Reading and Writing

Skills
Quarter 4 – Module SHS
GRADE -12
English – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module
First Edition, 2021

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Authors: Aileen G. Valle, Mae Christine S. Diana, Norelyn H. Data, Anna Ruth G. Tamundong,
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 SHS
READING AND
WRITING SKILLS
Quarter 4 – Module
GRADE -12

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

1
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the English 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM): Reading and Writing
Skills!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st-century skills while considering their needs and circumstances.

To the parents:
As parents, you play a vital role in educating your child's life; hence, you may also
help provide the support and stimuli that your child needs to make sense of the world. Since
we are currently facing the coronavirus pandemic, now is the perfect time for you to make
your home a school and act as a teacher to your child.

For the learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The module is divided into nine lessons:
 Lesson 1 – Hypertext and Intertextuality
 Lesson 2 – Critical Reading as Reasoning
 Lesson 3 – Assertions, Claims, and Counterclaims
 Lesson 4 – Proving Counterclaims through Text Evidence
 Lesson 5 – Book or Article Review and Literature Review
 Lesson 6 – Research Report, Project Proposal, and Position Paper
 Lesson 7 – Parts of Resume and College Admission
 Lesson 8 – Job Application and Various Office Correspondence

In this module, you are expected to:

 Identify the context in which a text was developed as Hypertext and Intertext.
 Explain critical reading as reasoning.
 Formulate evaluative statements about a text read: assertions about the content
and properties of a text read; and counterclaims in response to claims made in a
text read

2
 Determine textual evidence to validate assertions and counterclaims made about a text
read
 Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that are useful across
disciplines:
a. Book Review or Article Critique
b. Literature Review
c. Research Report
d. Project Proposal
e. Position Paper
 Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing professional
correspondence:
a. Resume

b. Application for College Admission

c. Application for Employment

d. Various forms of Office Correspondence

3
Lesson HYPERTEXT AND
1 INTERTEXTUALITY

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Reading between the lines or the skill of inferencing leads us to understand
the intricate relationships between reading texts or kinds of literature important
in creative and critical thinking skills necessary for reading comprehension.
After this lesson, you are expected to:
● define intertextuality and identify texts that are connected or linked to other
texts
● define hypertext and give examples of hypertexts

WHAT IS IT

Writers often reference another literary, media, or social text in their writing. It
is called intertextuality. It is used to create a link or connection between their
work and other texts.
The following are two forms of intertextuality:
1. The writer references either a brief or prolonged portion of a literary text in
his or her writing. He or she mentions the book's title, uses one of its characters, or
recreates one of its scenes.
2. The writer references a media or social text in his or her writing. He or she
mentions a film, a TV show, a song, or an event in society, history, politics, etc., and
becomes part of the writing.
On the other hand, hypertext is associated with computing. However, in
literature, hypertext is a text that references, alludes to, or derives from another text
called the hypertext. It is a nonlinear way of showing information in a text.

WHAT'S MORE

Intertextuality is the use of multifaceted literary relationships as a means of

interaction. These are quite a few constructions that authors depend on to connect
among the readers, and the most common are the following:

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  Allusion - A generally implied reference to characters, scenes, plot elements, etc.,
that appear in another work. For instance, Morpheus's promise to Neo in The
Matrix to show him 'how deep the rabbit hole goes' is an allusion to Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.
 Pastiche - Related to the Italian word for 'paste,' this is a collage of words, phrases,
or entire passages from one or more other authors that creates a new literary work.
The more elaborate pastiche will usually incorporate plot, theme, style, and even
character development elements. The Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid is a
giant pastiche of hundreds of earlier Greco-Roman myths!
 Parody - Very similar in form to the pastiche, the parody re-appropriates the work of
others, but to poke fun rather than praising. Many of 'Weird' Al Yankovic's songs are
parodies of the work of other famous artists.

Hypertext or HTML is the primary mark-up language used to create structured

documents for display in a web browser that resembles a regular text file but with added
features. It uses tags that describe how a particular element should be represented.
Source:https://study.com/academy/lesson/hypertext-markup-language-software-to-create-web-pages.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/intertextuality-in-literature-definition-examples.html

Now that you can distinguish hypertext from intertextuality try to answer the activity
below.
Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
___ 1. The goal of intertextuality is to link a text to other texts.
___ 2. Intertextuality confuses the readers on what the text certainly means.
___ 3. Social and political contexts can only be shown in writing through intertextuality.
___ 4. Hypertexts are derived from hypo texts through a process called transformation.
___ 5. Until now, reading has become linear in nature.

