Building Utilities 3 Notes Finals 1

Republic
of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Lighting plays a vital role in the way people experience and understand architecture. Whether buildings
and structures are lit naturally or artificially, lighting is the medium that allows us to see and
appreciate the beauty in the buildings around us.
Frank Gehry Office Building ILUMINARC® luminaires have been selected to

Fabrikstrasse 15 in Basel, Switzerland light two pavilions created by renowned
architects Zaha Hadid and Ben Van Berkel in
Chicago’s Millennium Park.

Las Vegas Springs Preserve Harborside, Boston by Port Lighting Systems
LED architectural lighting for the Saint Pedro Calungsod Lobby of the Philippine International Convention Center
templete designed and installed by Luminance Lighting Solutions
Date Implemented: Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
July 16.2018
Alven T. Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Date Revised: Bactad, RLA MScm Galamgam, Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
May 17-24 ,2018 Architecture Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
Department Department

Republic of the Philippines
It has been estimated that 90% of the information we obtain from our senses is received via sight.
VISION, in turn, is made possible by light, the proper provision of which in buildings designed. Because
architecture is a uniquely visually oriented profession, its practitioners must thoroughly understand
the ART AND SCIENCE OF ILLUMINATION in order to be able to integrate enclosure and light into a
working whole that will appear, and function, according to the design intent. A building designer must
have a sufficient background, both technically and aesthetically, to be able to understand and apply the
PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT AND LIGHTING.
The fundamental reasons for providing light in a space are to make the objects in the space visible and to
conduct activities that must take place in the space. Good architectural lighting provides the right
quantity of light, with excellent color rendition and minimal glare. Quality lighting has been shown to
improve productivity and enhance worker satisfaction.
LIGHT – Electromagnetic radiation that the unaided human eye can perceive, having a wavelength in the
range from about 370 to 800 NANOMETERS (a unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter,
used esp. to express the wavelengths of light In or near the visible spectrum) and propagating at
a speed of 186,281 miles / sec. (299,972 km/sec.).
- The word usually refers to VISIBLE LIGHT, which is the visible spectrum that is visible to
the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.
The electromagnetic spectrum, which encompasses the visible region of light, extends from gamma rays with wave
lengths of one hundredth of a nanometer to radio waves with wave lengths of one meter or greater.
July 16.2018

A linear representation of the visible light spectrum.
A 3–dimensional rendering of linearly polarized light wave frozen in time and showing the two oscillating
components of light; an electric field and a magnetic field perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of motion (a transverse wave).
HOW IS LIGHT PRODUCED?

Regardless of the source of energy, light is produced in basically two steps:
1. An atom’s electron absorbs energy and becomes energized, or excited. When this happens, the
excited electron moves from its ground state (normal position around the nucleus) to an excited
state (position farther from the nucleus.
2. The excited electron emits the energizing energy as photons of visible light. The bow de-energized
electron returns to its ground state, which is its normal distance from the nucleus.
July 16.2018

HISTORY OF LIGHTING
125,000 BC - The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human
evolution. Fire provided a source of warmth, protection, improvement on hunting and a
method for cooking food.
- Additionally, creating fire allowed the expansion of human activity to proceed into the
dark and colder hours of the evening.
70,000 BC - Around 70,000 first primitive oil lamps appeared.

- A hollow rock, shell, or other natural found object was filled with moss or a similar material
that was soaked in animal fat and ignited.
4500 BC - The first manufactured red pottery oil lamps appeared.

These were of the round bowl type.
- humans in Egypt, India, Greece and Rome started to
mimic these natural shapes with pottery, creating some
of the first oil lamps with alabaster and other naturally
occurring elements.
July 16.2018

3000 BC - candles are invented.

- The earliest surviving candles originated in Han China around 200 BC. These early Chinese
candles were made from whale fat with rice paper wick.
18th century
1780 - AIMÉ ARGAND, a Genevan physicist and chemist, invents the central draught fixed oil lamp.
ARGAND LAMP - a kind of oil lamp invented and patented in 1780, where its output is 6 to 10
candelas, brighter than that of earlier lamps. Its more complete combustion of the candle wick and oil
than in other lamps required much less frequent trimming of the wick.
In France, the lamp is called "QUINQUET", after ANTOINE-ARNOULT QUINQUET, a pharmacist in Paris,
who used the idea originated by Argand and popularized it in France.
Quinquet sometimes is credited with the addition of the glass chimney to the lamp.
Argand lamp with circular An astral lamp, an Argand lamp QUINQUET

wick and glass chimney designed so that the reservoir
does not cast a separate shadow
July 16.2018

1792 - WILLIAM MURDOCH, a Scottish engineer and inventor, begins experimenting

with gas lighting and probably produced the first gas light in this year.
- he first began experimenting with the use of gas, derived from the heating of
coal and other materials, for lighting. Many believe this experimenting took place
in a cave.
1800-1809 – SIR HUMPHRY DAVY an English chemist and inventor, invents the ARC LAMP when using
Voltaic piles (battery) for his electrolysis experiments.
ARC LAMP - The carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented
by Humphry Davy in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical electric light. It
was widely used starting in the 1870s for street and large building lighting until it was
superseded by the incandescent light in the early 20th century.
- The common fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp
An electric arc, demonstrating the “arch” effect The Davy lamp
An arc lamp was the first form of electric lighting it was build and
designed by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. The lamp is comprised of
two carbon rod which when at a certain distance from each other
will create an arc which produces an intense white light. In time the
arc lamps where fitted with double rods that would make the light
even brighter. The advantages for arc lamps where they were very
bright and the disadvantages where that the carbon rods had to be
replaced a lot.
July 16.2018

1823 - JOHANN WOLFGANG DÖBEREINER a German chemist who is best known for work that
foreshadowed the periodic law for the chemical elements and inventing the first lighter, which
was known as the DÖBEREINER'S LAMP
Döbereiner also is known for his discovery of furfural,

for his work on the use of platinum as a catalyst, and
for a lighter, known as Döbereiner's lamp. By 1828
hundreds of thousands of these lighters had been
mass produced by the German manufacturer
Gottfried Piegler in Schleiz
1853 - IGNACY LUKASIEWICZ, a Polish pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and one of the
most prominent philanthropists in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in Austria, invents the
modern kerosene lamp.
July 16.2018

