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    Silogism I

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    Daria Dumitrache

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Syllogisms Diagrammed Forms in this document: IAA IAE IAI AO Each form includes figures 1 through 4. ©2018 Mark Andrews The Syllogisms Diagrammed Each page describes one of the 256 syllogisms. Here is the page format. Name of form: AAA, ElO, OOE, &c. Figure: 1, 2, 3,4 Premises as stated: Venn diagram showing what the premises say. Purported conclusion: Venn diagram showing what the premises claim to say. Relation of premises to conclusion. Intended to describe how the content of the premises and the statement in the conclusion logically relate to each other. Used in only a few examples. Validity. The syllogism is valid. Superfluity. The premises prove more than the conclusion states. Subcontariety. The premises and conclusion can be true together, but they cannot be false together. irrelevance. The content of the premises is unrelated to the conclusion. Insufficiency. The premises lack sufficient information to show the truth of the conclusion. Contrariety. The premises and conclusion can be false together, but they cannot be true together. ntradiction. The premises and conclusions directly contradict each other. If one is true, the other is false. The Syllogisms Diagrammed ©2018 Merk Andrews 1 Distribution This section is intended to create a system in which each syllogism has a unique code. In each premise, there are three numbers to indicate the subject, the predicate, and the middle term. Each term is assigned a one or a zero. For the subject and predicate, one means the term is distributed; zero means that the term is undistributed. These meanings also apply in the conclusion. For the middle term in each premise, one means that the predicate is the middle term; zero means that the subject is the middle term. Example. EIO in the first figure says: No M are P; Some S are M; thus Some S are not P. The full code is 110/001/01 The major premise is 110; the subject is distributed, the predicate is distributed, and the middle term is the subject. The minor premise is 001; the subject and predicate are both undistributed, and the predicate is the middle term. The conclusion is 01; the subject is undistributed but the predicate is. Rules This section lists the rules that define a syllogism. Each rule is stated, followed by the name for the violation of that rule. The symbol One indicates that the syllogism follows the rule; Zero indicates that the syllogism violates the rule; and a Dash indicates that the rule is irrelevant to that particular syllogism. The Syllogisms Diagrammed (©2018 Mark Andrews 2 IAA [ Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & Pe s & i mn Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo . Text: = ee Ruity Major premise:_Seme ave P = relevance” Minor premise: ANS are = Entrariety” Conclusion: __ AN S_ are P = ZcContradiction Distribution: Conclusion Ss P ° Rules © Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). _=_ If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the [promise (illicit major). _1_ If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | Premise (illicit minor). _! The syilogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. — (exclusive premises). _Z_ If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Androws sprite yfu)y7 Zz Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & s BS Q oy m Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo i Text: —_ Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: Sone Pave — Subcontrariety = Irrelevance Minor premise: _A\) Save = Insufficiency = Weontrariety Conclusion: AN Save ns Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Ss oP Ss POM Ss oP 0 0G, 1°94, 10 Rules: ! ©_ Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). = if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the BH vremise (illicit, major) / If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). = If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews c/ ‘] - gh) 7 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s y s P oo m lation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo - Tex aan Rinetuiey Major premise: Some (Van P = Sivretgrance Minor premise: AN (ore S. = eentrariety” Conclusion: __AM\_S ave P == Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules Pili Kobe Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews fie falsy Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion P s Pp s m Relation of premises to conclusior Exist Hypo Text: validity, = Weuperfluity Meee creer fae ore 0) = Subcontrariety = TZrrelevance Minor premise: AV ave _S = Insufficiency eo = —“contrariety ANS on P = Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor _—_Conelusion s PM S$ PM S$ P 2B 1L2F/ 10 I ° Rule: Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is di OS Premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). \e The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. — (exclusive premises). __ If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative _ (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative 7 (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews 6[i\ 9 DAE Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss & P Ss & P ina) ™ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Tex: — Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: Some M are P = Subcontrariety eee = Tirretevance Minor premise: AN Save ™ = Insufficiency = ‘Contrariety (Conclusion amen Sr iarea ta = Contradiction — stribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules ©. Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). Oe If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). ©. if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | Premise (illicit minor) — The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is neg © [ffirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative __ (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). ive oe yr TAE 2 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss Pp Ss P in om Relation of premises to conclusion: Text: = ity = Tsupertluity Major premise:_Some Pare = Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: ANS are = insufficiency = ‘Contrari Conclusion:__Ne_S are P. ‘Contradiction Distribut : Major Minor Conclusion s Po oM eee s P LOG, Lom It O©_ Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the 7 Premise (illicit major) _! Vf minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the 7 premise (illicit minor). | The syilogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. °° (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c] 1989 Mark Andrews chile opal? TAE Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Si & P Ss os P oo ny Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Sol aaa neat cin premise: Sone _% = ittelevance Er = ery” Conclusion: __No Sac P — — Contradiction Major Minor Conclusion Ss POM Ss oPoM Ss oP LOA LOB tt Rules: 5 Oo | Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). [# [O|'|~Jol° Format (c) 1969 Mark Andrews NP hig coerce Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss P om Relation of Hypo Text: _ Validity = Tsuperfiuity Major premise: = Subcontrariety = Te rretevance Minor premise: AW “ars _S = Insufficiency = Contrariety Conclusion: Ne Save P a Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion s s P s P Rules: | Middle term distributed in at least one premise © (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is 7 Premise (illicit major) | ributed in the If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative O _(3ifirmative conclusion from negative premises). ©. If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews fl” dk TAT Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & & ~~ ” tion of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Tex — —_Validity = Wosuperfluity Major premise:_ Some ™ ave P == TSubeontrariety irrelevance Minor premise: AN Save ™ = Insufficiency — WZcontrariety Conclusion: Some S an P = Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules: oO ie t Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (atfirmative conclusion from negative premises) If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews cfufse ypely7 H D> NH Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion @® & ~m ™ Relation of premises to conclusi Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity = Superfiuity Major premise: Some Pave = Subcontrariety = TZrreievance Minor premise: AN Sore M4 = Insufficiency —— _—Contrariety Som S an ? = Contradiction Distribut Major Minor Conclusion Rules: © Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) . If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, premise (i nor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). s distributed the Ir ds Format (¢) 1969 Hark Andrews ofrs}q gp | Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion m Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo L Text: __Validity = Dsuperfluity Major premise: Sere ave P. = Subcontrariety = Tirreievance Minor premise: A _are_S. aad Insufficiency — —Contrariety Conclusion eet ene aerntet = Contradiction Distributi Major Minor Conclusion Lo le is Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). “Hh Format (c} 1989 Mark Andrews gui 6/5 ie Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s & : & P i) m Relation of premises to conclusior Exist Hypo ext: __Nalidity 5 P = Tsuperfuity Major premise: _2ome [ave = ‘Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: AN ave S = insufficiency = Contrariety Conclusion: Som S an P == (Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules / Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . = If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is dist premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). = If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative 7 (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Hark Androve p}ul9? LIAO - Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & & oa) m Relation of premises to conclusi Exist Hypo Text: ——_Validity supertluity Major premise: come are P ‘Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: AN Save (Contrariety Conclusion:_ Sere S ae mi P ‘Contradiction (undistributed middle) If major term is dist premise (illicit major) if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). uted in the conclusion, it is distributed in the Format (c} 1969 Mark Andrews le slab TAO “a Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s &) s & P Os m Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity _ Superfluity Major premise: Some Pave oa Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: AY Save MN = Insufficiency — —LContrariety Sem Save a P = Contradiction Distribul Major Minor Conclusion s s PM Ss P Rules: O_ Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). \f one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). uted in the conclusion, it is distributed in the I~ helt |=] [0 Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrexe gpl cpa] re IAO <<) Premises As Stat Purported Conclusion s & P s & P fa) ~ Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo ' Text: = Validity = ‘Superfluity Major premise: ene M\ ave P = ‘Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise:_FA\ avs S = insufficiency = Weontrariety Conclusion:_Seme Sars nod = Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion ip le is |~[9]" Ie} lob Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed midi If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor) . The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Fornat (c) 1989 Mark Andrews ifs 6/11] 90 LAO Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & &) tal ™ Relation of premises to conclusio Hypo Text: Validity ——Superfluity Major premise: 2m Pave ‘Subcontrariety irrelevance Minor premise: _A\\ 8 are a S insufficiency —

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