Production Area, wet and slippery aisles, crowded filling

rooms and storage, cluttered electrical wirings, poorly arranged locker rooms, faded
 170

markings, and inadequate illumination in some areas of the production was revealed for

poor housekeeping.

For material handling, the hazards identified were the improper position of freezers that

were placed on the aisles, unseen movement of trucks can cause accidents in the

loading/unloading area due to no signage and two-way mirrors on rear view of drivers, and

the manual carrying of eggs.

In terms of Physical Hazards, for the Office Area’s lighting, glares and long exposure

to computers were the hazards found that could cause headaches and visual strains.

Meanwhile, the lights that were uncovered, flickering lights in the delivery bay, lack of

knowledge in intensity of light, and no provision of emergency lights were found in the

production area. For noise, in the Production area, the results revealed that the lack of

provision in hearing protective equipment, controls for noise, and lack of preventive

measures for noise were observed in the noise hazards. For the Temperature hazards, the

continuous exposure of workers to varying temperature in the production area made the

risk of exposure to injuries/accidents.

In terms of Chemical Hazards, the results in chemical hazards showed that the hazards

were found in lack of supervision in handling of chemicals for employees (except for those

employees in laboratories) and inadequate provision of some Personal Protective

Equipment (Safety googles, respirator, chemical resistant gloves, chemical cartridge) .

In terms of Electrical Hazards, the machines in the production area has no lockout and

tagout signs during that would be used during service, cluttered wirings, and untrained

workers in case of electrical accidents.

 171

In terms of ergonomic hazards, in the office area, the ergonomic hazards found were

long exposure to computer that causes visual strain and headache and the use of not

ergonomically designed chairs for office employees. In the production area, workers were

exposed to sharp edge of machines, no training in proper body positions while using

machines and no lifting techniques in handling of eggs and containers.

In terms of Biological Hazards, in the production area, the biological hazards found

were no training program used in addressing biohazards and not documenting the cases of

biohazards.

In terms of Psychological Hazards, in the production area, the psychological hazards

found were the continuous work of employees in production and exposure to cold

temperature.

In terms of Emergency and Response, the cooperative has no procedures and trainings

in evacuations, extreme weather conditions, and extended power loss/shut-down.

3. The Occupational Safety Program for Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative has

been made to address the identified hazards. It was also intended to prevent injuries

and accidents from occurring and reduce the risks in the cooperative.

4. Based from the cost benefit calculations, the researchers found out that the

computed B-C ratio of the program was acceptable to implement.

Conclusions

1. The existing condition of the Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative pose significant

hazards to the employees, management, customers, and affiliates of the

cooperative.
 172

2. The researchers concluded that the hazards identified in the cooperative can cause

danger and occurrence of accidents for employees.

3. The researchers concluded that the Occupational Safety program would help on the

strict implementation of rules and regulations that will prevent accidents and

injuries and control possible hazards.

4. The researchers concluded that the Safety Program is beneficial for the company.

Recommendations

1. To the future researchers, they may conduct similar study with different type of

work settings.

2. Further studies may include different types of approaches such as 6S (5S + Safety)

in identifying hazards.
 173

References Cited

Brion, E., & Viray, M. (2016). Laboratory safety and health program for the College of
Engineering of Southern Luzon State University – Lucban, Quezon.
Boshoff, T. (n.d). HIRA methodology [Online] Available at:
https://www.labourguide.co.za/health-and-safety/1507-hira-methodology [Accessed 1
October 2019]
Department of Labor and Employment. (2016). “Occupational safety and health
standards.” Retrieved, November 9, 2019.
Easter, K., Hegney, R., & Taylor, G. (2004). Enhancing occupational safety and health.,
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hughes, P. & Ferret, E. (2011). Introduction to health and safety at work, 4th ed.,
Routledge.
LaTourette, T. & Mendeloff, J. (2008). Mandatory workplace safety and health programs:
Implementation, effectiveness, and benefit-cost trade-offs., Rand Corporation.
Philippines. (2018). Republic Act No. 11058: An act strengthening compliance with
occupational safety and health standards and providing penalties for violations thereof.
Metro Manila, Republic of the Philippines, 2018.
Salvendy, G. (2010). Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, 4th ed., John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Safety Culture. “Comprehensive OSHA Hazard Assessment Checklist.” Retrieved,
November 10, 2019. https://public-library.safetyculture.io/products/comprehensive-osha-
hazard-assessment-checklist
The National Patient Safety Agency. (2008). “A risk matrix for risk managers.” Retrieved,
November 21, 2019.
https://www.neas.nhs.uk/media/118673/foi.16.170__risk_matrix_for_risk_managers_v91
.pdf
 174

