Principles of Aquaculture

AKU3201 (2+1)
Lecture 1: Introduction and status of aquaculture
AKU3201 Assessment

Assignment (Group) 20%

Practical report (Group) 20%
Test 1 (before week 7) 15%
Test 2 (before week 12) 15%
Final Exam 30%
 Learning Outcomes

1. History of aquaculture
2. Importance of aquaculture
3. Aquaculture status in Malaysia
4. Aquaculture in ASEAN countries
5. Global aquaculture status
 Aquaculture
The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans
and aquatic plants in control environment. (FAO, 2001)

Culture fisheries is a type of fisheries that is primarily focused on

the culture or raising of fish in controlled or semi-controlled
environments for a variety of human consumptive needs, using a
variety of fish culture techniques. Culture fisheries is also called
aquaculture.
 Capture Fisheries
❑ Capture fisheries is a type of fisheries that is primarily focused
on capturing or catching fish in the open waters for a variety of
human consumptive needs, using a variety of fishing
techniques.
 No.16 in the World for
the Capture production.
(FAO, 2020)
TERMINOLOGIES
❑ Finfish = Fish

❑ Aqua/Seafood = All animal and plant products from

aquatic environment

❑ Shellfish = Aquatic invertebrates with “shell” (bivalve,

gastropod, cephalopod, decapod crustaceans, sea
urchins)
• Bivalves = Oysters, Mussels, Clams, Scallop etc.
• Decapod crustaceans = Shrimp, Crayfish, Crabs, etc.

❑ Aquatic Plants = Seaweeds, Kelps, Seagrass,

Mangroves, Aquatic green vegetables etc.
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 2000 – 1000 B.C.: Aquaculture emerged in China
➢ Fish were often washed into ponds by monsoon floods
➢ inspired idea of “stocking” ponds to provide families with
food
➢ rice growers also noticed fish in the rice fields and began
practicing polyculture
*Polyculture – the raising of more than one species of plant or
animal at the same time in the same place
• 2000 B.C: Egypt: tilapia drawing on tomb.
• 1000 B.C: Japan: Farming oyster.
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 500 B.C.: Fan Lai wrote “The Classic of Fish Culture”

➢ Earliest detailed study of fish culture

➢ Describes the structure and function of ponds which house

and promote propagation of carp

*Propagate – to cause an organism to multiply by any process

of natural reproduction
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 500 B.C – 500 A.D.: Golden Age

➢ Is considered the “Golden Age” of common carp culture

➢ Chinese continued to cultivate carp and spread the
practice to neighboring countries
➢ achieved progress in techniques of culture as well as
recorded culture systems
➢ Is the time in which southern Asia began describing the
use of reservoirs to hold fish

321-300 B.C: India: Fattening fish in pond.

 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 618 – 906

➢ Accounts for the rule of the Tang Dynasty in China, which

prohibited the cultivation of carp
➢ found other species of fish to culture for their food and
overall livelihood
➢ discovered polyculture of fish in the same pond
compliment each other by eating different types of food
and staying in different areas.

* the farming of common carp was banned because the Chinese word for common carp (鯉) sounded like the emperor's family
name, Li (李). Anything that sounded like the emperor's name could not be kept or killed.
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 618 – 1120

➢ Is the period when fry collection and dispersal in natural

waters became highly developed.

➢ Was the era in India in which Namasollasa presented a

publication concerning the fattening of fish in reservoirs

➢ Is the time in which Chow Mit publishes “Kwei Sin Chek

Shik” which describes fish transportation in bamboo
baskets
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 1360- 1640

• First time brackish water aquaculture was applied in Indonesia

• The period in which the “Complete Book of Agriculture” was
published in China, including information on pond cultivation

➢ Works concerning the complete aquaculture process were

described, including the following:
➢ methods of raising fry to adults
➢ structure of ponds
➢ application of food
➢ disease control
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
• 1640- 1900

➢ the period in which communication became readily

available, allowing for the spread of information among
countries
➢ Allowed further fish culture methods to be developed,
including the following:
➢ fry production
➢ seasonal occurrences of fry
➢ transportation of fry
 HISTORY OF
AQUACULTURE
• What about shrimp culture??