1856 - JOHANN HEINRICH GEISSLER, a skilled glassblower and physicist, famous for his invention of
the GEISSLER TUBE, made of glass and used as a low pressure gas-discharge tube confines the
electric arc in a GEISSLER TUBE
Drawing of Geissler tubes illuminated by their own light, from 1869 French
physics book, showing some of the many decorative shapes and colors
Drawing of typical Geissler tubes from Geissler tubes at museum

1911 encyclopedia
1879 - THOMAS EDISON, an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's
greatest inventor, and JOSEPH WILSON SWAN, an English physicist, chemist, and inventor and
is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb, patented the
carbon-thread incandescent lamp. It lasted 40 hours
THOMAS EDISON
JOSEPH WILSON SWAN

Carbon filament lamps,
showing darkening of bulb Original carbon-filament bulb from
Thomas Edison's shop in Menlo Park
July 16.2018

1894 - DANIEL MCFARLAN MOORE, a U.S. electrical engineer and inventor, creates the MOORE LAMP
that was the first commercially viable light-source based on gas discharges instead of
incandescence. It was the predecessor to contemporary neon lighting and fluorescent lighting.
The Moore Lamp was an extension

of the well-known Geissler tube,
which used glass tubes from which 1904 photograph illustrating interior lighting by the first
the air had been removed and a installation of Moore tubes in a hardware store in Newark,
different gas inserted. The low- New Jersey.
pressure gas glows when a
current is passed through it.
1901 - PETER COOPER HEWITT, an American electrical engineer and inventor, creates the first
commercial mercury-vapor lamp, the forerunner of the fluorescent lamp.
MERCURY-VAPOR LAMP - a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through
vaporized mercury to produce light.
A close up of a 175-W mercury vapor lamp.

The small diagonal cylinder at
Cooper Hewitt's mercury vapor lamp bottom of the arc tube is a
resistor which supplies current
to the starter electrode.
July 16.2018

1904 - ALEXANDER JUST, an Austro-Hungarian chemist and inventor, and FRANJO HANAMAN, a
Croatian inventor, engineer and chemist, gained world recognition for inventing the world's first
applied electric light-bulb with a metal filament (tungsten).
JUST–HANAMAN light-bulb, Budapest, 1906
Franjo Hanaman (seated) and

Alexander Just
1912 - CHARLES P. STEINMETZ, a German-born American mathematician and electrical engineer and
professor, invents the METAL-HALIDE LAMP in 1912 and used in almost every city in the world.
METAL-HALIDE LAMP - used for general lighting purposes both indoors and
outdoors, such as commercial, industrial, and public
spaces, parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail
stores, as well as residential security lighting; automotive
and specialty applications are further fields of usage.
- produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous

mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides
(compounds of metals with bromine or iodine)
Metal halide lamp bulb Metal halide floodlights at a baseball field

(type /O with arc tube shield)
July 16.2018

1920 - ARTHUR H. COMPTON, an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his
1923 discovery of the Compton effect, invents the SODIUM-VAPOR LAMP.
SODIUM-VAPOR LAMP - a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited

state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength
near 589 nm.
1926 - EDMUND GERMER, a German inventor recognized as the FATHER OF THE FLUORESCENT
LAMP, patents the MODERN FLUORESCENT LAMP. The patent was later purchased by
the General Electric Company, which also licensed his patent on the high-pressure mercury-
vapor lamp.
Invention of the high pressure

mercury lamp by Edmund Germer.
1927 - OLEG LOSEV, a Russian scientist and inventor, who made significant discoveries in the field
of semiconductor junctions, creates the first LED (LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE).
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) - a solid-state component that emits

light when exposed to electric current. LED lighting represents the state-
of-the-art in the industry, outclassing most other types of lighting in
terms of energy efficiency, design flexibility and colors of light
available.
"Crystodyne" zinc oxide electronic

oscillator constructed by Hugo
Gernsback in 1924 to Losev's
instructions. The zinc oxide point
contact diode which serves as the active
device is labeled (9). These devices were
the first semiconductor oscillators.
July 16.2018

1953 - ELMER FRIDRICH, an American inventor who became known as "The Father of Halogen Lighting",
invents the halogen light bulb which was considered as "the first major improvement of the
Edison lamp."
HALOGEN LAMP - also known as a tungsten

halogen, quartz- halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is
an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten
filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope
that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small
amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine.
1960 - THEODORE H. MAIMAN, an American engineer and physicist Inventing, Demonstrating, and
Patenting the World's First LASER.
LASER - a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "LASER" originated as
an acronym for "LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION”.
2008 - Ushio Lighting demonstrates the first 2011 - Philips wins L Prize for LED screw-in lamp
LED Filament. equivalent to 60W incandescent A-lamp
for general use
July 16.2018


July 16.2018

ELEMENTS OF SEEING LIGHT

A design of a good lighting system involves application of a blend between scientific principles, artistic
skill, and design experience.
OPTICS - is that branch of physics that relates to the properties of light and the function of vision.

HOW THE EYE WORKS
1. Light reflects off objects and travels in a straight line to your eye.
2. Light passes through the cornea, into the pupil and through the lens.
3. The cornea and lens bend (refract) the light to focus on the retina.
4. Photoreceptors on the retina convert the light into electrical impulses.
5. The electrical impulses pass along the optic nerve to the brain.
6. The brain processes the signals to create an image.
The visual system of a human is composed of the EYE, OPTIC NERVE, and CERTAIN PARTS OF THE
BRAIN. The eye is the organ that allows a human to sense light and produce electrical impulses. These
electrical impulses are sent through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain is that part of the visual
system where the impulses are processed. Each element of the visual system is needed to transform
light stimuli into nerve excitations that allow a human to view an object.
There are three different types of cone-shaped photoreceptors in the retina. Each type responds to one
of the primary colors of light: RED, GREEN, and BLUE. In individuals with normal vision, the electrical
impulses from each cone blend together to create the sensation of other colors. However, about 5% of
the population, mostly males, has defective color vision.
July 16.2018