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. There are two forms of intertextuality. Give an example for each
form and briefly explain your answer in one or two sentences.
1. The writer references either a brief or prolonged portion of a literary text in his or her
writing.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. The writer references a media or social text in his or her writing.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5
 Task 2. Determine if the concepts or examples below use intertextuality or
hypertextuality.
1. A novelist draws on the works of Shakespeare as inspiration.
2. Martin Luther King's writing was heavily influenced by the work of Mohandas
Gandhi, especially in the area of nonviolent resistance.
3. Maleficent's characters came from the story Sleeping Beauty.
4. The character Valentina in Darna is similar to Medusa of Greek mythology.
5. A literary piece in English was translated into a different language.

Task 3. Research an example of a written text that uses hypertext. Analyze how hypertext
was used in the material. In 3-5 sentences, briefly discuss it in the space below. Cite your
reference or references below.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Task 4: Design your own story using any movie you have seen. Explain in 7-10 sentences
how you will create a story out of it following the concept of intertextuality. Use another sheet
of paper if it is necessary
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

6
 Lesson CRITICAL READING AS
2 REASONING

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Critical reading is a more ACTIVE way of reading. It is a deeper and
more complex engagement with a text by making logical decisions searching
for knowledge.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

● Determine the specific reading strategies to use with specific texts
● Understand the specific thinking strategies to use with specific texts

WHAT IS IT

Critical reading is a process of analyzing, interpreting, and, sometimes,

evaluating. When we read critically, we use our critical thinking skills to QUESTION both
the text and our reading.
1. Previewing- learning about a text before really reading it. Previewing enables readers
to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely.
2. Activating prior knowledge uses the information you already know and previous
personal experiences to create meaning in what you read.
3. Making predictions- it is generally based on your schema. When you make predictions,
4. try to guess what will happen next. It is essential in reading narratives or descriptive
texts.
5. Visualizing- it how you make an image of something in your mind. Visualizing is vital in
reading descriptive and narrative.
6. Understanding the sequence of events- the reader will help them understand a text if
they note which events come one after the other, which events happened
simultaneously, and which events caused another event.
7. Identifying the main idea and details- the main idea expresses a general idea. It is
usually found towards the first Paragraph, and it is broader than details.
8. Asking questions- is about how important the task you are reading, how the events
relate to one another, why characters act in a certain way, and how you understand what
you are reading.

7
9. Paraphrasing- the reader puts part of a reading in their own words. They take complex
and simplify them.
10. Putting text information in an outline- helps the information in order. The headings
and subheadings in a text can help determine the main topics and subtopics of an outline.
11. Identifying the cause and effect- This involves one condition causing another condition
resulting in yet another condition. It is crucial in reading expository and persuasive texts.
12. Summarizing- It helps to remember the critical information in a reading. It helps read all
kinds of texts.
13. Synthesizing- It how to put together these conclusions and other ideas to form a new
overall understanding.

WHAT'S MORE

Now, these ideas about critical thinking are explained, you can try to answer
the activity below.
Provide yourself with a clipping of an editorial from a local or foreign newspaper or
magazine. As you read the editorial, give conscious thought to the points in the list below.
Write down your ideas about each point.
1. The issue considered in the editorial
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. The facts or opinions used by the author
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. The details or examples the author uses to support his/her contentions
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. The conclusion the author reaches about this issue

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. The author’s reasons for believing as he or she does
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. Select a text from any genre. Go over the text and identify the text features and the
text structure of that text. Preview the text. Ask two or more questions on the text. Determine
the reading strategy or strategies to use to help you understand the text.

8
 Text Text Pattern Two Questions about the Reading Strategy
Features Text Used to
Understand the
Text

Task 2: Choose any blog posts on social media about education in the new normal. Describe
the reading strategy or strategies you used as you read the text. Cite the specific Paragraph
(s) where you applied the strategy.

Reading Strategy Used Specific Paragraph (s) from the

Blog Post in social media

9
 Lesson ASSERTIONS, CLAIMS, AND
3 COUNTERCLAIMS

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

A person can share his/her opinion, feelings, or belief in any particular
idea, topic, or issue. However, we should be careful on how we can deliver
this message accurately and respectfully. Thus, we need to know how to use
assertions and counterclaims when sharing our opinions.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

 Formulate evaluative statements about a text read: assertions about the
content and properties of a text read, and counterclaims in response to
claims made in a text read.

WHAT IS IT

In reading, you encounter words, phrases, and sentences that will lead to
understanding its content. Say, for example, you are reading a newspaper. You discover the
news, events, and updates in the world. During the second time of reading, you will realize
new things such as grammar, author's ideas, explanations, facts, trivia, opinion, illustrations,
and even relevance to your life.