Appendix A

Table 1. HIRA Checklist for Office Area of BEPCO

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) Checklist

The following checklist can be used to identify and evaluate hazards in your
workplace. This checklist covers a wide variety of workplace safety and health
hazards. All of the topics covered in this checklist may not apply to your particular
workplace. Use the sections of the checklist that apply to your workplace and work
activities.
Put a Check (/) mark on the cells that correspond to your answer. You may write
comments about the current status of the situations based from the given items. The
Risk level will be answered by the ff: Extreme, High, Moderate, low Risk Score will
be based on the Risk Matrix (Likelihood x consequence)
Note: Risk Level is how the condition in each item affects the workplace safety; and
the need to address the situation
Risk
Score Risk
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments
(C x Level
L)
1.0 Safety Signage
1.1 External/Building
Entrance
Is your assembly point
clearly identified and in a
safe location?
If a visitor leaves via a
rear/side fire exit door, can
they find their way to the
assembly point?
Is the designated smoking
area clearly defined?
Are people smoking outside
of the entrance rather than
the designated smoking area?
Can the roof and skylights
hold the weight of an average
human?

Are fragile roof signs clearly

visible?
 175

If CCTV is in use, are signs

clearly visible and details of
the operator displayed?
Are parking bays clearly
marked?
Is parking available near to
the entrance for disabled
visitors?
Do visitors know how to get
to the reception/goods in/car
park etc?
Are there any areas outside
the building that are strictly
no parking?
1.2 Reception Area,
Corridors, and Stairs
Are fire extinguishers present
in the reception area?
Is fire extinguisher visible
from distance and from all
areas of the room?
Can visitors easily locate
toilets?
Do ‘wash hands’ signs
currently appear in
washrooms?
Are toilets inspected
regularly?
Does the building display at
least one updated Safety and
Health poster?
Does every fire alarm call
point have a fire action
notice above it?
Are customers, visitors and
staffs aware of areas they are
restricted from entering?
Is there fire exit sign with an
arrow pointing upwards
above each fire door?
 176

1.3 Administrative Office

Area

Are mobile phones allowed

in the office area?

Is food or drink allowed in

the office area?

Is a fire exit visible in the

area?
Are safety instructions
visible and available
whenever safety instructions
and reminders are needed?
Is there fire exit sign with an
arrow pointing upwards
above each fire door?
2 Materials

2.1 Housekeeping

Are all work areas clean and

orderly?
Are all toilets and washing
facilities clean and sanitary?
Are aisles and passageways
kept clear?
Are standard stair rails or
handrails on all stairways
having four or more risers?
Are all stairways at least 22''
wide?
Do stairs have at least a 6'6"
overhead clearance?
Are step risers on stairs
uniform from top to bottom,
with no riser spacing greater
than 7-1/2 inches?
Are steps on stairs and
stairways designed or
 177

provided with a surface that

renders them slip resistant?
Is material on elevated
surfaces piled, stacked or
racked in a manner to
prevent it from tipping,
falling, collapsing, rolling or
spreading?
Are lamps or light sources
clean and provide adequate
illumination for working?
Are emergency equipment
(e.g., fire extinguishers, first
aid kits) placed around where
it can be easily seen?
Are floors (e.g., tiles, boards,
and carpet) in good
condition?
Are stacked materials placed
on a flat and firm
foundation?
Are there proper waste bins
for general waste, recyclable
waste, and so on provided at
work areas to facilitate
responsible disposal?
3 Environment

3.1 Physical Hazards

3.1.1 Lighting
Is all work areas adequately
illuminated?
Are lighting levels
appropriate for work tasks,
location of work, times when
work is performed and for
access?
Are glares minimized?
Are there no flickering or
expired lights?
 178

Are lights properly

positioned?
Are natural light provided in
the area?
Are the standard intensity
requirement for lights being
followed?
Are emergency lights
provided?
Is proper placement of light
considered?
Do workers complain of
visual strains and/or
headaches?
Are computer monitors
positioned to reduce glare
from various sources
(window, overhead lighting,
etc.)
Are images clear and
readable in the computer
monitor?
Are there blinds or curtains
on windows?

