adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ thích nghi '=changes slightly over time so it can continue
to exist in a particular environment Species have [adapted] to climate changes
throughout history. Các loài đã [thích nghi] với những thay đổi khí hậu trong suốt lịch sử. "In passage: As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the different populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14 different subspecies." alien (adj) /ˈeɪliən/ ngoại lai '=introduced from another country and later naturalized "When I first went to New York, it all felt very [alien] to me." "Khi tôi lần đầu tiên đến New York, tất cả đều cảm thấy rất [xa lạ] đối với tôi." "In passage: They also introduced alien species – ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants – that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat." be capable of (collocation) /bi ˈkeɪpəbəl əv/ có khả năng "'=having the ability, power, or qualities to be able to do something" I think your plan is [capable] of being improved. Tôi nghĩ rằng kế hoạch của bạn [có khả năng] được cải thiện. "In passage: Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long ocean passages." breeding (n) /ˈbridɪŋ/ sự gây giống '=the keeping of animals or plants in order to breed from them We used to keep pigs for [breeding] purposes. Chúng tôi đã từng nuôi lợn cho mục đích [chăn nuôi]. In passage: The aim was to use a helicopter to move 300 of the breeding centre’s tortoises to various locations close to Sierra Negra. captive breeding (collocation) /ˈkæptɪv ˈbridɪŋ/ nhân giống nuôi nhốt "'=the process of maintaining plants or animals in controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens, and other conservation facilities." [Captive-breeding] programs breed endangered species in zoos and other facilities to build a healthy population of the animals Các chương trình [Nuôi nhốt] nhân giống các loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng trong các vườn thú và các cơ sở khác để xây dựng một quần thể động vật khỏe mạnh "In passage: The centre’s captive-breeding programme proved to be extremely successful, and it eventually had to deal with an overpopulation problem." carry out (phrase) /ˈkɛri aʊt/ thực hiện "'=to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do" Dr Carter is [carrying out] research on early Christian art. Tiến sĩ Carter đang [thực hiện] nghiên cứu về nghệ thuật Cơ đốc giáo thời kỳ đầu. "In passage: For years, repatriation efforts were carried out in small numbers, with the tortoises carried on the backs of men over weeks of long, treacherous hikes along narrow trails." colonise (v) cư ngụ '=establish itself in (an area) Mussels can [colonise] even the most inhospitable rock surfaces Trai có thể [thuộc địa] ngay cả những bề mặt đá khắc nghiệt nhất "In passage: Some time after the Galápagos’s birth, around five million years ago, the islands were colonised by one or more tortoises from mainland South America" come across (phrsal verb) /kəm əˈkrɔs/ tình cờ lướt qua '=Meet or find someone or something by chance I [came across] these old photos recently Tôi đã [xem qua] những bức ảnh cũ này gần đây "In passage: Eventually, one tiny tortoise came across a fully grown giant who had been lumbering around the island for around a hundred years" dedicated to (collocation) /ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ/ cống hiến '=Devote (time or effort) to a particular task or purpose He has [dedicated] his life to scientific research. Anh ấy đã [cống hiến] cuộc đời mình cho nghiên cứu khoa học. "In passage: In 1989, work began on a tortoise-breeding centre just outside the town of Puerto Villamil on Isabela, dedicated to protecting the island’s tortoise populations" distinct (adj) /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ tách biệt '=clearly separate and different (from something else) The two languages are quite [distinct] from each other. Hai ngôn ngữ khá [khác biệt] với nhau. "In passage: With its five distinct volcanoes, the island resembles a lunar landscape" exacerbate (v) /ɪgˈzæsərˌbeɪt/ làm trầm trọng '=to make something that is already bad even worse Her allergy was [exacerbated] by the dust. Tình trạng dị ứng của cô ấy [càng trở nên trầm trọng hơn] bởi bụi. In passage: This historical exploitation was then exacerbated when settlers came to the islands. exceed (v) /ɪkˈsid/ vượt quá "'=to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit" "The final cost should not [exceed] $5,000." Chi phí cuối cùng không được [vượt quá] $ 5.000. "In passage: In the absence of significant predators, they grew to become the largest and longest-living tortoises on the planet, weighing more than 400 kilograms, occasionally exceeding 1.8 metres in length and living for more than a century." exploitation (n) /ˌɛkˌsplɔɪˈteɪʃən/ sự khai thác '=the use of something in order to get an advantage from it Britain's [exploitation] of its natural gas reserves began after the Second World War. Việc [khai thác] trữ lượng khí đốt tự nhiên của Anh bắt đầu sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai. "In passage: From the 17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, but the arrival of whaling ships in the 1790s saw this exploitation grow exponentially" exponentially (adv) /ˌɛkspoʊˈnɛnʃəli/ tăng theo cấp số nhân '=in a way that becomes quicker and quicker as something that