COLOR BLINDNESS is the inability to distinguish colors. The most common form of color blindness is
found in those individuals who have difficulty distinguishing red from green. Individuals who are
completely red–green color-blind see yellows and blues normally, but have trouble differentiating
reds and greens. They tend to see reds and greens as yellow. Individuals who are totally color-blind see
only black, white, and shades of gray.
VISIBLE LIGHT is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum capable of exciting the retina and
ultimately producing a visual sensation; it is the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to which the
human eye is sensitive.
Wavelengths of VISIBLE LIGHT range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. Beyond this range is
darkness.
BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

Human Centric Lighting (HCL) - expresses the positive effect of light and lighting on the health, well-
being and performance of humans and thus has both short and long-term
benefits.
With the first rays of sunshine in the

morning, the day begins regularly for
billions of people. Man has become
accustomed in his evolution to the
daylight and its very different
effects as well as to the natural day-
night rhythm. Many processes in the
organism were adapted to this tact.
In the annual time change, each of us
can empathize with our own body,
how much this rhythm defines our
well-being. Our organism is depending
on this circadian (daily rhythmic,
well-rehearsed) rhythm and acts
accordingly.
Hormone levels, blood pressure,

mood and motivation change
according to the internal clock and
thus influence our health and well-
being. In the past 100 years,
humans have created a global 24-
hour society, contrary to the natural
day-and-night rhythm. In our modern
civilization, the light no longer ends in
the evening and the electric light
defines our lives to a very high degree
today. This apparent independence
of time of day is, as we know today,
extremely critical.
July 16.2018

Light has a triple effect:
1. LIGHT FOR VISUAL FUNCTIONS – Illumination of task area in conformity with relevant standards
– Glare-free and convenient
2. LIGHT FOR EMOTIONAL PERCEPTION – Lighting enhancing architecture

– Creating scenes and effects
3. LIGHT CREATING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS – Supporting people’s circadian rhythm

– Stimulating or relaxing
LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIES AND UNITS

In lighting technology a number of technical terms and units are used to describe the properties
of light sources and the effects that are produced.
July 16.2018

ILLUMINANCE - The luminous flux on a surface, per unit of area. The illuminance requirements of built
environments are determined by their intended purpose, and there are two common
units of measurement:
LUX - Equivalent to one lumen per square meter.
FOOT-CANDLE(fc) - Equivalent to one lumen per square foot.
- Higher illuminance levels make surfaces appear brighter to the human eye and improve
visibility.
1 fc = 10.764 lux, where: lux = lumens(lm)

square meter area(m2)
footcandles = lumens(lm)
square foot area(ft2)
LUMINANCE - the brightness of an object or surface, as perceived by human eyesight from a specific
direction. Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2). It is important to
note than luminance changes depending on the viewing angle, and high luminance values are
the direct cause of glare.
LUMINOUS FLUX - total output emitted by a light source, measured in lumens. The luminous flux
describes the total lighting output of a lighting fixture without considering direction.
Not to be confused with luminous intensity.
A source of 1-cd intensity produces 4π (12.57) lumens of light flux. Thus, each square foot (square meter) of
spherical surface surrounding such a source receives 1 lumen of light flux. This quantity of light flux produces an
illuminance of 1 fc (lux) on the spherical surface.
July 16.2018

LUMINOUS INTENSITY - lighting emission in a specific direction, measured in CANDELAS (candle power).
Luminous intensity changes depending on the viewing angle. Not to be confused
with luminous flux.
An ordinary wax candle has a luminous intensity

horizontally of approximately 1 candela, hence the
name. The CANDELA and CANDLEPOWER (cd) have the
same magnitude. Luminous intensity is a characteristic
of the source only; it is independent of the visual sense.
CANDELA (cd)
Measurement unit for luminous intensity, which is the
amount of light emitted in a particular direction. Not to be confused with the lumen (lm), measurement unit for
the total lighting output of a lamp or fixture, without describing a particular direction.
REFLECTANCE(ρ) - A physical property of surfaces, equivalent to the ratio of reflected light to incident
light.
- is the ratio of reflected light versus the light striking the surface (illuminance).
Types:
1. SPECULAR REFLECTION – occurs when light
is reflected off a polished or mirror-like
surface-that is, the reflected image is
maintained.
In specular reflection, angle of incidence equals angle of

reflection (α = β). Because 80% of light is reflected,
reflectance is 80%; 20% of light is absorbed.
2. DIFFUSE REFLECTION - results when reflected

light is scattered after striking the surface.
In diffuse reflection, incident light is spread in all directions by

multiple reflections on the unpolished surface. Such surfaces
appear equally bright from all viewing angles
3. COMBINATION OF SPECULAR AND DIFFUSE

REFLECTION - Such a surface mirrors the
source while producing a bright background.
July 16.2018

For example, the reflectance of a dull black surface may be about 0.10 (10% is reflected) while
reflectance of a polished, white surface may be 0.85 (85% is reflected)
Typical relative illuminance values together with

suggested reflectance values
TRANSMITTANCE (τ) - the ratio of light transmitted through the body versus the light illuminating the
surface.
When light strikes ordinary window glass at an angle perpendicular to the surfaces, the transmittance
is about 0.90— that is 90% of the light striking the glass is transmitted.
A sheet of clear glass and a sheet of frosted glass might both have a transmittance
value of 0.5 but they affect the incident light differently. Transmittance is the ratio
of transmitted light to total incident light on the surface.
TRANSPARENT MATERIAL - A material that allows most or all of the

light incident on it to pass through. Clear
glass is a translucent material.
TRANSLUCENT MATERIAL - A material that allows a partial

transmission of light, generally diffusing it
and eliminating glare. Frosted glass is an
example of a translucent material.
July 16.2018