What is an assertion?
Similar to opinion or claim, assertions are ideas that authors write. It should be valid,
believable, and trustworthy. How are you going to make your assertion valid? Simply by
supporting it with pieces of evidence. Everything we claim needs to be supported by a shred
of evidence.
Assertion: The youth have always inspired countless changes in this world.
Evidence: Examples were when the wars stopped for the sake of children. Various
policies have been implemented to protect the children from having a good foundation for
their development.
When citing examples, specify an event, person, place, and even things.
What is a counterclaim?
An author makes an assertion. On the other hand, the counterclaim is given by the

10
reader who has a different perspective about an idea. How can you provide a good
counterclaim? A person should stick to the argument, be respectful, and do not use fallacies.
Examples:
1. I wish to believe that the author's argument is flawed because (state your reason, proof,
or evidence).
2. I am afraid I have to disagree with the author's opinion because (state your reason,
proof, or evidence).
3. The fact that (state your reason, proof, or evidence) disproves the author's argument.

WHAT'S MORE

TYPES OF ASSERTION
1. BASIC ASSERTION – a simple and direct expression of one's opinion, feelings, or
belief.
2. EMPATHIC ASSERTION - shows sympathy to another person. It is an acknowledgment
of the other person's feelings or situation, simultaneously showing support to the person's
rights.
3. POSITIVE ASSERTION – expresses positive feelings or emotions. To make this
assertion, one gives a reason or an explanation for a good feeling or opinion.
4. CONFRONTING ASSERTION – states three closely related actions: action that was
supposed to be done, the actual action, and the action that the speaker wants to be done.
5. ESCALATING ASSERTION – this is a firm but respectful statement by a person
expecting another person's response to his or her earlier assertion. However, the other
person has not given any response. The speaker gives another option in this case.
6. LANGUAGE ASSERTION – expresses negative feelings. It describes the person's
feelings toward a particular negative behavior and states what he or she desires to
happen. It usually has this format: *When you (action), I feel (emotion). Therefore,
(expected action).

Now that you know the difference between assertions and counterclaims try to
answer the activity below.
Identify if the following statements are ASSERTION or COUNTERCLAIM.
____________1. On Mr. Reyes' blog post, a person who does not have a diploma can
succeed in life.
____________2. A random variable is a discrete random variable if it’s set of possible
outcomes is countable.
____________3. I wish to believe Ms. Cabria, but the word "igneous" is derived from the
Latin word igneous, which means fiery or on fire.
____________4. Conservation, protection, and rehabilitation of ecosystems are important,
according to Rodolfo's Earth and Life Science.
____________5. I am afraid I genuinely must disagree with Javier, who said successful
people are not born; they are made.
11
 WHAT I CAN DO
State whether you AGREE or DISAGREE with the things one should not post
on social media. Then, write proof/evidence to support your counterclaims.

Things Should Not Be Posted on Social Media

Text Counterclaim
1) Your home address and contact numbers I agree because

I disagree because

2) Your personal relationships, including I agree because

love life and family

I disagree because

3) Your personal problems I agree because

I disagree because

4) Your financial information such as salary, I agree because

credit card, etc.

I disagree because

5) Your criticisms about school or work I agree because

I disagree because

6) Your opinion to people I agree because

I disagree because

12
 Lesson PROVING COUNTERCLAIMS
4 THROUGH TEXT EVIDENCE

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

A person can share his/her opinion, feelings, or belief in any particular idea,
topic, or issue. However, we should be careful on how we can deliver this message
accurately and respectfully.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

 Recognize the dominant claim found in the argument.
 Formulate meaningful counterclaims that disprove, weaken, or undermine
the claim.
 Use textual evidence to validate counterclaims.

WHAT IS IT

A counterclaim is simply an opposing claim. The prefix counter-

means "as a reaction against," from the Latin word contra, meaning "opposite,
contrary to." The root word claim refers to a statement that says that something is true when
others say it is not. When reading, you may come across an idea or belief that you disagree
with and form counterclaims in your head. This unit will teach you how to articulate those
counterclaims in a well-thought-out manner. It is a statement that goes against or disagrees
with a stated claim. In persuasive or argumentative writing, a writer can cite several
counterclaims to his or her claims. The purpose of such counterclaims is to show all the
sides of the issue at hand. By providing counterclaims and explaining the pros and cons of
the counterclaims, the writer further strengthens his or her claims. He or she can use phrases
like "An opposing point of view is . . ." "One counterclaim to this is . . ." and "An alternative
viewpoint to consider is . . ." to introduce the counterclaims.

WHAT'S MORE

What to Remember When Formulating Counterclaims

 To formulate meaningful counterclaims, a reader should look at a text with a critical eye.
The reader should consider the different sides of the issue that the author excludes from
13
 his or her argument. Being able to formulate meaningful counterclaims helps one become
better at argumentation. Such ability would come in handy during debates, write a
persuasive or argumentative text, or even in a simple conversation where the people have
different perspectives.
 When we communicate with others, disagreements are bound to happen. One could say
that healthy debates are a positive form of communication. Whether those disagreements
stem from a difference in knowledge or opinion, it is best to be equipped with enough
information to back up your claims and counterclaims convincingly.