3.1.2 Ventilation

Is adequate ventilation
provided to ensure a supply
of sufficient clean air?

Does the office have HVAC

(Heat, Ventilation, and Air-
Conditioning) System?
Is the HVAC system
inspected at least annually,
and problems corrected?
3.1.3 Temperature
 179

Is the workplace directly

affected by temperature of
outdoor environment?
Does the temperature of the
workplace vary from hot or
cold?
Does the air in the workplace
feel hot?

3.2 Electrical Hazards

Are all employees required to
report as soon as practicable
any obvious hazard to life or
property observed in
connection with electrical
equipment or lines?
Are portable electrical tools
and equipment grounded or
of the double insulated type?
Do extension cords being
used have a grounding
conductor?
Are multiple plug adapters
used?
Are all temporary circuits
protected by suitable
disconnecting switches or
plug connectors at the
junction with permanent
wiring?
Are all cord, cable and
raceway connections intact
and secure?
Are there no broken plugs,
sockets or switches?
Are all cord, cable and
raceway connections intact
and secure?
 180

Are electrical enclosures

such as switches, receptacles,
junction boxes, etc., provided
with tight-fitting covers or
plates?
Are there no broken plugs,
sockets or switches?
3.3 Ergonomic Hazards
Is the work performed
without eyestrain or glare to
the employees?
Does the task require
prolonged raising of the
arms?
Do the neck and shoulders
does not have to be stooped
to view the task?
Are there no pressure points
on any parts of the body
(wrists, forearms, back of
thighs)?
Is the work done without
twisting or overly bending
the lower back?
Are there sufficient rest
breaks, in addition to the
regular rest breaks, to relieve
stress from repetitive-motion
tasks?
Are all pieces of furniture
adjusted, positioned and
arranged to minimize strain
on all parts of the body?
Are furniture and equipment
such as work benches or
chairs can be adjusted to suit
each worker while sitting or
standing?
Do workers stand
continuously for periods of
more than 30 minutes?
 181

Do workers not sit for period

of more than 30 minutes
without the opportunity to
stand or move around freely?
3.4 Psychological Hazards
Are there any signs of work
fatigue of employees evident
in the work place (e.g.
weariness, tiredness,
sleepiness, irritability,
headaches, and increased
susceptibility to illness)?
Is rotational shift work being
practiced in the workplace?
Are there processes for
preventing workplace
harassment and/or bullying?
Are there counselling and
support services available for
affected workers?
Are workers working alone
or in isolation?
 182

Table 2. HIRA Checklist for Production Area of BEPCO

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) Checklist

The following checklist can be used to identify and evaluate hazards in your
workplace. This checklist covers a wide variety of workplace safety and health
hazards. All of the topics covered in this checklist may not apply to your particular
workplace. Use the sections of the checklist that apply to your workplace and work
activities.
Put a Check (ü) mark on the cells that correspond to your answer. You may write
comments about the current status of the situations based from the given items. The
Risk level will be answered by the ff: Extreme, High, Moderate, Low Risk Score will
be based on the Risk Matrix (Likelihood x consequence)
Note: Risk Level is how the condition in each item affects the workplace safety; and
the need to address the situation
Risk
Score Risk
No. Item Inspected Yes No N/A Comments
(C x Level
L)
1.0 Safety Signage
Are signs for not allowing
mobile phones in the
production area visible?
Are signs for not allowing
food or drinks in the
production area visible?
Are all bins, equipment,
racks and pallet easily
identified from one another?
Is a fire exit visible in the
production area?
Are there warning signs for
hazardous devices/equipment
use in production?
Are there cautions for wet
floor?
Are safety instructions
visible in the production
area? (wherever safety
instruction or reminders are
needed)
 183

Do required tags have a

signal word of either Danger,
Caution, Hazard symbol?