increases becomes larger "We are growing [exponentially] in resources, people, and financing." "Chúng tôi đang phát triển [theo cấp số nhân] về nguồn lực, con người và tài chính." "In passage: From the 17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, but the arrival of whaling ships in the 1790s saw this exploitation grow exponentially" give rise to (collocation) /gɪv raɪz tɪ/ gây ra '=to cause something International support has [given rise to] a new optimism in the company. Sự hỗ trợ từ quốc tế đã [tạo ra] một sự lạc quan mới trong công ty. "In passage: As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the different populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14 different subspecies." habitat (n) /ˈhæbəˌtæt/ môi trường sống '=the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives This chance to view the animals in their natural [habitat] should not be passed by. Cơ hội để xem các loài động vật trong [môi trường sống] tự nhiên của chúng không nên bỏ qua. In passage: They hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture. immobile (adj) /ˌɪˈmoʊˌbil/ bất động '=not moving or not able to move "She sat [immobile], wondering what to do next." "Cô ngồi [bất động], tự hỏi phải làm gì tiếp theo." "In passage: Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long ocean passages." inhospitable (adj) /ˌɪnˈhɑspɪtəbəl/ khắc nghiệt '=harsh and difficult to live in They had to trek for miles through [inhospitable] countryside. Họ phải đi bộ hàng dặm qua vùng nông thôn [hiếu khách]. In passage: This inhospitable environment is home to the giant Galápagos tortoise interior (n) /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/ nội địa '=the inside part of something The car's [interior] is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden dashboard [Nội thất] của chiếc xe rất ấn tượng - ghế da tuyệt vời và bảng điều khiển bằng gỗ In passage: Forests of spiny cacti cover much of the uneven lave plains that separate the interior of the Galápagos island of Isabela from the Pacific Ocean introduce (v) /ˌɪntrəˈdus/ "giới thiệu, đưa đến" "'=to put something into use, operation, or a place for the first time" Apple has sold many millions of iPods since the product was [introduced] in 2001. Apple đã bán được hàng triệu chiếc iPod kể từ khi sản phẩm này được [giới thiệu] vào năm 2001."In passage: They also introduced alien species – ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants – that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat." juvenile (n) /ˈʤuvəˌnaɪl/ con non '=Relating to young birds and animals The marsh protects fish eggs and [juveniles] that need to evade predators until they can mature and move into open water. Đầm lầy bảo vệ trứng cá và [cá con] cần phải trốn tránh những kẻ săn mồi cho đến khi chúng có thể trưởng thành và di chuyển vào vùng nước thoáng. "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation." pressing (adj) /ˈprɛsɪŋ/ cấp thiết '=urgent or needing to be dealt with immediately The most [pressing] question is what do we do next? Câu hỏi [cấp bách] nhất là chúng ta phải làm gì tiếp theo? In passage: The problem was also a pressing one prey (v) /preɪ/ "bắt mồi, giết hại" '=to kill and eat an animal Lions [prey] on huge herds of wildebeest and zebra. Sư tử [săn mồi] trên đàn linh dương đầu bò và ngựa vằn khổng lồ. "In passage: They also introduced alien species – ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants – that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat." reintroduction (n) /ˌriɪntrəˈdəkʃən/ tái giới thiệu "'=the action of bringing something, especially a law or system, into existence or effect again." A possible reintroduction of fees for students across the county has been accepted Việc áp dụng lại lệ phí cho học sinh trên toàn quận đã được chấp nhận In passage: An airborne reintroduction programme has helped conservationists take significant steps to protect the endangered Galápagos tortoise. relatively (adv) /ˈrɛlətɪvli/ khá là '=Regarded in comparison with something else rather than absolutely; quite He's a [relatively] good squash player. Anh ấy là một cầu thủ bóng quần [tương đối] giỏi. "In passage: Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long ocean passages." repatriation (n) /riˌpeɪtriˈeɪʃən/ sự hồi hương "'=the act of sending or bringing someone, or sometimes money or other property, back to the country that he, she, or it came from" The 40-year old father of three is equally worried by the [repatriation]. Người cha 40 tuổi của ba đứa trẻ cũng lo lắng không kém bởi cuộc [hồi hương]. "In passage: For years, repatriation efforts were carried out in small numbers, with the tortoises carried on the backs of men over weeks of long, treacherous hikes along narrow trails." resemble (v) /rɪˈzɛmbəl/ trông giống '=to look like or be like someone or something "After the earthquake, the city [resembled] a battlefield.""Sau trận động đất, thành phố [giống] một bãi chiến trường." "In passage: With its five distinct volcanoes, the island resembles a lunar landscape" respite (n) /ˈrɛspɪt/ quãng nghỉ ngơi '=a pause or rest from something difficult or unpleasant We worked for hours without [respite]. Chúng tôi đã làm việc trong nhiều giờ mà không có [thời gian nghỉ ngơi]. In passage: Only the thick vegetation at the skirt of the often cloud-covered peak of Sierra Negra offers respite from the barren