Now that you know how to formulate counterclaims, try to answer the activity below.
Read the excerpt from the text "Life or Death" and identify the dominant claim and
reasons.
LIFE OR DEATH?
How would you feel if a loved one were murdered? Would you want retribution, or
would sending the killer to prison be enough? This question has been asked many times,
but people are not in agreement about the ultimate punishment. We all know that it is wrong
to take a human life, but if our government makes the killing, is it still a crime? Some people
say that the government does not have the right to end someone's life, but the following
reasons will show why capital punishment should be observed.
Dominant claim

1. ______________________________________________________________
Reasons

2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________

WHAT I CAN DO

Read the text below and answer the activity at the end.
LIFE OR DEATH?
How would you feel if a loved one were murdered? Would you want retribution, or
would sending the killer to prison be enough? This question has been asked many times,
but people are not in agreement about the ultimate punishment. We all know that it is wrong
to take a human life, but if our government makes the killing, is it still a crime? Some people
say that the government does not have the right to end someone's life, but the following
reasons will show why capital punishment should be observed.
The first reason for allowing the death penalty is for the sake of punishment itself.
Most people agree that criminals who commit serious crimes should be separated from
society. The punishment ought to depend on the degree of the crime. Capital punishment,
14
the most severe form of punishment, ends criminals' lives. It seems reasonable that this
severe punishment is reserved for those who commit the most serious of crimes.
The second reason to preserve capital punishment is financial. The government
should not have to spend much money on criminals. Next to capital punishment, the most
severe punishment is a life sentence in prison, where the government has to take care of
criminals until they die naturally. These criminals do not work, but they receive free housing
and food. It is unfair to use tax dollars for such a purpose.
The last reason for continuing the use of the death penalty is based on the purpose
of government. If the government has legitimate power to make, judge, and carry out the
laws, it should also have the power to decide if criminals should die. Capital punishment is
like any other sentence. If one believes that the government has the right to charge a fine or
put criminals into jail, then the government must also have the same power to decide the
fate of a prisoner's life.
The opponents of capital punishment might say that nobody has the right to decide
who should die, including the government. However, when the government sends soldiers
into war, in some way, it is deciding those soldiers' fate; some will live, and some will be
killed. As long as the government has the right to send its citizens to the battlefield, it has a
right to put criminals to death.
There are many good reasons to preserve capital punishment. Certainly, not every
criminal should be put to death. Capital punishment ought to be viewed as the harshest form
of punishment. If no punishment can reform a murderer, then capital punishment is the best
thing that can be done for that person and society.
Source: https://www.coursehero.com/file/55306074/daiphuc08022020pdf/

Write the pros and cons on the author’s claim and write your own claim.
Pros Cons
1. ______________________________ 1. _______________________________
2.______________________________ 2. _______________________________
3.______________________________ 3. _______________________________
4.______________________________ 4. ________________________________

MY CLAIM:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

15
 Lesson BOOK OR ARTICLE REVIEW
5 AND LITERATURE REVIEW

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Writing allows various ways how to communicate ideas despite the
different areas of expertise. This lesson focuses on enhancing one's concept
of standards, rules, and practices on how to write critical papers in academic writing.
After this lesson, you are expected to:
● Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that are
useful across disciplines: research report, project proposal, and position paper.

WHAT IS IT

A book review or article critique is not simply a summary. It is a specialized

form of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the contribution to the knowledge of
scholarly works such as academic books and journal articles. It is a critical assessment,
analysis, or evaluation of a work.
As an advanced form of writing, it involves your skills in critical thinking and
recognizing arguments. An academic book review or article critique addresses a more
specific audience and usually offers a critical response to a published scholarly work.
Moreover, book reviews must not be mistaken for book reports. Book reports focus on
describing the plot, characters, or idea of a specific work. Book and article reviewers do not
just share mere opinions; instead, they use both proofs and logical reasoning to substantiate
their opinions. They process ideas and theories, revisit and extend ideas in a specific field
of study, and present analytical responses.
A literature review is a type of academic writing that provides an overview of a
specific topic. It surveys scholarly work such as academic books (but not textbooks),
computerizes databases, conference proceedings, dissertation's/theses, empirical studies,
government reports, historical records, journal articles, monographs, and statistical
handbooks.
As an advanced form of academic writing, a literature review critically analyzes the
relationship between scholarly works and current work. It can be written as a stand-alone
paper or a research paper explaining a theoretical framework and related studies, unlike an
annotated bibliography which presents a summary and synthesis.

