synthetase ey Amino acid (AA) + ATP he AA-AMP-1 [A complex. 5 yon + IRNA—> AANA + AMP + Eelayatag ler subunit of ribowome. Enzyme complex formed reacts IRNA to form a AA-AMP-Enayme compl ° he ribo a Bah iiler subunit fist binds (o the initiator mRNA and thet binds to the larger that initiation codon (AUG) lies on the P-site, ie © The initiation (RNA, ie, methionyl [RNA then binds to the P-site- (ii) Elongation of polypeptide chain acyl (RNA complex binds to the A-site of the ribosome att © Another charged an ee group (—COOH) of amino acid at © A peptide bond is formed between carboxyl anfinp group (NH) of amino acid at A-site by the enzyme peptidy! transferase, © The ribosome slides over mRNA from codon to codon in the 5’->3" direction. @ According to the sequence of codons, amino acids are attached to one another bonds and a polypeptide chain is formed. (iii) Termination of polypeptide 4 © When the A-site of ribosome reaches a termination codon which does not code for any acid, no charged (RNA binds to the A-site. © Dissociation of polypeptide from ribosome takes place, which is catalysed by a © There are three termination codons namely UGA, UAG and UAA. 22. Regulation of Gene Expression ™ Regulation of gene expression means controlling the amount and time of formati products according to the requirements of the cell. # In cukaryotes, gene regulation can take place at four levels: (®) Transcription level (regulation of primary transcript formation), (ii) Processing level (regulation of splicing), ; (ui) Transport of mRNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm, (iv) Translation level. , Co lac Operon Operon: The co t, Unit of prokaryotic peng oe ton.¥as frst proposed in 1961, by Jacob and Monod. An contol cle as Bese expression which includes ‘ropa regulated (struct hich are recognised by regulator © Components of an operon; hee By @ Structural gene: ‘The fra ‘mRN, Ygment of DNA which transcribe lypept Promoter: The sequence of DI ale ate NA i te a Rae RNA polymerase binds and initiates a led operaton en® %f DNA adjacent to promoter where specific repressor190 | un ton logy Xl setivated by binding with: aiming ni Aminunyl RNAS al any ol ety ee acid (AA) + ATP Seren AAMAM PHB EY plex 4 ld to RNA: The AA-AMPodenzyme complex formed feactyy * a HiRNA complex , AA-AMPeKnayme complon + (NA —m AAGIRNA + AMP + Heizyin sion of @RINA binds to the smaller subunit of ribosome has two sites, Avaite and Psite “ 4 © The smaller subunit fiat binds 10 the initiator mRNA and then binds 10 the larger, that initiation eodan (AUG) lies on the Psite, a URNA, be inethionylIRNA then binds to the Paite, nt (id) Elongation of polypeptide chain © Another charged aminoacyl (RNA complex binds to the A-site of the ribosome at th codon, bond is formed between carboxyl group (COOH) of amino acid at 8 of amino acid at A-site by the enzyme peptidy! transferase. # The ribosome slides over mRNA from codon to codon in the 5'~¥3' direction. © According t the sequence of codons, amino acids are attached to one another bonds and a polypeptide chain is formed, Termination of polypeptide © When the A-site of ribosome reaches a termination codon which does not code fora acid, no charged (RNA binds to the A-site, * Dissociation of polypeptide from ribosome takes place, which is catalysed by a © ‘There are three termination codons namely UGA, UAG and UAA. 22. Regulation of Gene Expression 1 Regulation of gene expression means controlling the amount and time of fo products according to the requirements of the cell. © In cukaryotes, gene regulation can take place at four levels: ©) Transcription level (regulation of pris i i primary transcript formation), (1) Proceing, level (regulation of splicing), : i (ai) Transport of mRNA from nucleus to th (») ‘Tranutation level, ay 23, Jac Operon Operon: The concept of operon was frm luni of prokaryonic gene expression whicl Pelidar Bardech i Monod. contra cements which are recognised by regulatory yene pratt (orn