ABSORPTANCE (α) - is the ratio of the light

absorbed versus the light striking the surface.
The absorptance of a dark black surface may be

about 0.90 (90% is absorbed) while absorptance of
a white surface may be 0.05 (% is absorbed).
Absorbed light manifests itself as energy by raising
the temperature of the body receiving the light.
When a TRANSLUCENT or TRANSPARENT body is illuminated, the illuminance striking the surface will be
REFLECTED, ABSORBED, and TRANSMITTED.
Therefore:
Reflectance (ρ) + Absorptance (α) + Transmittance (τ) = 1.0
When light strikes an OPAQUE surface, the illuminance will be REFLECTED and ABSORBED, but not
TRANSMITTED.
Therefore:
Reflectance (ρ) + Absorptance (α) = 1.0
COLOR PERCEPTION - the ability to distinguish and interpret different wavelengths of visible light.
The light source producing a blend of

wavelengths that are evenly distributed
across the light spectrum is actually made up
of all wavelengths of visible light. It contains
the individual RED, GREEN, and BLUE
wavelengths that make up the PRIMARY
COLORS OF LIGHT. The primary colors of light
are additive; they can be used in various
combinations to produce any other color by
adding color.
COLORS OF PIGMENTS are subtractive;
they can be used in various combinations to
produce any other color by subtracting a
color. When the colors of pigment are
combined together, they produce black. They
are opposite of the colors of light.
July 16.2018

COLOR SYMBOLISM AND CULTURE

Colors hold significance for people around the world. Not only do colors influence emotion, but they also
hold meaning in religion and various cultures.
COLOR SYMBOLISM CHART

RED
Excitement, energy, passion, love, desire, speed, strength, power, heat, aggression, danger,
fire, blood, war, violence, all things intense and passionate, sincerity, happiness (Only in Japan)
PINK
Love and romance, caring, tenderness, acceptance and calm, feminist, innocence, softness,
youthful.
BEIGE AND IVORY

Unification. Ivory symbolizes quiet and pleasantness. Beige symbolizes calm and simplicity.
YELLOW
Signifies joy, happiness, betrayal, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine, summer, gold,
philosophy, dishonesty, cowardice, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard and friendship.
DARK BLUE
Symbolizes integrity, knowledge, power, and seriousness.
BLUE
Peace, tranquility, cold, calm, stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence, conservatism,
security, cleanliness, order, loyalty, sky, water, technology, depression, appetite suppressant.
TURQUOISE
Calm. Teal symbolizes water, coolness and sophistication. Aquamarine symbolizes water,
contentment, trusting. Lighter turquoise has a feminine appeal.
PURPLE:
Royalty, wealth, nobility, spirituality, ceremony, mysterious, transformation, wisdom,
enlightenment, cruelty, honor, arrogance, mourning, temperance.
LAVENDER
Femininity, grace and elegance, romantic and sentimental.
ORANGE
Energy, fun, balance, enthusiasm, warmth, vibrant, expansive, flamboyant, demanding of
attention, spontaneous, optimistic, and speedy.
GREEN
Nature, environment, healthy, good luck, renewal, youth, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy,
service, inexperience, envy, misfortune, vigor, reliable and freshness.
BROWN
Earth, stability, hearth, home, outdoors, reliability, comfort, endurance, simplicity, and
comfort.
GRAY
Security, reliability, intelligence, staid, modesty, dignity, maturity, solid, conservative,
practical, old age, sadness, boring. Silver symbolizes calm, modern and sleek.
WHITE
Reverence, purity, birth, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth,
winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures), cold,
clinical.
BLACK
Power, sexuality, sophisticated, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, unhappiness,
depth, style, sadness, remorse, anger, anonymity, underground, good technical color, mourning,
death (Western cultures), austerity, detachment, seriousness, bold and distinctive.
July 16.2018

Below you see a visual that illustrates the use of color in logo design. Each company wants to stimulate a specific emotion
from customers and they use color as one of the main ingredients. How successful do you think these companies are at
transforming your feelings about them?
July 16.2018

VISUAL PERCEPTION starts with the light emitted from or reflected from an object or a scene entering our eyes
through the cornea, pupil and lens. The cornea and the lens help to concentrate and project the light onto a
photosensitive layer of cells located at the back of the eyeball —the retina. The lens has the additional function of
regulating the focus on objects at different distances by making the necessary adjustments. The amount of light
that reaches the retina is regulated by changing the size of the pupil, which is an opening between the cornea and
the lens delimited by the iris. The retina is responsible for translating the differences in light wavelength (color),
contrast and luminance into a biological signal. This signal is transmitted through the optic nerve and neuronal
pathways to the visual processing areas of the brain.
Optimum field of vision of a person standing
Optimum field of vision of a person seating
July 16.2018

SOURCES OF LIGHT
There are two general sources of light:
1. NATURAL SOURCES - The universe is filled with objects that emit light. Some of the light from
these sources reach the earth.
The following things in nature have the ability to emit light:
a. The Sun is the major source of light for the earth. The sun is a massive ball of fire, at the
center of which nuclear fusion produces massive energy. This energy comes out as heat and
light. The light from the sun is one of the major factors behind the sustainability of life on
earth.
b. Every other star produces light too, but only a small or no amount of it reaches the earth
because of the huge distance.
c. The moon provides light as well but it cannot produce light on its own. The light that we get
from the moon is the light reflected by it from the sun.
d. Some living organisms have the ability to produce light too. It is called bioluminescence. It is
the effect of certain chemical reactions within the organism. Fireflies, jellyfish, glow worm,
certain deep sea plants and microorganisms can be cited as examples.
2. ARTIFICIAL SOURCES - Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source
that is produced by electrical means. Artificial lighting has many different
applications and is used both in home and commercially. Artificial lights
are available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, colors of light emitted, and
levels of brightness.
In general, artificial light source can be divided into three categories:
a. THERMAL SOURCES - Example of thermal source are incandescent lamp, burning candle, etc. When
object is heated until it glows or becomes incandescent, it emits all visible wavelengths along with large
quantity of infrared radiation. Hence, as producers of visible radiation (i.e. luminous energy), they have a
low efficiency. Generally, the efficiency of such light sources improves as the operating temperature is
increased.
b. GAS DISCHARGE SOURCES - Example of gas discharge source are neon lamp, sodium lamps, etc. In
this case, light is obtained by maintaining electric current in a gas at low pressure. Such a source emits
only a few wavelength. The color and intensity of light of light depends upon the nature of gas or vapor
only. It may be noted that in case of light emitted by a thermal source, the spectrum is continuous.
However, when light is obtained from a gaseous discharge, the spectrum is discontinuous i.e. it consists
of one or more colored lines. For examples, in the case of sodium lamp, the spectrum consists mainly of
two yellow lines very close together with wavelengths of 5890Å. These wavelengths are so close to
each other that light from a sodium lamp is said to be monochromatic i.e. a light having only one
wavelength.
c. LUMINESCENT SOURCES - The familiar example of such a source is the fluorescent tube. A
fluorescent tube consist of a thin-walled glass tube with fluorescent substance coated on the inside of
the tube. An electric current is maintained in mercury vapors at low pressure. It emits visible radiation
as well as ultraviolet radiations (invisible). The fluorescent material absorbs ultraviolet radiation and re-
emits them at longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
July 16.2018