Do required tags define the

specific hazardous condition
or the instruction to be
communicated, in either
words, or pictures, or both?
Are signal words readable
from at least five feet, or
further if the hazard warrants
it?
Is the proper color-coding of
tags observed? (Red for
Danger tag, Yellow for
Caution tag, Orange for
Warning tag, etc)
Are there visible signs for
trucks/vehicle drivers in the
loading/unloading area?
Are there two-way mirrors at
blind corners?
Confined Spaces (Storage
2.0
Area)
Are confined spaces
thoroughly emptied of any
corrosive or hazardous
substances, such as acids or
caustics, before entry?
Is adequate illumination
provided for the work to be
performed in the confined
space?
Is the atmosphere inside the
confined space frequently
tested or continuously
monitor during conduct of
work?
Is either natural or
mechanical ventilation
 184

provided prior to confined

space entry?
Is there an assigned safety
standby employee outside of
the confined space, whose
sole responsibility is to
watch the work in progress,
sound alarm if necessary, and
render assistance?
In addition to the standby
employee, is there at least
one other trained rescuer in
the vicinity?
Are there trained personnel
in First Aid and CPR
immediately available?
Is the confined space
checked for possible
industrial waste, which could
contain toxic properties?
Are pallets usually inspected
before being loaded or
moved?
Are confined spaces in
organized manner?
3 Machine Guarding
Is there a training program to
instruct employees on safe
methods of machine
operation?
Is there adequate supervision
to ensure that employees are
following safe machine
operating procedures?
Is there a regular program of
safety inspection of
machinery and equipment?
Is all machinery and
equipment kept clean and
properly maintained?
 185

Is sufficient clearance
provided around and between
machines to allow for safe
operations, set up and
servicing, material handling
and waste removal?
Is equipment and machinery
securely placed and
anchored, when necessary to
prevent tipping or other
movement that could result
in personal injury?
Is there a power shut-off
switch within reach of the
operator's position at each
machine?
Can electric power to each
machine be locked out for
maintenance, repair, or
security?
Are manually operated
valves and switches
controlling the operation of
equipment and machines
clearly identified and readily
accessible?
Are all emergency stop
buttons colored red?
Are methods provided to
protect the operator and other
employees in the machine
area from hazards created at
the point of operation,
ingoing nip points, rotating
parts, flying chips, and
sparks?
If special hand tools are used
for placing and removing
material, do they protect the
operator's hands?
 186

If machinery is cleaned with

compressed air, is air
pressure controlled and
personal protective
equipment or other
safeguards used to protect
operators and other workers
from eye and body injury?
Are rotating or moving parts
of equipment guarded to
prevent physical contact?
Are lockout procedures
followed for maintenance
and repair?
4 Housekeeping
Are all worksites clean and
orderly?
Are work surfaces kept dry
or appropriate means taken to
assure the surfaces are slip-
resistant?
Are all spilled materials or
liquids cleaned up
immediately?
Is waste stored safely and
removed from the worksite
promptly?
Are all toilets and washing
facilities clean and sanitary?
Are wet surfaces covered
with non-slip materials?
Are materials or equipment
stored in such a way that
sharp projectiles will not
interfere with the walkway?
Are standard stair rails or
handrails on all stairways
having four or more risers?
Are all stairways at least 22
inches wide?
Do stairs have at least a 6'6"
overhead clearance?
 187

Are step landing on stairs

uniform with 12 inches in
horizontal tread and riser
with 7 ¾ inch riser?
Is material on elevated
surfaces piled, stacked or
racked in a manner to
prevent it from tipping,
falling, collapsing, rolling or
spreading?
Are cords, cables and hoses
bundled up when not in use?
Are lamps or light sources
clean and provide adequate
illumination for working?
Are items placed around
emergency equipment (e.g.,
fire extinguishers, first aid
kits)
Are floors (e.g., tiles, boards,
and carpet) in good
condition?
Are floor markings highly
visible and not faded?
Are there proper waste bins
for general waste, recyclable
waste, hazardous waste, and
so on provided at work areas
to facilitate responsible
disposal?
Are waste (including
hazardous waste) collected
regularly so that there is no
unnecessary accumulation of
waste?
Is there a predetermined
disposal area designated for
situations where waste
material (e.g., bulky waste,
toxic waste) need to be
accumulated till the next
waste collection?
 188