16
 WHAT'S MORE

Guidelines in Writing a Book Review or Article Critique

1. Read the article or book to be reviewed carefully to get its central concept.
2. Reread it to get the arguments being presented.
3. Relate the content of the article or book to what you already know about the topic. This
will make you more engaged with the article or book.
4. Focus on discussing how the book treats the topic and not the topic itself. Start your
sentences with phrases such as "this book presents…' and "The author argues…"
5. Situate your review. This means that your analysis should be anchored on the theories
presented by the book or article writer.
6. Examine whether the findings are adequately supported or not.
7. Analyzed the type of analysis the writer use (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, case study)
and how it supports the arguments and claims.
8. Suggest some ways on how the writer can improve his/her reasoning or explanation.
9. Discuss how the same topic is explained from another perspective. Compare the writer's
explanation of the topic to another expert from the same field of study.
10. Point out other conclusions or interpretations that the writer missed out. Present other.
Ideas that need to be examined.
11. Examine the connections between ideas and how they affect the conclusions and
findings.
12. Show your reactions to the writer's idea and present an explanation. You can either
agree or disagree with the ideas, as long as you can sufficiently support your stand.
13. Suggest some alternative methods and processes of reasoning that would result in
a more conclusive interpretation. Completing a book review or article critique means that
you can pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of an article or book and that you can
identify different perspectives. This task also equips you with more skills to engage in
discussions with an expert and makes you a part of a community of scholars.
Guidelines in Writing a Literature Review
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts:
(1) literature search;
(2) evaluation and analysis of articles and;
(3) writing the literature review

1. Review the documentation style (e.g., APA, MLA, and Chicago) that you will adopt and
be familiar with its format concerning writing a literature review.

2. Choose and focus on a topic that you will explain.

17
 3. Determine the kind and number of sources you will be using. Will your literature review be
exclusive to articles, or will it include other documents? Will you focus on experimental
studies, or will you also include theoretical papers that explain a theory?
4. Survey the available online databases relevant to your topic. These include ProQuest,
Science Direct, JSTOR, or Google Scholar. As much as possible, include only the references
published by top journals and publishers.
5. Use relevant keywords when searching for educational documents or articles. For
example, suppose your topic is about the impact of Facebook-based e-portfolios on the 14
writing skills of ESL learners. In that case, your possible keywords are Facebook, ESL
writing, e-portfolio, portfolio assessment, Facebook-based e-portfolio, and social networking
site.
6. Always include landmark studies or papers (i.e., studies which had remarkably changed
the field) related to your topic.
7. Always evaluate the sources for coverage and currency. Include only those articles
directly related to your topic.
Now that you understand the kinds of critical papers and the guidelines in academic
writing, such as book reviews and literature reviews, try to answer the activity below.
Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
____1. Book review contains a summary and synthesis of all available sources.
___ 2. A literature review is an example of academic writing.
___ 3. The primary purpose of doing a literature review is to analyze literary texts such as
short stories and novels.
___ 4. In the Literature review, the direct quotation should be used as frequently as possible.
___ 5. The book review is a critical assessment, analysis, or evaluation of a work.

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. Compare Book Review from Literature review.

Book Review Literature Review

18
Task 2. Directions: Write a book review or literature review by following the writing process
outlined below. Complete the given information to come up with a book review or literature
review. Use another sheet of paper for your answer.
Title of Book/ Literature Text:
________________________________________________________________________
General Purpose:
________________________________________________________________________
Specific Purpose:
________________________________________________________________________
Target Output:
________________________________________________________________________
Audience:
________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Persona:
________________________________________________________________________
Tone/Formality:
________________________________________________________________________

19
 Lesson RESEARCH REPORT,
PROJECT PROPOSAL, AND
6 POSITION PAPER

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Writing allows various ways how to communicate ideas despite the
different areas of expertise. This lesson focuses on enhancing one's concept of standards,
rules, and practices on how to write critical papers in academic writing.
After this lesson, you are expected to:
● Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that are
useful across disciplines: research report, project proposal, and position paper.

WHAT IS IT

A research report is an expanded paper that presents interpretations and

analyses of a phenomenon based on experiments and previous information to
better understand it. It is a laborious work produced through formal investigation and
scientific inquiry. In writing a research report, you must:
(1) choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to your audience;
(2) use the accepted format;
(3) accomplish the purpose of each part of the report;
(4) acknowledge the sources of the information you used in your report; and
(5) be consistent with the citation style that you use.

A project proposal is a highly persuasive and informative document that addresses

a particular problem or issue. It is a bid or offer to initiate a project for an individual or a
group. It is a problem-solution text that aims to persuade its reader to grant funding on the
project or accomplish the solution to the problem. It has essential parts:
(1) title page;
(2) project summary;
(3) qualification budget justification; and
(4) project narrative.

A position paper is a type of academic writing that presents one's stand or viewpoint
on a particular issue. Writing a position paper aims to take part in a more considerable
debate by stating your arguments and proposed course of action. In writing a position paper,
you should:
(1) describe the issue and your position;
(2) present both sides of the issue;
20
 (3) refute counterclaims; and
(4) use some figurative language and analogies to explain a point.

