Ethnicity- which refers to the ethnic group who
Reviewer for UCSP
(Understanding, culture,
society, and politics)
Culture – refers to that complex whole which
include knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, laws, customs, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man
as member of a society. (Edward H. Taylor)
- is a composite or multifarious areas that
comprise beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a
member of society
Two types of Culture:
1. Material culture - composed of tangible things
like
food, tools, dress,
accessories and others.
2 .Non-material culture – composed of intangible
things such as
habits, ideas, religion, language and behavior
Cultural Variation – refers to the differences in
social behaviors that cultures
exhibit around the world. In the Philippines
differences in social behaviors are
influence with cultures in a specific places and
tribes. So with the different people in different
countries they have also different norms and
values that
exists within their groups.
Social Differences – refers to the situation where
people are
discriminated based on economic status, social
characteristics and qualities.
These may include race, ethnicity, gender, and
professions.
In spite of these differences people continue to
do their responsibilities
as members of society.
Gender – refers to the biological characteristics
that distinguish a
male from a female.
Gender Roles -refers to attitudes and behaviors
that the society
expect a person based on his/her sex
Socio-economic class- the high income, the
middle income and the
low income class.
have common culture,
language and history.
Race – which refers to the group of people who
shared inherited
physical characteristics such as skin color, facial
features and body
structure.
Social change - refers to any significant
alteration over time in behavior
patterns and cultural values and norms. This
change is brought about by
modernization and the impact of globalization
that resulted to cultural change
among Filipino people.
Political Identities - refers to political position
based on the
interests and perspective of social groups with
which people identify.
Anthropology – is a branch of knowledge which
deals with the
scientific study of man, his works, his body, his
behavior and values in time
and space (Palispis, 2007).
Political Science – is a systematic study of a
state and its government,
with the relationships of men in the community,
with relations to groups,
to the state itself and to other sovereign
counties.
Sociology – is the scientific study of patterned,
shared human behavior,
it analysis human interaction which is essential
in understanding man’s
cultural make-up.
Society – refers to a group of people sharing a
common culture within a defined territorial
boundaries.
Types of Society
Primitive-it means belonging to a
society in which people
live in a very simple
way, usually without
industries.
Rural-a society in which there is a
low ratio of inhabitants to
open land and in which the
most important economic
activities are the production of
foodstuff, fibres, and raw
materials.
Urban-a society that is typical of
modern industrial
civilization and heterogeneous in
culturaltradition, that emphasizes
secular values, and that is
individualized rather than
integrated contrasted with
folk society
Politics- any activity involving human beings
associated together in relationship
of power and authority where conflicts occurs
(Robert Dahl, 1984 p. 13).
Beliefs – the perception of accepted reality
Knowledge – refers to any information received
and perceived to be true
Politics - any activity involving human beings
associated together in relationship
of power and authority where conflicts occurs
means compromises, but these compromises “
must in some sense be
creative of future benefits --- that each exists for
a future purpose.” Or
at least, some purpose, like “ enabling orderly
government to be
carried on at all.”
Reality - refers to the existence of things
whether material or non-material
Social Norms – these are established
expectations of society as to how a person is
supposed to act depending on the requirements
of the time,
place, or situation.
The Hominids-According to (Ember of 2002)
that one of the most controversial aspects of
Darwin’s  theory, suggest that one species could
evolve into another species. It is one of the
earliest  members of the primate family hominid,
containing humans, their immediate ancestors,  which lies in modern Iraq.
close extinct relatives.
Australopithecus-The first definite Hominid,
their teeth share basic hominid characteristic of
small  canine, flat and thickly enameled molars
and a parabolic dental arch, and there is  based.
ambiguous evidence that even the earliest
australopithecines were bipedal. Bipedal refers  B.C. the Yellow River Valley was settled  by
to using two feet in moving.