5 Material Handling
Are aisle ways designated,
permanently marked, and
kept clear to allow
unhindered passage?
Are pallets usually inspected
before being loaded or
moved?
Are truck or trailers secured
from movement during
loading and unloading
operations?
Do workers perform manual
handling techniques?
Are the containers size
standardized?
6 Physical Hazards
6.1 Lighting

Is all work areas adequately

illuminated?
Are lighting levels
appropriate for work tasks,
location of work, times when
work is performed and for
access?
Are glares minimized?
Are there flickering or
expired lights?
Are natural light provided in
the area?
Are the standard intensity
requirement for lights being
followed?
Are emergency lights
provided?
Do they consider the proper
placement of light?
6 Physical Hazard
 189

6.2 Noise
Are noise levels being
measured using a sound level
meter or an octave band
analyzer and records being
kept?
Have engineering controls
been used to reduce
excessive noise levels?
Are hearing protection
supplied if noise cannot be
controlled by any other way?
Where engineering controls
are determined not feasible,
are administrative controls
(i.e. worker rotation) being
used to minimize individual
employee exposure to noise?
Is there an ongoing
preventive health program to
educate employees in safe
levels of noise and exposure,
effects of noise on their
health, and use of personal
protection?
Have work areas where noise
levels make voice
communication between
employees difficult been
identified and posted?
6 Physical Hazards

6.3 Ventilation
Is adequate ventilation
provided to ensure a supply
of sufficient clean air?
Does the plant have HVAC
(Heat, Ventilation, and Air-
Conditioning) System?
Is the HVAC system
inspected at least annually,
and problems corrected?
6 Physical Hazards
 190

6.4 Temperature
Is the workplace directly
affected by temperature of
outdoor environment?
Does the temperature of the
workplace vary from hot or
cold?
Does the air in the workplace
feel hot?
7 Chemical Hazards
Are employees trained in the
safe handling practices of
hazardous chemicals such as
acids, caustics, and the like
Are unused or unnecessary
chemicals disposed of in a
safe manner?
Are employees aware of the
potential hazards involving
various chemicals stored or
used in the workplace--such
as acids, bases, caustics,
epoxies, and phenols?
Is employee exposure to
chemicals kept within
acceptable levels?
Are necessary equipment for
safe use of chemicals
provided (e.g., ventilation,
PPE, safety shower)?
Are eye wash fountains and
safety showers provided in
areas where corrosive
chemicals are handled?
Are all employees required to
use personal protective
clothing and equipment when
handling chemicals (i.e.
gloves, eye protection, and
respirators)?
Have standard operating
procedures been established
and are they being followed
 191

when cleaning up chemical

spills?

Where needed for emergency

use, are respirators stored in
a convenient, clean and
sanitary location?
Are employees prohibited
from eating in areas where
hazardous chemicals are
present?
Are there written standard
operating procedures for the
selection and use of
respirators where needed?
Have control procedures
been instituted for hazardous
materials, where appropriate,
such as respirators,
ventilation systems, handling
practices, and the like?
Whenever possible, are
hazardous substances
handled in properly designed
and exhausted booths or
similar locations?
Is there a dermatitis problem-
-do employees complain
about skin dryness, irritation,
or sensitization?
Is vacuuming used, rather
than blowing or sweeping
dusts whenever possible for
clean up?
Are Safety Data Sheet
supplied for each hazardous
chemical?
If hazardous substances are
used in your processes, do
you have a medical or
biological monitoring system
in operation?
 192

Are you familiar with the

Threshold Limit Values or
Permissible Exposure Limits
of airborne contaminants and
physical agents used in your
workplace?
8 Electrical Hazards
Are all employees required to
report as soon as practicable
any obvious hazard to life or
property observed in
connection with electrical
equipment or lines?
Are employees instructed to
make preliminary inspections
and/or appropriate tests to
determine what conditions
exist before starting work on
electrical equipment or lines?
When electrical equipment or
lines are to be serviced,
maintained or adjusted, are
necessary switches opened,
locked-out and tagged
whenever possible?
Are portable electrical tools
and equipment grounded or
of the double insulated type?
Do extension cords being
used have a grounding
conductor?
Are multiple plug adapters
used?
Are all temporary circuits
protected by suitable
disconnecting switches or
plug connectors at the
junction with permanent
wiring?
Is exposed wiring and cords
with frayed or deteriorated
insulation repaired or
replaced promptly?
 193