WHAT'S MORE
Guidelines in Writing a Research Report
Steps in Writing a Research Report Writing a research report may seem like a daunting
task, but if you break down the process into small steps, you will accomplish it effectively.
Writing a research report also follows the basic writing process, with a few additions to
accommodate and address the different parts of the report.
1. Select and narrow down the topic. Use any of your preferred prewriting activities to
generate ideas.
2. Conduct preliminary research by gathering the initial references.
3. Formulate the thesis statement and research questions. A good thesis statement
effectively guides and controls the flow of your paper.
4. Prepare a preliminary outline.
5. Gather additional references. Use the preliminary outline as a guide for this stage.
6. Prepare the pre-final outline.
7. Prepare your instruments, such as your questionnaire. Below are some guidelines for
preparing a survey instrument.
8. Implement the instrument and gather the data.
9. Analyze the collected data and interpret it through tables and graphs.
10. Write the methodology and result from sections.
11. Write the introduction and literature review.
12. Write the discussion. Be sure to link the literature review to the discussion section.
13. Write the conclusion.
14. Prepare the reference list. Be sure to list all the items cited in the body of your paper.
It is helpful to keep a separate word document or physical notebook where you can
list your reference as you come across them to make sure you do not leave anything
out when you have to prepare the reference list
15. Edit and format your paper. Observe the proper mechanics.

Guidelines in Writing a Project Proposal

1. The title page must be unnumbered, but it is considered page I; the back page of the
title page is unnumbered as well, but it is considered page ii. The abstract, which
follows after the title page, is considered page 1 and must already be numbered.
2. Do not use abbreviations on the title page.
3. Attach the curriculum vitae of the personnel who are part of them.
4. In the project implementation section, use a Gantt chart for presenting the timeframe.
5. Write the abstract after you have completed the report.
6. Study the successful proposals that are similar to yours.
7. Be factual but use technical terms sparingly.
8. Choose a reader-friendly format
9. Use section words to make your proposal more dynamic.

Guidelines in Writing a Position Paper

21
 1. Begin the writing process with in-depth research about the issue at hand.
2. Be aware of the various positions about the issue and explain and analyze them
objectively.
3. Reflect on your position and identify its weaknesses.
4. Establish your credibility by citing reliable sources.
5. Present a unique way of approaching the issue.
6. Limit your position paper to two pages.
7. Analyze your target readers and align your arguments to their beliefs, needs, interest, and
motivations. 8. Summarize the other side's counterarguments and refute them with evidence.
9. Define unfamiliar terms at first mention.
10. Use an active voice as much as possible. This will make your tone dynamic and firm.
11. Arrange your evidence logically using an inductive or deductive approach.
12. Check your paper for fallacies and revise accordingly.
13. Use ethical, logical, and emotional appeals. Ethical appeals relate to your credibility
and competence as a writer, and logical appeal refers to the rational approach in
developing an argument; emotional appeals pertain to feelings evoked during
arguments. Make sure to check your appeals to ensure that they are not fallacious.

Now that you understand the kinds of critical papers and the guidelines in academic
writing, such as research reports, project proposals, and position papers, try to answer the
activity below.
Choose in the given box the correct answer in the given sentence

Research Report
Project Proposal
Position Paper

___ 1. This type of academic writing needs to address the specific problem.
____2. An issue is a crucial component of this type of academic writing.
____3. Academic writing that strictly follows the required documentation style.
___ 4. The main goal of this paper is to persuade readers.
___ 5. This paper stated the budget that specifies how much money is needed and for
what purpose it will be spent .

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. What is the proper order of the steps in writing a research report?
Check the correct answer.
____Choose a topic, create a research question, find reliable sources and start the
bibliography, take notes and make an outline, write a rough draft, revise and edit, and publish
____Choose a topic, find reliable sources, create a research question, make an outline and
take notes, write a rough draft, revise and edit, start the bibliography, and publish

22
____Create a research question, choose a topic, find reliable sources and start the
bibliography, make an outline and take notes, write a draft, revise and edit, and publish
____Choose a topic, create a research question, take notes and make an outline, find
reliable sources and start the bibliography, write a rough draft, revise and edit, and publish
Task 3. Write a research report by following the writing process outlined below. You may
assume the persona of a scientist or researcher writing a research report about
any current social or economic issue for a government agency.