terrain below spread out (phrsal verb) /sprɛd aʊt/ "tản ra, lan rộng" '=move apart so as to cover a wider area They [spread out] to search the whole area. Họ [tản ra] để tìm kiếm toàn bộ khu vực. "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation." subspecies (n) phân loài "'=a particular type within a species, the members of which are different in some clear ways from those of other types of the species" Japan's Iriomote cat was recently demoted from a distinct species to an island [subspecies] of leopard cat. Mèo Iriomote của Nhật Bản gần đây đã bị giáng cấp từ một loài khác biệt thành một [phân loài] mèo báo trên đảo. "In passage: As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the different populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14 different subspecies." surroundings (n) /sərˈaʊndɪŋz/ môi trường xung quanh '=The things and conditions around a person or thing Some butterflies blend in with their [surroundings] so that it's difficult to see them Một số loài bướm hòa nhập với [môi trường xung quanh] nên rất khó để nhìn thấy chúng "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation." territory (n) /ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri/ địa bàn '=an area that an animal or person tries to control or thinks belongs to them The robin keeps other birds off that part of the garden - that's his [territory]. Con chim chích chòe ngăn những con chim khác ra khỏi khu vườn đó - đó là [lãnh thổ] của nó. "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation." to be home to (collocation) /tɪ bi hoʊm tɪ/ nơi ở của "'=A place where something flourishes, is most typically found, or from which it originates" Montana [is home to] a surprising number of rare mammals’ Montana [là nơi sinh sống của] một số lượng đáng ngạc nhiên các loài động vật có vú quý hiếm ' In passage: This inhospitable environment is home to the giant Galápagos tortoise uneven (adj) /əˈnivən/ "không bằng phẳng, không đồng đều" "'=not level, equal, flat, or continuous" Be careful on that path - the paving stones are [uneven]. Hãy cẩn thận trên con đường đó - những viên đá lát đường [không bằng phẳng]. In passage: Forests of spiny cacti cover much of the uneven lave plains that separate the interior of the Galápagos island of Isabela from the Pacific Ocean vegetation (n) /ˌvɛʤəˈteɪʃən/ thảm thực vật "'=plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area" The railway track will have to be cleared of [vegetation] if it is to be used again Đường ray sẽ phải dọn sạch [thảm thực vật] nếu muốn sử dụng lại In passage: Only the thick vegetation at the skirt of the often cloud-covered peak of Sierra Negra offers respite from the barren terrain below assess (v) /əˈsɛs/ đánh giá "'=to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something" The insurers will need to [assess] the flood damage. Các công ty bảo hiểm sẽ cần [đánh giá] thiệt hại do lũ lụt."In passage: Individuals working in the area of the geography of healthcare provision attempt to assess the levels of healthcare in the area (for instance, it may be very difficult for people to get medical attention because there is a mountain between their village and the nearest hospital)." asthma (n) /ˈæzmə/ bệnh hen suyễn '=a medical condition that makes breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked The fungi can also worsen the symptoms of asthma and cause allergic sinusitis. Nấm cũng có thể làm trầm trọng thêm các triệu chứng của bệnh hen suyễn và gây viêm xoang dị ứng. "In passage: In many large cities, the wind is not strong enough to clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who live there." come into contact with (collocation) /kəm ˈɪntu ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ/ tiếp xúc '=to see and begin began communicating with (someone) It was during that time that native people first came into contact with the settlers "Chính trong thời gian đó, những người bản xứ lần đầu tiên tiếp xúc với những người định cư" "In passage: In a world that is far more globalised than ever before, people come into contact with one another through travel and living closer and closer to each other." constitute (v) /ˈkɑnstəˌtut/ thiết lập '=to form or make something Women [constitute] about ten percent of Parliament. Phụ nữ [chiếm] khoảng mười phần trăm trong Nghị viện. "In passage: The field of health geography is often overlooked, but it constitutes a huge area of need in the fields of geography and healthcare" correlation (n) /ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃən/ sự tương quan "'=a connection or relationship between two or more facts, numbers, etc" There's a [correlation] between smoking and cancer. Có một [mối tương quan] giữa hút thuốc và ung thư. "In passage: The geography of disease and ill health analyses the frequency with which certain diseases appear in different parts of the world, and overlays the data with the geography of the region, to see if there could be a correlation between the two." cure (n) /kjʊr/ cách chữa trị '=something that makes someone who is sick healthy again There's still no [cure] for cancer. Vẫn chưa có [phương pháp chữa trị] cho bệnh ung thư. "In passage: It is an increasingly important area of study in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure." discrepancy (n) /dɪˈskrɛpənsi/ sự thiếu nhất quán '=a difference between two things that should be