DAYLIGHTING PRINCIPLES
Daylighting is the efficient and effective use of direct, diffuse, or reflected sunlight to provide full or
supplemental illumination for building interiors during hours of sunlight. Sunlight has excellent color
rendition and brilliance. It diminishes the need for artificial light in buildings and thus saves lighting
costs. In some buildings, an overall saving of up to 80% in lighting energy costs can be achieved during
sunlight hours.
Effective use of daylighting will reduce electrical costs (both energy and demand costs) and operating
and maintenance costs (lamp life is extended). Daylighting in buildings also typically decreases space
heating and cooling costs. Because daylight produces less heat per unit of illumination than artificial
lights, daylighting reduces the cooling load when it replaces artificial lighting within the space being
cooled. As part of a passive solar heating system, sunlight can also provide supplementary building heat.
Before undertaking the design of electric lighting, DAYLIGHTING should be considered. DAYLIGHTING is
an important connection with the outside world. Even if daylight is not to be used as a primary lighting
source, in most buildings there should be some penetration of daylight.
Daylight is a combination of DIRECT, REFLECTED, and DIFFUSE sunlight.
DIRECT LIGHT travels in a straight-line path from the sun and tends to be more intense than diffuse and
reflected sunlight. Glare from direct sunlight can cause discomfort when the occupant is watching
television, working at a computer, or reading.
July 16.2018

REFLECTED LIGHT strikes a surface, such as a sidewalk or automobile, and reflects off the surface in
another direction. Because the receiving surface absorbs some sunlight before reflecting the light, the
reflected light is less intense than direct sunlight. Glare from reflected sunlight can cause occupant
discomfort.
DIFFUSE LIGHT is light that has been reflected or refracted by clouds, glazing, or other objects. It
accounts for most of the daylight received at the earth’s surface on a cloudy day. It is less intense than
direct and reflected light and typically results in less glare.
GLAZING - is a part of a wall or window, made of glass, derived from the Middle English for “GLASS”.
- Common types of glazing that are used in architectural applications include CLEAR AND
TINTED FLOAT GLASS, TEMPERED GLASS, and LAMINATED GLASS as well as a variety of
COATED GLASSES, all of which can be GLAZED SINGLE or as DOUBLE, or even TRIPLE,
glazing units.
- Ordinary clear glass has a slight green tinge but special colorless glasses are offered by
several manufacturers.
Clear and Tinted Float glass
Tempered and Laminated Glass
July 16.2018

PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR SELECTED TYPES OF GLAZINGS
a. OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER (U) - is a measure of how easily heat travels
through an assembly of materials: “The LOWER the U-factor, the lower the rate of heat
transfer through the glazing and the more efficient the glazing.”
b. SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC) - is the fraction of solar heat that is transmitted
through the glazing and ultimately becomes heat. This includes both directly transmitted
and absorbed solar radiation. The LOWER the SHGC, the less solar heat is transmitted
through the glazing and the greater it’s shading ability.
- In general, south-facing windows in buildings designed for passive solar heating should
have windows with a high SHGC to allow in beneficial solar heat gain in the winter.
East-and west-facing windows that receive undesirable direct sunlight in mornings and
afternoons should have lower SHGC assemblies.
c. VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE (VT) - is the percentage of VISIBLE LIGHT (light in the 380 to
720 nm range) that is transmitted through the glazing. When daylight in a space is
desirable, glazing is a logical choice. However, Low VT glazing such as bronze, gray, or
reflective-film windows are more logical for office buildings or where reducing interior glare is
desirable.
- A typical clear, single-pane window has a VT of about 0.88, meaning it transmits 88% of
the visible light.
d. LIGHT-TO-SOLAR GAIN RATIO (LSG) - is the ratio between SHGC and VT of a single glazing. It
provides a gauge of the relative efficiency of different glazing types in transmitting daylight
while blocking heat gains. The higher the LSG ratio the brighter the room is without adding
unnecessary amounts of solar heat.
July 16.2018

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
- The architectural program can be partitioned into spaces where daylighting can or should be used and
spaces where daylight will not be a major factor.
- The best opportunities for daylight use are in areas where task lighting is not the primary
consideration. As the task lighting needs to be more controlled, daylighting becomes more
problematic as a lighting solution.
- Good daylighting opportunities happen where task-lighting needs are not too critical, as in corridors,
lobbies, residences.
- Daylighting is probably not a good idea where task-light constraints are very restrictive, as in a lecture
room or hospital operating room.
- A basic daylighting strategy is to increase the number and size of glazed areas in the walls or ceilings
of a building, but simply using large glazed openings does not ensure good daylighting.
WAYS TO INTRODUCE NATURAL LIGHT INTO BUILDINGS

a. PERIMETER LIGHTING - involves the size and placement of windows and, sometimes, the use of
light shelves.
FENESTRATION – form the Latin word “FENESTRA” of which to describe a window with glass.
- a design term that describes window sizes, arrangements, and glazing types (the glass
and coatings used in the window).
- affects daylighting, passive solar heating, space cooling, and natural ventilation.
Common Types of Fenestrations:
1. SLIT TYPE - one of the smallest openings

or voids that serve as fenestrations.
They provide intake of direct as well as
diffused light and create a light and
shadow pattern play in the interiors.
- These are generally adopted to light up

the passages, corridors and also along
the façades of huge dead masses to
break the monotony and create the
necessary play of voids.
July 16.2018

