Question 1:

𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15

= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 15
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 5(𝑥 − 3)
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
When 𝑓(𝑥) = 0

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0

Therefore, the x intercepts are 3 and -5

When 𝑥 = 0

𝑓(0) = (−3)(5) = −15

Therefore, the y intercept is -15
𝑥+10
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥−5

When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 + 10
=0
𝑥−5
𝑥 + 10 = 0
𝑥 = −10
Therefore, the x intercept is -10

When 𝑥 = 0,
10
𝑦= = −2
−5
Therefore, the y intercept is -2

Question 2:
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
a) 𝑦 = =
𝑥−4 𝑥−4

Therefore, the restriction is 𝑥 − 4 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 4 as the function is undefined otherwise.

Domain: (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)

b)𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 100

As the function is a polynomial, there is no restrictions on it. The function is defined for all values of x.

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 10

The restriction is 2𝑥 − 10 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5 as we cannot take the square root of a negative term.

Domain: [5, ∞)

Question 3:
1
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 +𝑥5 )2
1
𝑓(−𝑥) =
{(−𝑥)3
+ (−𝑥)5 }2
1 1 1
= 3 5 2
= 3 5 2
= 3 = 𝑓(𝑥)
{−𝑥 − 𝑥 } {−(𝑥 + 𝑥 )} (𝑥 + 𝑥 5 )2
So, it is an even function
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7
Plugging in -x instead of x,
𝑦 = (−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3 + 7 = −𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 7
Thus the function is neither even nor odd
3
c) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+𝑥 3
3 3 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3
= 3
= −( ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑥 + (−𝑥) −𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥3
Therefore, it is an odd function

Question 4:
𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7 𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7 𝑥 3 +5𝑥−7
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−28 = 𝑥 2 +4𝑥−7𝑥−28 = (𝑥−7)(𝑥+4)
Therefore, the function has vertical asymptotes at x=7, and x=-4
𝑥 5 +4𝑥 3 −4𝑥+6
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +2𝑥2 −5𝑥−6
Factorizing the denominator we get,
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 6(𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Therefore,
𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
So, the function has vertical asymptotes at x=-1,2,-3

Question 5:
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −6 6
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥2
= 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥2
When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → ±∞
Therefore, there is no horizontal asymptote
1 3 1 7
𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −7 + 2+ 3− 5
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 −3𝑥 3 +8
=𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3
𝑥
8
1− 2 + 5
𝑥 𝑥
 When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → 0
Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at y=0
𝑥2 1
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 = 2 15
1+ − 2
𝑥 𝑥
When 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑦 → 1
Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at y=1

Question 6:

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 + 12
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
8𝑥 + 12 = 0
3
𝑥=−
2
3
The critical value is at 𝑥 = −
2
3
When 𝑥 < − 2 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
3
When 𝑥 > − , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
2
Therefore,
3 3
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−∞, − 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (− 2 , ∞)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 8
3
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum at 𝑥 = − 2
3 3 2 3
𝑓 (− ) = 4 (− ) + 12 (− ) − 7 = −16
2 2 2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 10
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,
3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
Therefore the critical points are 𝑥 = 2,4
When 𝑥 < 2, 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
When 2 < 𝑥 < 4, 𝑓(𝑥) < 0
When 𝑥 > 4, 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
Therefore, increasing interval : (−∞, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)
Decreasing interval: (2,4)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 18
At 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6 ∗ 2 − 18 = −6
Therefore there is a maximum at 𝑥 = 2
At 𝑥 = 4,
𝑓 ′′ (4) = 6 ∗ 4 − 18 = 4
Therefore there is a minimum at 𝑥 = 4
𝑓(2) = 23 − 9 ∗ 22 + 24 ∗ 2 − 10 = 10
Question 7:

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0,
12𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Therefore, the inflection points are at x=0,1
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) > 0
Therefore, 𝑥 > 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
When 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) < 0
Therefore, 0 < 𝑥 < 1
So, 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (−∞, 0) ∪
(1, ∞) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0,1)
Question 8:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥
When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0,

4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 = 0
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0

𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Therefore the critical points are 𝑥 = −2,0,2

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 16
When 𝑥 = −2,

𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 12 ∗ (−2)2 − 16 = 32
Therefore, there is a minimum at 𝑥 = −2

When 𝑥 = 0,

𝑓 ′′ (0) = 12 ∗ 02 − 16 = −16
Therefore there is a maximum at 𝑥 = 0

When 𝑥 = 2,

𝑓 ′′ (2) = 12 ∗ 22 − 16 = 32
Therefore there is a minimum at 𝑥 = 2

𝑓(−2) = (−2)4 − 8(−2)2 + 5 = −11

𝑓(0) = 04 − 8 ∗ 02 + 5 = 5

𝑓(2) = 24 − 8 ∗ 22 + 5 = −11
Question 9:

a) If a function changes from a decreasing interval to an increasing one, it can be said that a local
minimum of the function exists there.
b) There is a vertical asymptote at x=0

Question 10:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 21
At 𝑥 = 2,

𝑦 = 22 − 4 ∗ 2 + 21 = 17
Therefore, the point of the local minimum is (2,17)

Question 11:

When finding one-sided limits 0+ implies approaching 0 from the right side of the number line, i.e,
taking values slightly greater than 0

Question 12:

A limit does not exist for the following conditions:

1) When there is a jump discontinuity. ( lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥))

𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑎−
2) When there is a vertical asymptote at a point.
3) When rapid oscillation occurs around a point.

Question 13:

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if the following conditions are satisfied:

1) 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→𝑐
3) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