the same The committee is reportedly unhappy about the [discrepancy] in numbers. Ủy ban được cho là không hài lòng về [sự khác biệt] về số lượng. "In passage: In both developed and developing nations there is often a very large discrepancy between the options available to people in different social classes, income brackets, and levels of education" epidemiology (n) /ˌɛpəˌdɛmiˈɑləʤi/ dịch tễ học "'=the scientific study of diseases and how they are found, spread, and controlled in groups of people" We have confirmed that research on cancers and cardiovascular diseases dominates published [epidemiology]. Chúng tôi đã xác nhận rằng nghiên cứu về ung thư và bệnh tim mạch chiếm ưu thế hơn [dịch tễ học] được công bố. "In passage: Health geographers in this field are usually trained as healthcare workers, and have an understanding of basic epidemiology as it relates to the spread of diseases among the population." eradicate (v) /ɪˈrædəˌkeɪt/ tiêu diệt '=to get rid of or destroy something completely A new vaccine [eradicated] polio. Một loại vắc-xin mới [đã diệt trừ] bệnh bại liệt. "In passage: While many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare, there are still areas around the world where certain health issues are more prevalent" expansion (n) /ɪkˈspænʧən/ mở rộng "'=the increase of something in size, number, or importance" [Expansion] into new areas of research is possible. [Mở rộng] sang các lĩnh vực nghiên cứu mới là có thể. "In passage: The rapid industrialisation of some countries in recent years has also led to the cutting down of forests to allow for the expansion of big cities, which makes it even harder to fight the pollution with the fresh air that is produced by plants." globalise (v) toàn cầu hóa '=to begin operating internationally "As the economy develops, it will continue to [globalize]." "Khi nền kinh tế phát triển, nó sẽ tiếp tục [toàn cầu hóa]." "In passage: In a world that is far more globalised than ever before, people come into contact with one another through travel and living closer and closer to each other." halt (v) /hɔlt/ "ngừng, ngăn chặn" '=to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening Filming was [halted] after the lead actor became ill. Việc quay phim bị [tạm dừng] sau khi nam diễn viên chính bị ốm. "In passage: Health geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way to halt the further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations." hybrid (adj) /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ lai tạp '=combining two different things His choreography is described as a [hybrid] mix of mime and circus tricks. Vũ đạo của anh ấy được mô tả là sự pha trộn [lai] giữa kịch câm và kỹ xảo xiếc. In passage: The aim of this hybrid science is to create solutions for common geography-based health problems. income bracket (idioms) /ˈɪnˌkəm ˈbrækɪt/ nhóm người đóng thuế xếp theo thu hoạch '=a set group with fixed upper and lower limits into which people or things are divided Those in the top [income brackets] are getting a bigger share of total income than at any time since World War II. Những người trong [nhóm thu nhập] cao nhất đang nhận được tỷ trọng lớn hơn trong tổng thu nhập so với bất kỳ thời điểm nào kể từ Thế chiến II. "In passage: In both developed and developing nations there is often a very large discrepancy between the options available to people in different social classes, income brackets, and levels of education" infection (n) /ˌɪnˈfɛkʃən/ bệnh truyền nhiễm '=a condition in which bacteria or viruses that cause disease have entered the body They tested her blood for signs of the [infection]. Họ xét nghiệm máu của cô ấy để tìm dấu hiệu của [nhiễm trùng]. "In passage: As a result, super-viruses and other infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common." massive (adj) /ˈmæsɪv/ khổng lồ "'=very large in size, amount, or number" "If the drought continues, deaths will occur on a [massive] scale." "Nếu hạn hán tiếp tục, số người chết sẽ xảy ra trên quy mô lớn." "In passage: In many large cities, the wind is not strong enough to clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who live there." overlay (v) /ˈoʊvərˌleɪ/ chèn lên "'=to add information, data, ideas, etc. to existing information" "A computer model [overlaid] information about age, work experience, and educational attainment." "Mô hình máy tính [phủ] thông tin về tuổi, kinh nghiệm làm việc và trình độ học vấn." "In passage: The geography of disease and ill health analyses the frequency with which certain diseases appear in different parts of the world, and overlays the data with the geography of the region, to see if there could be a correlation between the two." overlook (v) /ˈoʊvərˌlʊk/ bỏ qua '=to fail to notice or consider something or someone No one will be [overlooked] when we select players for the team Không ai bị [bỏ qua] khi chúng tôi chọn cầu thủ cho đội "In passage: The field of health geography is often overlooked, but it constitutes a huge area of need in the fields of geography and healthcare" polio (n) /ˈpoʊliˌoʊ/ bệnh bại liệt '=a serious infectious disease that can cause permanent paralysis ('= being unable to move the body) "Now 95% of babies are immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, [polio], measles, mumps, and rubella." "Hiện nay, 95% trẻ sơ sinh được chủng ngừa bệnh bạch hầu, uốn ván, [bại liệt], sởi, quai bị