2. “JALIS” or PERFORATED WINDOWS - similar to slits but a

patterned pre-casted or metal jail is present which have
larger voids and variety of pattern designs can be achieved.
They serve as a transparent façade yet creating the
required bifurcation between two spaces or with the
external environment.
- These are used along the balconies to create variety of

ambience throughout the day along with the changing sun.
They can also be used to cover huge solid voids and also as
partitions in the interior spaces. The transparency between
spaces can be achieved by sizing the voids accordingly.
3. GLAZED OPENABLE WINDOWS - simplest and most

efficient type of windows which can be designed in
various shapes along with a variety of custom designed
“CHAJJAS” (projecting or overhanging eaves or cover of
a roof, usually supported on large carved brackets) as
these require weather protection due to larger voids.
These are glazed and fixed with a variety of framing like
wooden and metal.
- Used majorly in all residential and also many commercial

buildings. Used in bungalows and small scale apartment
houses accompanied with curtains in the interior and
designed CHAJJAS and cladding alongside on the
exterior façade of the window to highlight its beauty.
4. FRENCH WINDOWS - These are generally through and

through windows from floor to floor level with entire glazing
supported with wooden or metal frames. They provide
almost 90% transparency with the outdoors and give the
perfect lighting glare required to light up the entire space
or a particular room.
- They are mainly used in bungalows with attached lawns or

landscape giving an extended feel and view from the interior
spaces connecting with the adjoining landscapes or the
exteriors.
5. FOLDING WINDOWS - These are the best type of

fenestration where it has to serve as a dual purpose –
a partition as well as an open window. They fold along
the tracks in horizontal as well as vertical manner.
- The highlighting feature makes it most suitable for

open kitchens as well as for interior allied spaces. As
per the requirement it can be folded and even partial
transparency can be achieved through these. They can
also be used for small cafes and kiosks where the
counter needs to be opened or closed as per the
timing requirements.
July 16.2018

REFLECTIVE LIGHT SHELVES – a passive (non-mechanical) architectural element or mechanism that

allows sunlight to enter deep into a building.
- can be a separate element or mechanism or can be an integral part of
the building structure.
- They may be located on the interior or exterior of the building envelope.
- Exterior light shelves may also function as overhangs that shade the
window from the high summer sun.
- Typical installations usually make the light shelf a unique architectural
feature.
- Properly designed light shelves allow daylight to penetrate the interior
of the space up to 2-1⁄2 times the distance between the floor and the
top of the window. Advanced light shelves increase this distance up to 4
times.
July 16.2018

b. TOP LIGHTING - includes the use of SKYLIGHTS and ROOF MONITORS, and even translucent
membrane roofs.
SKYLIGHTS - a transparent panel located in a roof opening that allows direct and diffuse
sunlight into the building.
ROOF MONITOR - a type of skylight system that is a raised, typically triangular shaped, extension of a
roof and that has at least one glazed surface.
July 16.2018

An arrangement of several smaller skylights provides illumination that is much more uniform than
daylighting with a single large skylight. Thus, IT IS BETTER TO USE A LARGER NUMBER OF SMALLER
SKYLIGHTS, RATHER THAN ONE OR A FEW LARGE SKYLIGHTS. Installations with large skylights
commonly suffer from excess brightness directly below the skylight, accompanied by gloomy dark areas
surrounding the skylight. Repetitive layout of small skylights provides uniform illumination within the
space. Additionally, less alteration of the roof structure is needed with smaller skylights.

Skylights are effective for many industrialized and maintenance operations. Warehousing can be a
favorable application. They can be used to provide a sense of natural ambience, which is valuable in
applications such as restaurants, transportation centers, and other public areas. Skylights can also be
effective for retailing because sunlight has excellent color rendition and brilliance.
July 16.2018

GENERAL RULES OF THUMB FOR DAYLIGHTING:

(1) Daylighting, even more than artificial lighting, needs to be considered early in the design process.
(2) A useful conceptual approach to conceiving a daylighting scheme is to think in terms of bouncing the
daylight off exterior and interior surfaces into the area to be lit.
(3) Direct sunlight is almost always too bright to work under.
(4) Direct sunlight on critical task areas should be avoided.
(5) Direct skylight and sunlight should be used sparingly in noncritical areas.
(6) For the best daylight, consider increasing the number of windows, rather than just increasing the
size of one window or glass area.
(7) Daylight should be bounced off surrounding surfaces. In hot climates this should be outside (roofs,
ground, walls, etc.) to reduce heat gain.
(8) Daylight should be brought in high and let down softly.
(9) Daylight can be filtered through trees, plants, screens, and drapes.
(10) Daylight from one side of a room can cause a glare problem. Daylight admitted from two or more
sides will tend to balance the light in the room.
(11) Office building window daylighting usually affects the 15′ perimeter of the plan.
(12) North-facing windows, skylights, or clearstories give the best daylight (but may allow excessive
heat loss in cold climates with northerly winds).
(13) Northern orientations will receive only minor direct solar penetration in the early morning and late
afternoon in the summer.
(14) North light should be used where soft, cool, uniform illumination is needed.
(15) South light should be allowed only where intense, warm, variable illumination is appropriate.
(16) Southern orientations are relatively easy to shield from direct solar penetrations by using
horizontal louvers or overhangs, provided the cooling season is not too long, as in extremely hot
climates.
(17) Eastern and western orientations are almost impossible to protect from direct solar
penetrations (heat and glare) while at the same time allowing occupants to see out the window.
(18) Skylights can be a problem due to heat gain from too much sunlight.
(19) Skylights and clearstories can be used to deliver light deep into the interior of a building.
Clearstories can be designed to best avoid direct sunlight.
July 16.2018