Are all cord, cable and

raceway connections intact
and secure?
Are there no broken plugs,
sockets or switches?
In wet or damp locations, are
electrical tools and
equipment appropriate for
the use or location or
otherwise protected?
Are all electrical raceways
and enclosures securely
fastened in place?
Is sufficient access and
working space provided and
maintained about all
electrical equipment to
permit ready and safe
operations and maintenance?
Are electrical enclosures
such as switches, receptacles,
junction boxes, etc., provided
with tight-fitting covers or
plates?
Are employees who regularly
work on or around energized
electrical equipment or lines
instructed in the
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)
methods?
Are employees not working
alone on energized lines or
equipment over 600 volts?
Are Emergency shut-down
procedures in place?
9 Ergonomic Hazards
Do the neck and shoulders do
not have to be stooped to
view the task?
Is the work done using the
larger muscles of the body?
 194

Is the work done without

twisting or overly bending
the lower back?
Are there sufficient rest
breaks, in addition to the
regular rest breaks, to relieve
stress from repetitive-motion
task?
Are tools, instruments and
machinery shaped,
positioned and handled so
that tasks can be performed
comfortably?
Are objects handled easy to
grasp, have no sharp edges
and are not hot, cold,
slippery or bulky?
Is lifting from ground level
or above shoulder height
avoided?
Is the work area, equipment
and systems of work
designed to minimize
sustained or repetitive
movements?
Is the work area, equipment
and systems of work
designed to eliminate
sideways twisting of the
body, excessive bending or
reaching?
Is there enough space to
allow free movement while
doing the task?
Is training provided about
risk factors and the proper
technique to do the task?
Is the need to move heavy
loads eliminated or
minimized?
Are workers protected
against vibration when using
 195

powered equipment for long

periods?

Do workers stand
continuously for periods of
more than 30 minutes?
Do workers not sit for period
of more than 30 minutes
without the opportunity to
stand or move around freely?
10 Biological Hazards
Do work practices minimize
workers' exposure to
biological hazards (e.g.
Salmonella)?
Are employees not
potentially exposed to
infectious agents in body
fluids?
Have occasions of potential
occupational exposure been
identified and documented?
Has a training and
information program been
provided for employees
exposed to or potentially
exposed to biohazards?
Have infection control
procedures been instituted
where appropriate, such as
ventilation, universal
precautions, workplace
practices, and personal
protective equipment?
Are employees aware of
specific workplace practices
to follow when appropriate?
(Hand washing, handling
sharp instruments, handling
of laundry, disposal of
contaminated materials,
reusable equipment.)
 196

Are facilities/equipment to
comply with workplace
practices available, such as
hand-washing sinks,
biohazard tags and labels,
needle containers,
detergents/disinfectants to
clean up spills?
Is infectious waste placed in
closable, leak proof
containers, bags or puncture-
resistant holders with proper
labels?
Is training on workplace
practices, which should
include blood drawing, room
cleaning, laundry handling,
clean-up of blood spills
provided?
11 Psychological Hazards
Are there any signs of work
fatigue of employees evident
in the work place (e.g.
weariness, tiredness,
sleepiness, irritability,
headaches, and increased
susceptibility to illness)?
Is rotational shiftwork being
practiced in the workplace?
 197

Table 3. HIRA Checklist for Emergency Preparedness and Response of BEPCO

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) Checklist

The following checklist can be used to identify and evaluate hazards in your
workplace. This checklist covers a wide variety of workplace safety and health
hazards. All of the topics covered in this checklist may not apply to your particular
workplace. Use the sections of the checklist that apply to your workplace and work
activities.
Put a Check (ü) mark on the cells that correspond to your answer. You may write
comments about the current status of the situations based from the given items. The
Risk level will be answered by the ff: Extreme, High, Moderate, Low Risk Score will
be based on the Risk Matrix (Likelihood x consequence)
Note: Risk Level is how the condition in each item affects the workplace safety; and
the need to address the situation
Risk
Risk
Ye N N/ Comment Score
No. Item Inspected Leve
s o A s (C x
l
L)
Emergency Preparedness
1
and Response
1.1 Power Shut-down
Has someone with
appropriate skills been made
responsible for specific
actions in an emergency, for
example managing an
evacuation or assigning area
wardens?
Do workers working alone
know what to do in an
emergency?
Are specific procedures in
place for critical functions,
for example power shut-
downs?
Are the emergency contact
details displayed at the
workplace in an easily
accessible location?
Are contact details updated
regularly?
 198

