The Syllogisms Diagrammed Forms in this document: OAA OAE OAI OAO Each form includes figures 1 through 4. ©2018 Mark AndrewsThe Syllogisms Diagrammed Each page describes one of the 256 syllogisms. Here is the page format. Name of form: AAA, ElO, OOE, &c. Figure: 1,2, 3,4 Premises as stated: Venn diagram showing what the premises say Purported conclusion: Venn diagram showing what the premises claim to say. Relation of premises to conclusion. Intended to describe how the content of the premises and the statement in the conclusion logically relate to each other. Used in only a few examples. Validity. The syllogism is valid Superfluity. The premises prove more than the conclusion states. Subcontariety. The premises and conclusion can be true together, but they cannot be false together. irrelevance. The content of the premises is unrelated to the conclusion. Insufficiency. The premises lack sufficient information to show the truth of the conclusion. Contrariety. The premises and conclusion can be false together, but they cannot be true together. Contradiction. The premises and conclusions directly contradict each other. If one is true, the other is false. The Syllogisms Diagrammed (©2018 Mark Andrews ADistribution This section is intended to create a system in which each syllogism has a unique code. In each premise, there are three numbers to indicate the subject, the predicate, and the middle term. Each term is assigned a one or a zero. For the subject and predicate, one means the term is distributed; zero means that the term is undistributed. These meanings also apply in the conclusion. For the middle term in each premise, one means that the predicate is the middle term; zero means that the subject is the middle term. Example. EIO in the first figure says: No M are P; Some S are M; thus Some S are not P. The full code is 110/001/01 The major premise is 110; the subject is distributed, the predicate is distributed, and the middle term is the subject. The minor premise is 001; the subject and predicate are both undistributed, and the predicate is the middle term. The conclusion is 01; the subject is undistributed but the predicate is. Rules This section lists the rules that define a syllogism. Each rule is stated, followed by the name for the violation of that rule. The symbol One indicates that the syllogism follows the rule; Zero indicates that the syllogism violates the rule; and a Dash indicates that the rule is irrelevant to that particular syllogism The Syllogisms Diagrammed (©2018 Marke Andrews 2OAR Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion P SE B S Pp a») & 7 om on Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: —_— Nalidity — Superfluity Major premise:. = ‘Subcontrariety ea Irrelevance Minor premise: _ Insufficiency —_ Contrariety Conclusion: at ‘Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion POM s POM s P Sib, 10H iO ° Rules: / O Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). h[hloKEh | Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews reprrfie okelsyOAA a Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion S P aay Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity s. iz a = ‘Superfluity Major premise:_ 52% as nel = ‘Subcontrariety $ = Irrelevance Minor premise:_A\\ @A_>¥e ia) = Insufficiency S = ‘Contrariety Conclusion: M an P = Contradiction stribution: Major Minor Conclusion Rules: / Middle term distributed in at least one premise — (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the |G aepprremise (ilicit major): If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | Premise (illicit minor) The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. © (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) = If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative = (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Foraat (¢} 1989 Mark Andree 1/1/72 wreils7OAA Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion * Text: = oui, Major premise: Sent (ae nd P = Sireignene Minor premise: AN se S = eentrariety” Conclusion:__AN\_S_ ave 2 — —Contradiction rib Major Minor Conclusion ip ls wu ft Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) =_ If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). © if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the [Premise ilicit minor) _L_ The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. oO (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). = If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews a hyOAA Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity = y Majerierenise: Oo raeet lerarsane li (al a ‘Subcontrariety eee a irrelevance Minor premise: AN Move S = Insufficiency 2 = WZeontrariety Conelusion:__ ANS are P. = Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor s P s 2 Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). the Ir |i Jo lo |e |- Fornat (2) 1989 Mark Andrews WY — infu lpPremises As Stated Purported Conclusion GE P Ss P « (ey mm remises to conclusion: Text: = Validity ima ‘Superfluity Major premise: Sem: M4 ave mt P = Subcontrariety — __Irrelevance or premise: A!) S$ are M = eentreniety” Conclusion: pesherae ~~ contradiction istribution: Major Minor Conclusion Ss oP M Ss oP OM Ss oP OLB 124 ih Rules: 2 / © Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). _1_ if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the [premise (illicit major). _ if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | Premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises) _1. If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) . _1. if the conciusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Fornat (c} 1989 Heri Andrews a ; yhiha pleOAE 2 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss P s Pp J; Ute ! Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: — Validity = Tsuperfluity Major premise: S27 P ae od M a ‘Subcontrariety e = Tirreievance Minor premise: Al S are 4 — —_Insufficiency — Zcontrariety (Conclusion 2828 Venn Oita reaa _ ‘Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion Ss oP OM Ss oP M Ss Pp O14) 12H AL Rules: i ! a Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syilogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises) If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (¢) 1989 Mark Andrews opus pefalirOAE Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion @ Ww ta) ™ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo = Sikertuity Major premise: Dene MV on ot P. et ae ercievemeee. wtinor premise: AW OV ae S = Doehtareey” Conctusion:__N2 Save P = Weontradiction Distribution Major Minor Conciusion s Po oM s Po oM s P Qi L2G IL Rules: °o o | Middle term distributed in at least one premise [ (undistributed middle) If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the O Premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the [_ Bremise (ilfete minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. / (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative / (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) __/ If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) Fornat (¢) 1989 Mari Andrews sole eroOAE i Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion s P ~ ion of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: = Validity Cc = Superfluity Major premise: 92% P avt_nel 1 = Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise:_4/!