Topic:
________________________________________________________________________
General Purpose:
________________________________________________________________________
Specific Purpose:
________________________________________________________________________
Target Output:
________________________________________________________________________
Audience:
________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Persona:
________________________________________________________________________
Tone/Formality:
________________________________________________________________________

23
 Lesson PARTS OF RESUME AND
7 COLLEGE ADMISSION

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Professional correspondence is communication between two or more

people through professional writing of letters and emails. You must know
each unique feature and requirement in composing this professional
correspondence.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

 Identifies the unique features and requirements in composing professional
correspondence:
a. Resume
b. Application for College Admission
 Write a resume and application for college admission

WHAT IS IT

Professional correspondence is communication between two or more

parties through professional writing of letters and emails. Resume and application letter for
college admission are examples of it.
1. Resume
It is a summary of your academic, work background, and skills. It is one of the
primary requirements in applying for a job.
2. Application Letter for College Admission
It is a formal letter from a student who shows interest in school while stating
why you are qualified.

WHAT'S MORE

Unique Features of Resume and Application Letter for College

Admission

Parts of a Resume
 Heading- It presents your complete name, address, and contact details.
24
  Objective- In this part, you will mention what you would like to accomplish in your
career life.
 Work history- It details your work experiences, name of company, position, and date
when you start and end working with them.
 Educational Background-It tells your education history: name of the school, the
course is taken, and school year.
 Achievements/ Special/Academic Awards- These are your relevant achievements.
 Skills, talents, and abilities-It show your special knowledge relevant to the position
you are applying for.

Parts of Application Letter for College Admission

 Introduction- a. State who you are and what course you are planning to take.
b. Give an eye-catching story that makes the reader interested in you.
c. Show your enthusiasm to study in the school that you are applying for.
 Body- a. Present the following: academic qualification, extracurricular activities, and
community engagements.
b. State the reasons why the university should admit you.
 Conclusion- a. Express your willingness to come for an interview.
b. Provide your contact details for the interview.
c. Express your hope for a positive response from the Office of Admission.
d. Say thank you.
Now that you know the parts and unique features of a resume and application letter for
college admission try to answer the activity below.

Identify what part of resume is being described.

________________1. It shows your special knowledge that is relevant to the position that
you are applying.
________________2. This part you will mention what would you like to accomplish in your
career life.
________________3. It presents your complete name, address, and contact details.
________________4. These are your relevant achievements.
________________5. It tells your educational history.

Identify what part of the application for college admission is being described.
_______________1. It expresses your willingness to come for an interview.
_______________2. It gives an eye-catching story about the sender.
_______________3. It presents your academic qualifications.
_______________4. It provides your contact details for interview.
_______________5. It states what course you are planning to take.

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. Assuming that you are now preparing for your work immersion, write

25
your resume. Make sure to include all the parts that were discussed. Write your resume on
a piece of yellow paper.
RUBRIC ON WRITING A RESUME
Excellent Very Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement
4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pt.
The typed A typed Resume Typed Resume The typed Resume
Resume covers 1 fills the page, but almost fills page does not fill the
page and is not too much white but has uneven page.
overcrowded. space exists in the spacing and
document. slightly too much Information is not
Over-all Information is white space. organized in a way
Appearance organized in a Information is that serves the
way that serves mainly organized Information is purpose of the
the purpose of the in a way that somewhat document.
document serves the organized in a
purpose of the way that serves
document. the purpose of the
document.
All action phrases 1-2 duties/skills 3-4 duties/skills 5-6 duties/skills lack
are used to lack action lack action action phrases
describe duties phrases. phrases.
and skills. The information
Job Specific Information Some information does not
Information The information indicated the indicates an ability demonstrate the
demonstrates the ability to perform to perform the job. ability to perform
ability to perform the job. the job
the job.
Some
Professional professional
terminology used terminology used
when describing when describing
skills. skills.
Heading, Heading, Heading, Missing one of the
objective, skills, objective, objective, following: heading,
experience, and experience, skills, experience, and objective,
education are and education education are experience, or
Resume covered in detail. covered in some covered with little education
content detail detail.
Extra information No extra information
is given to Extra information Minimum extra is given to enhance
enhance the is given to information is a resume
resume
26
 enhance the given to enhance
resume a resume

Spelling No spelling errors 1-2 spelling errors 3-4 spelling errors 5-6 spelling errors
and No grammar 1-2 grammar 3-4 grammar 5-6 grammar errors
Grammar errors errors errors
Consistent,
appropriate Excellent Very Good Good Needs Improvement
formatting

Task 2. Considering your dream course and school in college, write a draft of the application
letter for college admission. Make sure to include all the parts and tips that were discussed.
Write your draft on a piece of yellow paper.

RUBRIC IN WRITING APPLICATION LETTER FOR COLLEGE ADMISSION

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Grammar & The writer makes The writer makes The writer makes The writer makes
spelling no errors in 1-2 errors in 3-4 errors in more than four
(conventions) grammar or grammar and grammar and errors in
spelling. spelling. spelling grammar and
spelling.