1.2 Evacuations
Has an evacuation procedure
been prepared (if applicable)?
Does the procedure: address
all types of situations and
hazards which may arise at
the workplace
Does the workplace have
appropriate fire protection
equipment? Is it suitable for
the types of risks at the
workplace, for example foam
or dry powder type
extinguishers for fires that
involve flammable liquids?
Are workers trained in
emergency evacuation and
related procedures?
Extreme Weather
1.3
Conditions
If there is a risk of extreme or
dangerous weather
conditions, for example
bushfire, floods or storms,
will the control measures be
effective in these conditions?
If workers travel into areas
where extreme weather
warnings may be declared,
have appropriate policies and
procedures been developed
for when such declarations
are made?
 199

Appendix B

Calculations

Table 4. Summary of the Benefits and Cost of Occupational Safety Program

Year What will happen in each year?

Provision of Safety Signage, PPEs, Other Safety

0 Equipment; Safety Training

1 Benefits

2 Benefits

3 Benefits

4 Benefits

5 Benefits

Table 4 shows the events of costs and benefits from year zero up to year 5 of

implementation. Year zero is the start of purchasing and procurement of the safety

equipment. Year 1 will be for the benefits of the program will be up to the fifth year.

(1) Using the formula of Present value to get the Present value of costs from year 0

to year 5:
 200

Sample Calculations

i= 4% (based on interest rate of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2019)

𝑃 214,661.20
Present Value of Cost (PV) = = P 214,661.20
(1+0.04)^0

Table 5. Present Value of Costs of Occupational Safety Program

Costs

Provision of Safety

Signage, PPEs,

Year Other Safety Total Cost Present Value

Equipment; Safety

Training

0 P214,661.20 P214,661.20 P214,661.20

1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

TOTAL PRESENT
P214,661.20
VALUE OF COST
 201

Table 6. Present Value of Benefits of Occupational Safety Program

Benefits

Year Benefit Present Value

0 P0 P0

1 139,600 134,230.80

2 139,600 129,068

3 139,600 124,103.90

4 139,600 119,330.70

5 139,600 114,741

TOTAL PRESENT

VALUE OF BENEFITS P621,474.40

𝑃 139,600
Present Value of Benefits (PV) = (1+0.04)^2 = P 129,068

Total Present Value = ∑𝑛=5

𝑜 𝑃𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠 = P 621,474.40

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 (𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝑽)

Benefit-Cost Ratio = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 (𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝑽)

𝑷 𝟔𝟐𝟏,𝟒𝟕𝟒.𝟒𝟎
= 𝑷𝟐𝟏𝟒,𝟔𝟔𝟏.𝟐𝟎

B-C Ratio = 2.90 , > 1 therefore the program should proceed. The Cooperative

could save P 2.90.

 202

Return on Investment

Net Benefits = ∑(Total Benefits-Total Cost)

=P -214,661.20 + 139,600 + 139,600 + 139,600 +139,600 + 139,600

Net Benefits = P 483,338.80

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔
ROI = = 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟏𝟒,𝟔𝟔𝟏.𝟐𝟎
𝟒𝟖𝟑,𝟑𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟎
= 2.25 > 0, means good Return on Investment
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
203
 204

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IVA – CALABARZON
Division of Quezon
South Palale Elementary School
Tayabas, Quezon

CERTIFICATE OF CRITIQUING

February 23, 2020

To whom it may concern,

This certifies that JIELIAN A. ANYAYAHAN and MARIELLE O.

JAVELOSA, students from Southern Luzon State University – College of Engineering

sought assistance from the undersigned in editing the manuscript of their research study

entitled, “Occupational Safety Program of Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative in

Barangay Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas”. Their copy of thesis is now ready for binding

and academic purposes.

Respectfully yours,

MICHELLE C. ANYAYAHAN
English Teacher