và rubella." "In passage: It is an increasingly important area of study in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure." prevalent (adj) /ˈprɛvələnt/ "phổ biến, thịnh hành" '=existing very commonly or happening often These diseases are more [prevalent] among young children Những bệnh này [phổ biến] hơn ở trẻ nhỏ "In passage: While many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare, there are still areas around the world where certain health issues are more prevalent" prone to (collocation) /proʊn tɪ/ "dễ bị tổn thương, dễ mắc bệnh" "'=Likely or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something unpleasant or regrettable" I've always been [prone to] headaches. Tôi luôn luôn [dễ bị] đau đầu. "In passage: While people will always be prone to illness, the study of how geography affects our health could lead to the eradication of certain illnesses, and the prevention of others in the future" re-emergence (n) sự tái xuất hiện '=the process of coming into sight or prominence once more The [re-emergence] of infectious diseases have been confirmed [Sự tái xuất hiện] của các bệnh truyền nhiễm đã được xác nhận "In passage: Health geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way to halt the further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations." resistant (adj) /rɪˈzɪstənt/ "kháng cự, đề kháng" '=not harmed or affected by something Why are you so [resistant] to change? Tại sao bạn rất [kháng] để thay đổi? "In passage: As a result, super-viruses and other infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common." respiratory (adj) /ˈrɛspərəˌtɔri/ thuộc đường hô hấp '=relating to breathing Smoking can cause [respiratory] diseases. Hút thuốc có thể gây ra các bệnh [đường hô hấp]. "In passage: It is an increasingly important area of study in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure." scale (n) /skeɪl/ quy mô '=The relative size or extent of something No one foresaw the [scale] of the disaster Không ai lường trước được [quy mô] của thảm họa "In passage: Researchers study the interactions between humans and their environment that could lead to illness (such as asthma in places with high levels of pollution) and work to create a clear way of categorizing illnesses, diseases and epidemics into local and global scales." smog (n) /smɑg/ khói bụi "'=a mixture of smoke, gases, and chemicals, especially in cities, that makes the atmosphere difficult to breathe and harmful for health" [Smog] is a major problem in Athens. [Khói] là một vấn đề lớn ở Athens. "In passage: In many large cities, the wind is not strong enough to clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who live there." specific (adj) /spɪˈsɪfɪk/ cụ thể '=relating to one thing and not others; particular The virus attacks [specific] cells in the body. Virus tấn công các tế bào [cụ thể] trong cơ thể. "In passage: By understanding why and how we get sick, we can change the way we treat illness and disease specific to certain geographical locations." treat (v) /trit/ chữa trị "'=to use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of a disease or heal an injury" He is being [treated] for a rare skin disease. Anh ấy đang được [điều trị] cho một căn bệnh về da hiếm gặp. "In passage: By understanding why and how we get sick, we can change the way we treat illness and disease specific to certain geographical locations." vaccination (n) /væksəˈneɪʃən/ sự tiêm chủng '=Treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease [Vaccination] against yellow fever is essential [Tiêm phòng] chống lại bệnh sốt vàng da là điều cần thiết "In passage: While many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare, there are still areas around the world where certain health issues are more prevalent" vulnerable (adj) /ˈvəlnərəbəl/ dễ bị tổn thương "'=able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked" "I felt very [vulnerable], standing there without any clothes on." "Tôi cảm thấy rất [dễ bị tổn thương], đứng đó mà không có quần áo mặc trên người." "In passage: Health geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way to halt the further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations." well-being (n) /ˌwɛlˈbiɪŋ/ "sự hạnh phúc, phúc lợi" '=the state of feeling healthy and happy People doing yoga benefit from an increased feeling of [well- being]. Những người tập yoga được hưởng lợi từ việc gia tăng cảm giác [hạnh phúc]. "In passage: In some countries, geographical factors influence the health and well-being of the population in very obvious ways."
abstract (adj) /ˈæbˌstrækt/ trừu tượng "'=existing as an idea, feeling, or