Content The letter The letter The letter The letter

Accuracy contains at least contains 3-4 contains 1-2 contains no
five accurate accurate facts accurate facts accurate facts
facts about the about the topic. about the topic. about the topic.
topic.

Format Complies with all Complies with Complies with Complies with
the requirements almost all the several of the less than 75% of
for a friendly requirements for requirements for the requirements
letter. a friendly letter. a friendly letter. for a friendly
letter.

http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=ShowRubric&rubric_id=2835467&

27
Lesson JOB APPLICATION AND VARIOUS
8 OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Professional correspondence is communication between two or more
people through professional writing of letters and emails. You must know each
unique feature and requirement in composing this professional correspondence.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

 Identifies the unique features and requirements in composing professional
correspondence:
c. Application for Employment
d. Various forms of Office Correspondence
 Write an application for employment and a memorandum

WHAT IS IT

Application for Employment - It is also known as the cover letter. This letter
is intended to provide detailed information about the applicant.

Office Correspondence - Any written or digital communication exchanged by

two or more parties. It may come in letters, emails, text messages, voicemails, notes,
or postcards.

WHAT'S MORE

Unique Features Application for Employment and Various Office

Correspondence

Content of an Application for Employment Letter

 Introduction- It states where and how did you discover the job vacancy.
 Personal Data- It tells an applicant's personal information, such as name,
address, contact details, sex, marital status, and religion.
 Qualifications- It states your educational attainment, experiences, and skills.
 References- These are the people who can be contacted and asked about
your character and abilities.
 Conclusion- It includes your willingness to be interviewed.

28
 Various Office Correspondence
a) Memorandum- It is a document used for internal communication within an
organization. It may be drafted by management and addressed to other employees.
Example:
To: All Staff
From: Dr. Jeff Joyner, President
Date: March 13, 2016
Subject: Annual Company Picnic
The annual company picnic will be held at Memorial Park on May 27, 2016. The event will
be catered by Fresh Air Barbeque, with desserts by Nancy's Sweet Things. Immediate family
members are invited. Please plan to join us! RSVP with Mrs. Taylor by May 1, 2016.
Source: https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/memo_examples/396/

b.) Business Letters

 Sales Letter is used to convince the customers of an existing product. It should
be persuasive.
 Claim Letter- it is also called a complaint letter. It is written to rectify the
mistakes made or wrong done.
 Inquiry Letter- is written to seek information from other organizations.
o Parts of a Business Letter
 Heading- It contains the return address with the date on the last
line.
 Recipients' Address- This is the address you are sending your
letter to. It always includes the name and title/position of the
recipient.
 Salutation- It usually begins with Dear and the person's name.
 Body- It is the meat of your letter. It explains your purpose in
writing.
 Complimentary Close- It is a short and polite remark that ends
your letter.
 Signature Line- Skip at least four lines after the close for your
signature.

Now that you know the parts and unique features of the application for
employment and various office correspondence try to answer the activity below.
Identify what content of the Application for Employment Letter is being described.
________________1. These are the people that can be contacted and can be asked
about your character and abilities.
________________2. It states where and how did you discover the job vacancy.
________________3. It states your educational attainment, experiences, and skills.
________________4. It includes your willingness to be interviewed.

29
 ________________5. It tells the personal information of an applicant such as: name,
address, contact details, sex, marital status, and religion.
Identify what type of Business Correspondence is being described.
_______________1. It is written to seek information from other organization.
_______________2. It is a document used for internal communication within an
organization. It may be drafted by management and addressed to other employees.
_______________3.It is used to convince the customers for an existing product
_______________4. It is also called as complaint letter.
_______________5. It should be persuasive.

WHAT I CAN DO

Task 1. Assuming that you are now preparing for your work immersion, write
your application letter. Use a piece of yellow paper.
RUBRIC IN WRITING APPLICATION LETTER FOR EMPLOYMENT

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Grammar & spelling The writer makes no The writer makes 1-2 The writer makes 3-4 The writer makes
(conventions) errors in grammar or errors in grammar errors in grammar more than four errors
spelling. and spelling. and spelling in grammar and
spelling.

Content Accuracy The letter contains at The letter contains 3- The letter contains 1- The letter contains
least five accurate facts 4 accurate facts 2 accurate facts no accurate facts
about the topic. about the topic. about the topic. about the topic.

Format Complies with all the Complies with almost Complies with Complies with less
requirements for a friendly all the requirements several of the than 75% of the
letter. for a friendly letter. requirements for a requirements for a
friendly letter. friendly letter.

Task 2. Using the given situation, write a memorandum.

Situation: You are the company's supervisor who wants to inform all the employees about
the upcoming Summer Outing of your company on March 15, 2021, at Kamayan sa
Palaisdaan Resort, Tayabas, Quezon.

To: _______________________
From: _______________________
Date: _______________________
Subject: _______________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

30