_ ™_are S = Insufficiency P = Contrariety == Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion S| ee idle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) © _ If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) ©. if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the ] premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. | (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative [__ (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) _L_ If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) el ie rad jfta le sofee! > YOAL I Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss P ” remises to conclusion: Text: Validity C ‘Superfluity a — ‘Subcontrariety irrelevance or premise:_ A!) Sore _/ Insufficiency b Contrariety Conelusion:__Se_S are Contradiction Distribution: Minor Conclusion Rules — (undistributed middle) . 7 If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the “= premise (illicit major). if minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the 7 Bremise (illicit minor). _/_ The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). Q_ if one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). =_ If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative 7 (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c} 1989 Hark Andrews elytla s9feé/peOAI Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion “Doe : P & Relation of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo Text: = Validity S. = Superfluity Major premise: 27% = Subcontrariety a = irrelevance Minor premise: All = Insufficiency z = Conclusion: __ Sex _S Distribution: Major Minor Conelusion Rules / / | Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative — (affirmative conclusion f1 negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises) If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). lo|~lt]) Format (2) 1969 Mark Andrews / fee [fe yields pf v/sOAT 3 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss iB ™ Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity aa Superfluity Me nie, een alk ee eee a = Subcontrariety = Irrelevance Minor premise:_All are S$ = Insufficiency c = TZeontrariety Sem San Po = Contradiction Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion soPoM S PM SP olF Letpoe Rules: o C 1 Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle) . If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two (exclusive premises) If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) lial hea nal al Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrew refrrfie faethyOAL t Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion & & a) * Relation of premises to conclusion: ist Hypo ‘Contradiction Text: = Validity = ‘Superfluity Mejor iprenies Woe cere leeearen ela) = subcontrariety ee an Irrelevance Minor premise: AVL ™ ace 5 = —nsufficiency ? — —Contrariety Conclusion: Sar Distribution: Rules | | Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). = If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | premise (illicit minor). _L_ The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two (exclusive premises). ©_ if one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative __ (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) = If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative 7 (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) Fornat (¢) 1989 Mark Andrews ef2i[PCAO Purported Conclusion Ss P Relation of premises to conclusior Exist Hypo Text: Validity Ss ‘Superfluity Major premise: 22” Ssubcontrariety Irrelevance insufficiency Contrariety Contradiction an ned P a na P. Distribution: Major Minor Conclusion s PM S PM O14, 12H, © Rules oO | © Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). I if major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the “am _ premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the ] Premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two (exclusive premises) If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative | (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). | if the ‘conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative | (negative premises). If the syllogism has a pa two universal premises (e ular conclusion, then it does not have ‘tential fallacy) Format (2) 1989 Hark Andrews yerfin Wofee] feOAO 2 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss Tm p s P a) aay of premises to conclusion: Exist Hypo \ Text: = Validity _= ‘Superfluity Major premise: Some Pare md M = ‘Subcontrariety = irrelevance Minor premise: Al] S are 4 = Insufficiency C P ame See Contrariaty, Conclusion: _Som* srt pe) = ‘Contradiction istributio Major Minor Conclusion Rules Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). KIKI eK Format () 1989 Mark Andrews yfelra 19 /ep /feSs —Subcontrariety Rules: |~l-I- EL) KI- Premises As Stated Validity ‘Superfluity irrelevance Insufficiency Contrariety Contradiction P CAO Purported Conclusion Ss P Text: sSone Move ned P DA axe S Major premis Minor premisé s.. § Conclusion: Sam 9 av nel P Middle term distributed in at least one premise (undistributed middle). If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major) If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two. (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative (affirmative conclusion from negative premises) If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy). Format (c) 1989 Mark Andrews welt feltOAS 1 Premises As Stated Purported Conclusion Ss Pp on Relation of premises to conclusion Exist Hypo Text: _ Validity S v = ‘Superfluity Major premise: 227% are a = ‘Subcontrariety ae Irrelevance Minor premise: AN © are = Insufficiency me ‘Contrariety Conclusion; Sexe Sov nel P ‘Contradiction Distribution: Rules 1 Middle term distributed in at least one premise O (undistributed middle) © If major term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the premise (illicit major). If minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it is distributed in the | Bremise (illicit minor). The syllogism has no negative premises, or only one, but not two ] (exclusive premises). If one premise is negative, then the conclusion is negative ] (affirmative conclusion from negative premises). 1 If the conclusion is negative, then one premise must be negative 7 (negative premises). If the syllogism has a particular conclusion, then it does not have two universal premises (existential fallacy) Format (c) 1989 Hark Andrews ofetli to/s- |e