quality, not as a material object" Truth and beauty are [abstract] concepts. Chân và đẹp là những khái niệm [trừu tượng]. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a purely abstract art form, devoid of language or explicit ideas" acoustic (adj) /əˈkustɪk/ liên quan đến âm thanh '=relating to sound or hearing Dogs have a much greater [acoustic] range than humans Chó có phạm vi [âm thanh] lớn hơn nhiều so với con người In passage: Why are they so active in the period preceding the acoustic climax? adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ thích ứng "'=to change, or to change something, to suit different conditions or uses" We had to [adapt] our plans to fit Jack's timetable. Chúng tôi phải [điều chỉnh] kế hoạch của mình để phù hợp với thời gian biểu của Jack. "In passage: Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards" anticipate (v) /ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪt/ mong chờ '=to imagine or expect that something will happen The [anticipated] inflation figure is lower than last month's. Con số lạm phát [dự đoán] thấp hơn tháng trước. "In passage: What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate – a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other ‘reward’ stimuli – were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music." arise (v) /əraɪz/ "xuất hiện, phát sinh" '=to come into existence or begin to be noticed; happen Problems [arise] when kids leave school. Các vấn đề [phát sinh] khi trẻ em nghỉ học. In passage: This ‘embodied meaning’ arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores. arousal (n) /ərˈaʊzəl/ sự kích thích xúc cảm '=the causing of strong feelings or excitement in someone The intensity of a dream is a measure of emotional [arousal]. Cường độ của giấc mơ là thước đo [kích thích] cảm xúc. "In passage: When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all the symptoms of emotional arousal." be associated with sth (phrsal verb) liên quan đến '=Connect (something) with something else because they occur together or one produces the other The environmental problems [associated] with nuclear waste Các vấn đề môi trường [liên quan] với chất thải hạt nhân "In passage: The pupils in our eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure rise, the electrical conductance of our skin is lowered, and the cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily movement, becomes strangely active" be devoid of sth (collocation) thiếu vắng '=to lack or be without something that is necessary or usual Their apartment is [devoid of] all comforts. Căn hộ của họ [không có] mọi tiện nghi. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a purely abstract art form, devoid of language or explicit ideas" beg (v) /bɛg/ cầu xin '=to make a very strong and urgent request "He [begged] her to stay, but she simply laughed and put her bags in the car." "Anh [cầu xin] cô ở lại, nhưng cô chỉ cười và bỏ túi vào xe." "In passage: He wants to preserve an element of uncertainty in his music, making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to give us." betray (v) /bɪˈtreɪ/ để lộ "'=to show feelings, thoughts, or a particular characteristic without intending to" "If he is nervous on stage, he does not [betray] it." "Nếu anh ấy lo lắng trên sân khấu, anh ấy sẽ không [phản bội] điều đó." "In passage: When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all the symptoms of emotional arousal." climax (n) /ˈklaɪˌmæks/ cao trào "'=the most important or exciting point in a story or situation, especially when this happens near the end" "The novel built to a shattering [climax], leaving me breathless." "Cuốn tiểu thuyết được xây dựng đến một [cao trào] tan tành, khiến tôi khó thở." In passage: Why are they so active in the period preceding the acoustic climax? connotative (adj) "có khả năng ám chỉ, gợi mở" '=imply or suggest (an idea or feeling) in addition to the literal or primary meaning These sounds and images are [connotative] and the way the scene is shot is meant to evoke certain feelings from the viewer Những âm thanh và hình ảnh này [có ý nghĩa] và cách cảnh quay nhằm mục đích gợi lên những cảm xúc nhất định từ người xem In passage: While earlier theories of music focused on the way a sound can refer to the real world of images and experiences – its ‘connotative’ meaning – Meyer argued that the emotions we find in music come from the unfolding events of the music itself. demonstrate (v) /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/ "giải thích, thể hiện" '=to show or make something clear These numbers clearly [demonstrate] the size of the economic problem facing the country Những con số này rõ ràng [chứng minh] quy mô của vấn đề kinh tế mà đất nước đang phải đối mặt "In passage: Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards" explicit (adj) /ɪkˈsplɪsət/ rõ ràng '=clear and exact I gave her very [explicit] directions how to get here. Tôi đã chỉ đường rất [rõ ràng] cho cô ấy cách đến đây. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a purely abstract art form, devoid of language or explicit ideas" figure out (phrsal verb) /ˈfɪgjər aʊt/ "nhận ra, tìm hiểu" '=to understand or solve something It takes most people some time to [figure out] new software. Hầu hết mọi người đều mất một khoảng thời gian để [tìm ra] phần mềm mới. "In passage: It is this uncertainty that triggers the surge of dopamine in the caudate, as we struggle to figure out what will happen next." genre (n) /ˈʒɑnrə/ thể loại "'=a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics" What [genre] does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy? Cuốn sách thuộc [thể loại] nào - hài kịch hay bi kịch? "In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while their brain activity was monitored" harmonic (adj) /hɑrˈmɑnɪk/ hài hòa '=Relating to or characterized by harmony The CD is almost exclusively built on funk grooves and avoids the [harmonic] and melodic language of bebop Đĩa CD hầu như chỉ được xây dựng trên các rãnh funk và tránh ngôn ngữ [hài hòa] và du dương của bebop "In passage: Meyer dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it" ingenious (adj) /ˌɪnˈʤinjəs/ "khéo léo, tài trí" "'=(of a person) very intelligent and skilful, or (of a thing) skilfully made or planned and involving new ideas and methods" She devised an [ingenious] solution to the problem. Cô ấy đã nghĩ ra một giải pháp [khéo léo] cho vấn đề. "In passage: Meyer dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it" intricate (adj) /ˈɪntrəkət/ "tinh tế, phức tạp" '=having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way The tiled floor is installed in an [intricate] pattern. Sàn lát gạch được lắp đặt theo mô hình [phức tạp]. "In passage: While music can often seem (at least to the outsider) like a labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that the most important part of every song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound becomes unpredictable" invoke (v) /ˌɪnˈvoʊk/ làm dậy lên '=to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something How could she explain how the accident happened without [invoking] his wrath? Làm thế nào cô có thể giải thích tai nạn xảy ra như thế nào mà không [kêu gọi] cơn thịnh nộ của anh ta? In passage: This ‘embodied meaning’ arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores. melodic (adj) /məˈlɑdɪk/ thuộc về giai điệu '=relating to the tune in a piece of music "In every class, teachers sing [melodic] patterns and chords that children imitate." "Trong mỗi lớp học, giáo viên hát các mẫu và hợp âm [du dương] mà trẻ em bắt chước." "In passage: And yet, this cluster of cells is most active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive, when the melodic pattern is still unresolved" methodology (n) /ˌmɛθəˈdɑləʤi/ phương pháp học "'=a system of ways of doing, teaching, or studying something" The [methodology] and findings of the research team have been criticized. [Phương pháp luận] và phát hiện của nhóm nghiên cứu đã bị chỉ trích. "In passage: Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain." monitor (v) /ˈmɑnətər/ theo dõi '=to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it The new findings suggest that women ought to [monitor] their cholesterol levels. Các phát hiện mới cho thấy rằng phụ nữ nên [theo dõi] mức cholesterol của họ. "In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while their brain activity was monitored" obtain (v) /əbˈteɪn/ thu nhận được "'=to get something, esp. by a planned effort" She was finally able to [obtain] legal possession of the house. Cuối cùng cô đã có thể [có được] quyền sở hữu hợp pháp ngôi nhà."In passage: Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain." particularly (adv) /ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli/ 1 cách đặc biệt "'=especially, or more than usual" "I didn't [particularly] want to go, but I had to." "Tôi [đặc biệt] không muốn đi, nhưng tôi phải đi." "In passage: As these two regions have long been linked with the experience of pleasure, this finding isn’t particularly surprising." pattern (n) /ˈpætərn/ kiểu mẫu "'=a particular way in which something is done, is organized, or happens" The [pattern] of family life has been changing over recent years. [Khuôn mẫu] của cuộc sống gia đình đã thay đổi trong những năm gần đây. "In passage: And yet, this cluster of cells is most active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive, when the melodic pattern is still unresolved" phase (n) /feɪz/ giai đoạn '=any stage in a series of events or in a process of development When I was in my early teens I went through a [phase] of only ever wearing black. "Khi còn ở tuổi thiếu niên, tôi đã trải qua [giai đoạn] chỉ mặc đồ đen." In passage: The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory phase’ and argue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our favourite part. portrait (n) /ˈpɔrtrət/ sự phác họa '=A representation or impression of someone or something in language or on film or television. The movie paints a very vivid [portrait] of family life during the 1950's. Bộ phim vẽ nên một [chân dung] rất sống động về cuộc sống gia đình trong những năm 1950. "In passage: Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain." potent (adj) /ˈpoʊtənt/ "mạnh mẽ, có ảnh hưởng" "'=powerful, persuasive, or effective" This is the most [potent] headache remedy you can get without a prescription. Đây là phương thuốc chữa đau đầu [mạnh] nhất mà bạn có thể mua mà không cần đơn thuốc. "In passage: A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music" precede (v) /prɪˈsid/ đi trước '=to be or go before someone or something in time or space John Adams [preceded] Thomas Jefferson as president. John Adams [trước] Thomas Jefferson làm tổng thống. In passage: Why are they so active in the period preceding the acoustic climax? preserve (v) /prɪˈzərv/ bảo tồn "'=to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed" We want to [preserve] the character of the town while improving the facilities. Chúng tôi muốn [bảo tồn] nét đặc trưng của thị trấn trong khi cải thiện cơ sở vật chất. "In passage: He wants to preserve an element of uncertainty in his music, making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to give us." rhythmic (adj) /ˈrɪðmɪk/ "nhịp nhàng, có nhịp điệu" '=Having or relating to rhythm It is a [rhythmic] dance full of graceful movements to welcome guests. Đó là một điệu nhảy [nhịp nhàng] đầy những chuyển động duyên dáng để chào đón khách. "In passage: Meyer dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it" root (n) /rut/ "gốc rễ, nguồn gốc" '=The part of a thing attaching it to a greater or more fundamental whole; the end or base So what's the [root] cause of his anxiety? Vậy nguyên nhân [gốc rễ] khiến anh ấy lo lắng là gì? "In passage: Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound stirs us at our biological roots." stimulus (n) /ˈstɪmjələs/ sự kích thích '=something that causes part of the body to react The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet [stimuli] Đầu lưỡi nhạy cảm với [kích thích] muối và ngọt "In passage: A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music" stir (v) /stər/ làm xao động '=Arouse strong feeling in (someone); move or excite I was deeply [stirred] by her performance. Tôi vô cùng [bị khuấy động] bởi màn trình diễn của cô ấy. "In passage: Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound stirs us at our biological roots." straightforward (adj) /ˈstreɪtˈfɔrwərd/ "rõ ràn, dễ hiểu" '=easy to understand or simple Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very [straightforward]. Chỉ cần làm theo các dấu hiệu đến Bradford - nó rất [đơn giản]."In passage: Although the study involves plenty of fancy technology, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, the experiment itself was rather straightforward" struggle (v) /ˈstrəgəl/ "cố gắng, vật lộn" '=to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something I've been [struggling] to understand this article all afternoon. Tôi đã [đấu tranh] để hiểu bài báo này cả buổi chiều. "In passage: It is this uncertainty that triggers the surge of dopamine in the caudate, as we struggle to figure out what will happen next." suspenseful (adj) /səˈspɛnsfəl/ hồi hộp '=causing a feeling of excitement or nervousness because you are waiting for something to happen or are uncertain about what is going to happen The sword fight is atmospheric and [suspenseful]. Cuộc đấu kiếm có bầu không khí và [hồi hộp]. "In passage: According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that is the source of the music’s feeling." symphony (n) /ˈsɪmfəni/ bản nhạc giao hưởng "'=a long piece of music for an orchestra, usually with four movements ('= parts)" "In the 1770s he began composing symphonies, concertos, operas and theater music.""Trong những năm 1770, ông bắt đầu sáng tác các bản giao hưởng, các bản hòa tấu, vở opera và nhạc sân khấu." "In passage: While music can often seem (at least to the outsider) like a labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that the most important part of every song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound becomes unpredictable" tension (n) /ˈtɛnʃən/ "sự căng thẳng, kịch tính" '=Mental or emotional strain Kids can sense emotional [tension] and shifts in mood and react accordingly. Trẻ em có thể cảm nhận được [căng thẳng] cảm xúc và sự thay đổi trong tâm trạng và phản ứng theo đó. "In passage: According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that is the source of the music’s feeling." trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgər/ kích hoạt '=to cause something to start Some people find that certain foods [trigger] their headaches. Một số người nhận thấy rằng một số loại thực phẩm nhất định [kích hoạt] cơn đau đầu của họ. In passage: The first thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine – a chemical with a key role in setting people’s moods – by the neurons (nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain uncertainty (n) /ənˈsərtənti/ sự không chắc chắn "'=a situation in which something is not known, or something that is not known or certain" There's a degree of [uncertainty] over the company's future. Có một mức độ [không chắc chắn] về tương lai của công ty. "In passage: He wants to preserve an element of uncertainty in his music, making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to give us." underpinning (n) /ˈəndərˌpɪnɪŋ/ nền móng "'=support, strength, or the basic structure of something" "For the casino, the [underpinning] of all their games is math." "Đối với sòng bạc, [nền tảng] của tất cả các trò chơi của họ là toán học." "In passage: A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music" unfulfilled (adj) /ˌənfʊlˈfɪld/ không đáp ứng được '=Not carried out or brought to completion It was his [unfulfilled] ambition to write Đó là tham vọng [chưa được thực hiện] của anh ấy khi viết "In passage: According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that is the source of the music’s feeling." variation (n) /ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/ sự biến đổi '=something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement The films she makes are all [variations] on the same theme. Những bộ phim cô ấy làm đều là [biến thể] về cùng một chủ đề. In passage: What Beethoven does instead is suggest variations of the pattern virtually (adv) /ˈvərʧuəli/ gần như '=almost That wine stain on my shirt has [virtually] disappeared. Vết rượu trên áo sơ mi của tôi đã [hầu như] biến mất. "In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while their brain activity was monitored" virtually (adv) /ˈvərʧuəli/ gần như '=almost That wine stain on my shirt has [virtually] disappeared. Vết rượu trên áo sơ mi của tôi đã [hầu như] biến mất. "In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while their brain activity was monitored"