3. Electric (Artificial) Lighting
B S 5 13 16 56
For energy conservation, see p. 205. For site-lighting costs,
see p. 277.
a. Lamp types
(1) Incandescent lamps produce a warm light,
are inexpensive and easy to use but have
limited lumination per watt (20 to 40) and a
short life. Normal voltage lamps produce a
point source of light. Most common shapes
are A, R, and PAR. Low voltage lamps pro-
duce a very small point of intense bright-
ness that can be focused into a precise beam
of light (for merchandise or art). These are
usually PAR shapes or designed to fit into a
parabolic reflector. Sizes are designated in
1
⁄8 inch of the widest part of lamp. Tungsten-
Halogen (quartz) and low voltage are a spe-
cial type of incandescent. Quartz is another
type of incandescent that has high-intensity
white light with slightly longer life.
(2) Gaseous discharge lamps produce light by
passing electricity through a gas. These
lamps require a ballast to get the lamp
started and then to control the current.
(a) Fluorescent lamps produce a wide,
linear, diffuse light source that is
well-suited to spreading light
downward to the working surfaces
of desks or displays in a commer-
cial environment with normal ceil-
ing heights (8′ to 12′ ). Lamps are
typically 17, 25, or 32 watts. The
deluxe lamps have good color-ren-
dering characteristics and can be
chosen to favor the cool (blue) or
the warm (red) end of the spec-
trum. Dimmers for fluorescents are
expensive. Fluorescent lamps pro-
duce more light per watt of energy
(70–85 lumens/watt) than incandes-
cent; thus operating costs are low.
The purchase price and length of
life of fluorescent lamps are greater
than for incandescent and less than
for HID. Four-feet lamp lengths
utilize 40 watts and are most com-
597
598 The Architect’s Portable Handbook
mon. Designations are F followed

by wattage, shape, size, color, and a
form factor.
(b) High-intensity discharge (HID)
lamps can be focused into a fairly
good beam of light. These lamps,
matched with an appropriate fix-
ture are well-suited to beaming
light down to the working place
from a high ceiling (12′ to 20′).
Dimming HID lamps is difficult.
The lamps are expensive but pro-
duce a lot of light and last a long
time. If there is a power interrup-
tion, HID lamps will go out and
cannot come on again for about 10
minutes while they cool down.
Therefore, in an installation of HID
lamps, a few incandescent or fluo-
rescent lamps are needed to provide
backup lighting. Since they operate
at high temperatures, they would
be a poor choice for low ceilings,
wall sconces, or any other close-
proximity light source. They would
also be a poor choice in assem-
blies and other occupancies where
power outages could cause panic.
Mercury vapor (MV; the bluish
street lamps). Because they
emit a blue-green light, they
are excellent for highlighting
foliage, green copper exteriors,
and certain signage. Deluxe
version is warmer. 35 to 65
lumens/watt. This is not much
used anymore.
Metal halide (MH) are often ice
blue cool industrial-looking
lamps. Deluxe color rendering
bulbs are 50 to 400 watts, and
almost as good as deluxe fluo-
rescent for a warmer effect.
Efficiency is 80 lumens/watt.
Lighting 599
High-pressure sodium (HPS)

produces a warm golden yellow
light often used for highways.
Bulbs are 35 to 400 watts. De-
luxe color rendering is almost as
cool as deluxe fluorescent for a
cooler effect. Efficiency is 100
lumens/watt.
Low-pressure sodium (LPS)
produces a yellow color which
makes all colors appear in
shades of grey. They are ex-
cellent for promoting plant
growth indoors. Bulbs are typi-
cally 35 to 180 watts. Used for
parking lots and roadways.
Efficiency is 150 lumens/watt.
(c) Cold cathode (neon) has a color
dependent on the gas and the color
of the tube. Can be most any color.
Does not give off enough light for
detailed visual tasks, but does give
off enough light for attracting atten-
tion, indoors or out.
Lighting 601
b. Types of reflectors:
c. Lighting systems and fixture types

Note: Costs include lamps, fixture, and installation
labor, but not general wiring. As a rule of
thumb, fixtures are 20% to 30%, and distri-
bution (not included in following costs) is
30% to 70%.
(1) General room lighting
A large proportion of commercial space
requires even illumination on the work-
place. This can be done a number of ways.
(a) Direct lighting is the most common
form of general room lighting.
All recessed lighting is an example

of a direct lighting system, but a
pendant fixture could be direct if it
emits virtually no light above the
horizontal. Unless extensive wall
washing, or high light levels (as
with fluorescent for general office
lighting) are used, the overall im-
pression of a direct lighting system
should be one of low general
brightness with the possibility of
higher intensity accents.
A guide to determine max. spac-
ing is the spacing-to-mounting-
height ratio. The mounting height is
the height from the working place
(usually 2.5′ above floor) to the level
of the height fixtures. Note that the
ratio does not apply to the end of
oblong fixtures due to the nature of
their light distribution.
( )
S
Spacing = ᎏ × (Mounting Ht.)
MH
Lighting 603
Types of direct lighting are:

Wide-beam diffuse lighting is often
fluorescent lights for normal ceiling
heights (8′ to 12′). The fixtures will
produce a repetitive two-dimen-
sional pattern that becomes the
most prominent feature of the ceil-
ing plane. Typical S/MH = 1.5.
Typical recessed fluorescent fixture:
Costs: 2′ × 4′ = $85 to $140/ea. (85% M and 15% L), variation of

-10%, +20%.
2′ ¥ 2′ = 10% less
1′ ¥ 4′ = +10% more
Medium-beam downlighting is pro-
duced with a fixture located in or on
the ceiling that creates a beam of
light directed downward. In the cir-
culation and lobby areas of a build-
ing, incandescent lamps are often
used. For large areas, HID lamps
are often selected. In both cases the
light is in the form of a conical
beam, and scallops of light will be

produced on wall surfaces.
S/MH is usually about 0.7 to 1.3.
Typical fixture:
Cost: (per ea. fixture) (Variation of −10 to +35%).