❑ First Technological Breakthroughs In Japan

• Shrimp farming started in Japan where Prof

Fujinaga (right) first developed techniques
for culture in captivity

• During the late 1960’s, his techniques were

transferred to Taiwan through Dr Liao (left)
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
Malaysia
• Started 1920’s, Polyculture in ex-mining pools
• Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
• Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
• Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
• 1930’s, marine shrimp trapping ponds
• 1940’s, blood cockles (Anadara granosa)
• 1950’s, freshwater fish in earthern ponds
• 1970’s, semi-intensive shrimp culture, green grouper (Epinephelus
coioides) in floating net cage culture
• 1990’s, intensive commercial aquaculture
 IMPORTANCE of AQUACULTURE

Stock enhancement
Food Jewellery

Ornamental Bait production

 ROLE of AQUACULTURE
❑ Reduce gap between supply vs demand of food
fish (National food security).

❑ Lessen pressure on capture fisheries

❑ Generate foreign exchange earnings

❑ Provide employment & career development

❑ Diversify /alternative income to fishermen &

farmers

❑ Provide business & investment opportunity

Overexploitation/ overfishing
Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
Commercial Aquaculture Species in MALAYSIA

• Freshwater aquaculture:
Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.),
Catfish (Clarius sp., Pangassius sp.),
Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii).

• Marine aquaculture:
Finfish: Sea bass, grouper, snapper,
Crustaceans: Tiger shrimp (P. monodon), white shrimp (L. vannamei),
Bivalve: cockle, mussel and oyster,
Seaweed: Kappaphycus alvarezi
Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia- Crustaceans
No. 13
Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia- Algae
No. 7
 Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia

WHAT ABOUT MALAYSIA MARINE AND FRESHWATER FISH

CULTURE?

STILL LOW?
NEED TO IMPORT?
 Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
● Development of marine fisheries & aquaculture under
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoF), Fisheries Act
1985.

● Development of freshwater fisheries & aquaculture

under Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture, Native
Land and Regional Development, State Fisheries
Ordinance 2003.

● Applied research, education and training: Fisheries

Research Institute Malaysia, Universities, National
Agriculture Training Institute.
● 7th Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) - Aquaculture as critical activity to
ensure food security

● 8th Malaysia Plan (2001-2005) - Enhance aquaculture development

● Potential export earner after oil palm and rubber. (most productive
income per hectare per annum and return to investment)

● High production cost, lack skill labour, threat of disease, quality of

produce

● 12 Malaysia Plan (2021-2025)- Smart agriculture.

Status in ASEAN-FISH No. 2
 Global Status
● The United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development Goal SDG14 :
- Conserve and sustainably use the ocean, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development

● The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018:

- critical importance of fisheries and aquaculture for
food, nutrition and employment of millions of people.
Global Status- FISH PRODUCTION
Global Status- INLAND
Global Status- MARINE and COASTAL
Global Status- MOLLUSCS
Aquaculture- Global Status
Aquaculture-World Status

30.8 MT

51.3 MT

84.4 MT

12 MT
INCREASING ROLE OF AQUACULTURE
INCREASING ROLE OF AQUACULTURE
 Assignment (20%)
1. Form groups for your assignment.
2. Assignment:-

a) Oyster-pearl cultivation.
b) Scallops farming.
c) Tiger prawn farming.
d) Hybrid grouper farming.
10 pages- Introduction/objective/Lit review/Result/discussion/conclusion
TNR/Arial- (11-12).

* Discuss and do some research on the topic. Prepare 10 pages of report and
present the topic on 10 January 2022 (Monday).