The Homo Habilis-Is known from Tanzania,
Kenya and South Africa. Species with a brain
broca’s area  which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was the first to make stone
tools.  The ability to make and use tools is
unique quality to humans such that the species
is  recognized to be the first true human. The
specie names mean “Handy Man”. Lived about  leaving only mysterious ruins to testify to  its
2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.
The Homo Erectus-The species names
“Upright Man” with body proportion similar to that
modern  humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years
ago; adapted to hot climates and most spread in  “government of the people”
Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and knives,  and
were the first to produce fire.
The Homo Sapiens-The species name means
“Wise Man” that appeared form 200,000 years
ago. The  present human race belongs to this
species.
The Homo Sapiens Sapiens-Subspecies
known as Cro-Magnon characterized to be
anatomically modern  humans and lived in the
last Ice age of Europe 40,000 to 10,000 years
ago. They were the  first to produce art in in
cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and
accessories.
PALEOLITHIC AGE 
∙ Unpolished stone implements 
∙ Hunting and gathering 
∙ Nomadic way of living 
NEOLITHIC AGE 
∙ Polished stone tools 
∙ Domestication of plants and animals 
∙ Living in permanent places 
Evolution - is a natural process of biological
changes occurring in a population across 
successive generations. 
Bipedal - refers to using two feet in moving. 
Paleolithic Age – old stone age 
Neolithic Age - new stone age 
Cradles of Civilization - refers to civilization that
emerged independently
Tigris-Euphrates River Civilization of
Mesopotamia- The most known ancient 
civilization was in Mesopotamia, in a region
The Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt - Egypt was
known as the Gift of the Nile because  the
annual flooding of the Nile made possible for
agriculture on which Egyptian civilizations  was
 
The Yellow River Civilization of China - In 3000
farmers. Chinese legends holds that Xia dynasty
arose and flourished during the  prehistoric
period. 
Indus Valley Civilization of India - The ancient
civilization of the Indus Valley, located in 
modern Pakistan, is unique because unlike the
continuously existing civilization of 
Mesopotamia, Egypt and China it rose and fell,
existence 
Democracy - comes from the Greek word
demokratia: demos meaning “people” and  kratia
meaning “government”. Therefore, democracy is
 
Conformity is an action in accordance with some
specified standard or
authority. position, but simply a label that implies certain
Enculturation is the process by which an roles that must be performed
individual learns the traditional Values are collective conceptions of what is
content of a culture and assimilates its practices considered good, desirable, and
and values. proper- or bad, undesirable and improper.
Folkways are customary patterns that specify
what is socially correct
and proper in everyday life.
Human rights are inalienable rights that protect
people’s dignity as human
beings. These give them the rights to choose, to
live, to love, to property,
to make their living, to practice one’s profession,
to vote and to be voted,
among others.
Human Dignity refers to an individual or group's
sense of self-respect and
self-worth, physical and psychological integrity
and empowerment.
Innovation means accepting the goal of success
but eliminating the use of
socially accepted means of achieving it.
Laws regulate and control the people’s behavior
and conduct.
Mores is defined what is morally right and morally
wrong.
Norms are those culturally determined rules that
guide people regarding what
is “right”, “wrong”, “proper”, “improper”.
Rebellion occurs when people reject and attempt
to change both the goals
and the means approved by society.
Retreatism means the withdrawal from society
since both the cultural goals
and the institutionalized means are rejected.
Ritualism occurs when people deemphasize or
reject the cultural goals but
accept the institutionalized means.
Role involves the pattern of expected behavior in
a social relationship with one
or more persons occupying other statuses.
Socialization is a continuing process whereby an
individual acquires a
personal identity and learns the norms, values,
behavior, and social skills
appropriate to his or her social position.
Social control refers to the rules and standards of
society that circumscribe
individual action through the inculcation of
conventional sanctions and the
imposition of formalized mechanisms.
Social deviance refers to any behavior that differs
or diverges from
established social norms.
Status is any position that an individual can
occupy in society. It is not a ranked