Res. Comm.
Low voltage: $150 $305 (85% M and 15% L)
Incandescent: $65 $305 (90% M and 10% L)
Fluorescent: $125 $280 (85% M and 15% L)
HID: $150 $460 (80% M and 20% L)
Narrow beam downlights are often

used in the same situation as above,
but produce more of a spotlight
effect at low mounting heights. This
form of lighting is used to achieve
even illumination where the ceiling
height is relatively high. S/MH is
usually 0.3 to 0.9. Typical fixture
same as above.
Cost: Same as medium-beam downlighting above.
(b) Semidirect lighting
Lighting 605
All systems other than direct ones neces-

sarily imply that the lighting fixtures are in
the space, whether pendant-mounted, sur-
face-mounted, or portable. A semidirect
system will provide good illumination on
horizontal surfaces, with moderate general
brightness.
Typical fixtures:
Costs: Fluor.: $330 to $765 (90% M and 10% L)

Pendant: $150 to $460 (90% M and 10% L)
(c) General diffuse lighting
A general diffuse system most typically

consists of suspended fixtures, with pre-
dominantly translucent surfaces on all sides.
Can be incandescent, fluorescent, or HID.
Typical fixture: see sketch above

Costs: $75 to $560 (90% M and 10% L)
(d) Direct-indirect lighting
A direct-indirect will tend to equally

emphasize the upper and lower horizontal
planes in a space (i.e., the ceiling and floor).
Typical fixture: same as semidirect
Costs: Same as Semidirect.
(e) Semi-indirect lighting
Lighting 607
A semi-indirect system will place the

emphasis on the ceiling, with some down-
ward or outward-directed light.
Typical fixture:
Costs: Wall sconce: $180 to $765 (90% M and 10% L)

Pendant: $355 to $2245 (85% M and 15% L)
( f ) Indirect lighting
A fully indirect system will bounce all the

light off the ceiling, resulting in a low-
contrast environment with little shadow.
Typical fixture: Same as Direct-Indirect.
Costs: Same as Direct-Indirect.

Note: ADA requires that, along accessible
routes, wall-mounted fixtures protrude no
more than 4″ when mounted lower than
6′8″ AFF.
(g) Accent or specialty lighting
Used for special effects or spot lighting,

such as lighting art objects or products on
display.
Typical fixtures:
Costs: Track: $85 to $460 (90% M and 10%L)

Recessed accent: $150 to $1020 (80% M and 20% L)
d. Simplified calculations
(1) For estimating light from one source (such
as a painting on a wall lit by a ceiling
mounted spot) use the Cosine Method
shown on p. 573.
(2) For general room lighting use the Zonal
Cavity Method.
Lighting 609
Lighting 611
e. Exterior lighting: As with all exterior lighting, avoid

light spill onto adjacent property and night-sky pol-
lution.
(1) Parking lot lighting: Space 4 times pole
height for range of 0.8 fc to 3.6 fc.
(2) Landmark lighting is the lighting of build-

ing facades, monuments, or other promi-
nent objects. This is most effective if the
object is light in color, rough, or varied in
texture, and has a dark surround. Possibili-
Lighting 613
ties are scalloping (10–20° angles) or graz-

ing (1–5° angles).
(3) Landscape and pathway lighting: For public
plazas, space short poles or bollard lights at
about 4 times their height. At walkways in
landscaping, place lights at terminals such
as walk corners, steps, landings, overlooks,
and transitions. Place pathway lights at 15′
to 30′ along walking surface, using narrow
cone downlight. Place lights within land-
scape area for best visual effect.

Building Utilities 3 Notes Finals 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Utilities 3 Notes Finals 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN

Frank Gehry Office Building ILUMINARC® luminaires have been selected to

Las Vegas Springs Preserve Harborside, Boston by Port Lighting Systems

A linear representation of the visible light spectrum.

HOW IS LIGHT PRODUCED?

70,000 BC - Around 70,000 first primitive oil lamps appeared.

4500 BC - The first manufactured red pottery oil lamps appeared.

3000 BC - candles are invented.

Argand lamp with circular An astral lamp, an Argand lamp QUINQUET

1792 - WILLIAM MURDOCH, a Scottish engineer and inventor, begins experimenting

An electric arc, demonstrating the “arch” effect The Davy lamp

Döbereiner also is known for his discovery of furfural,

Drawing of typical Geissler tubes from Geissler tubes at museum

JOSEPH WILSON SWAN

The Moore Lamp was an extension

A close up of a 175-W mercury vapor lamp.

JUST–HANAMAN light-bulb, Budapest, 1906

Franjo Hanaman (seated) and

- produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous

Metal halide lamp bulb Metal halide floodlights at a baseball field

SODIUM-VAPOR LAMP - a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited

Invention of the high pressure

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) - a solid-state component that emits

"Crystodyne" zinc oxide electronic

HALOGEN LAMP - also known as a tungsten

ELEMENTS OF SEEING LIGHT

HOW THE EYE WORKS

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

With the first rays of sunshine in the

Hormone levels, blood pressure,

Light has a triple effect:

2. LIGHT FOR EMOTIONAL PERCEPTION – Lighting enhancing architecture

3. LIGHT CREATING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS – Supporting people’s circadian rhythm

LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIES AND UNITS

1 fc = 10.764 lux, where: lux = lumens(lm)

An ordinary wax candle has a luminous intensity

In specular reflection, angle of incidence equals angle of

2. DIFFUSE REFLECTION - results when reflected

In diffuse reflection, incident light is spread in all directions by

3. COMBINATION OF SPECULAR AND DIFFUSE

Typical relative illuminance values together with

TRANSPARENT MATERIAL - A material that allows most or all of the

TRANSLUCENT MATERIAL - A material that allows a partial

ABSORPTANCE (α) - is the ratio of the light

The absorptance of a dark black surface may be

The light source producing a blend of

COLOR SYMBOLISM AND CULTURE

COLOR SYMBOLISM CHART

BEIGE AND IVORY

Optimum field of vision of a person standing

Optimum field of vision of a person seating

In general, artificial light source can be divided into three categories:

Daylight is a combination of DIRECT, REFLECTED, and DIFFUSE sunlight.

Clear and Tinted Float glass

Tempered and Laminated Glass

PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR SELECTED TYPES OF GLAZINGS

WAYS TO INTRODUCE NATURAL LIGHT INTO BUILDINGS

Common Types of Fenestrations:

1. SLIT TYPE - one of the smallest openings

- These are generally adopted to light up

2. “JALIS” or PERFORATED WINDOWS - similar to slits but a

- These are used along the balconies to create variety of

3. GLAZED OPENABLE WINDOWS - simplest and most