5

Power
5.1 Who holds the power? p46 Exercise 5
ANSWERS
Exercise 1 Student A
SUGGESTED ANSWERS a
1 power – money ‘starts falling apart’; power ‘stands for 1 which
centuries’ 2 why
2 ‘Mc’ is used to describe something cheap, of poor 3 which
quality. Student B
a
Exercise 2a 1 when
SUGGESTED ANSWERS 2 which
1 The 6,000 most powerful people on the planet who 3 where
control the other seven billion of us.
2 Their power transcends borders; its members have GRAMMAR REFERENCE ANSWERS
more in common with each other than with their fellow
citizens. Exercise 1
1 who
Exercise 2b 2 which
SUGGESTED ANSWERS 3 who
money: economies, banks, financial, purse strings, 4 –/which/that
wealthy, billionaire, wealth, economy 5 –/where
power: superpower, control, knowledge, infiltrate, bring 6 which
down, superclass, powerful, influence, authority, oversee 7 –/when
8 which/that, –/which is/ that is
Exercise 3a
Exercise 2
ANSWERS
With its two universities, Oxford is a city which has a
1 the wealth they have accumulated celebrated academic tradition and a place where students
2 A group of new growing economies working together and student life are central to its character. However,
3 the world in which we live a report which was put together by a group of Oxford
4 which means they can breach security and bring down residents states that there are many more students
governments who are living in the city than the universities claim. In
Exercise 3b documents which have been presented to the council, it
is claimed that the number of homes which are rented by
ANSWER students has gone up and is above the limit which was
2 set by the local council. The Oxford Residents’ Association,
which produced the report, spent several months
Exercise 3c
investigating houses which are registered as student
ANSWERS homes as well as those which it claims are unregistered,
1 who 5 which but in which students are living. A spokesperson said,
2 both 6 both ‘There are hundreds or even thousands more students
3 both 7 who who are living in the city than the university claims. While
4 for whom 8 both we welcome a lively and dynamic student community,
there are an increasing number of issues, such as noise
Exercise 4a and other disturbances, which need to be addressed.’
ANSWERS
1 which 6 whom
2 which 7 which 5.2 The power of the sun p48
3 why 8 where Exercise 1
4 which 9 which
5 when 10 which ANSWERS
sun as a source of energy; sun as a symbol on a flag; sun in
terms of beauty or a health threat; sun in ancient cultures

Exercise 2b 
ANSWERS
1  c  ​2  b  ​3  a  ​4  a, b and c   ​5  b  ​6  c  ​7  c  ​
8  a, b and c

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 Exercise 2c  Exercise 6b
ANSWERS ANSWERS
• the sun and time: Both the sun and the moon influence
our view of time, and calendars have been based on each too much/ a lot not much/ not enough/
of them. many many none
• structures related to the sun in ancient cultures: loads of a lack of
There are over 3,000 in a wide range of countries, e.g. a (real)
Stonehenge in England, the Mayan pyramids, the Dancing shortage of
Stones of Kenya and solar temples in India.
• plants and the sun: Plants depend on sunlight for Exercise 6d
photosynthesis and, in turn, plants are vital for feeding
ANSWERS
humans.
• the sun’s rotation: takes twenty-six days too much/ a lot not much/ not enough/
• the sun and health – in the past and today: People many many none
associate a suntan with health and well-being, but this
a surplus of a great deal a handful of an absence
wasn’t always the case.
(B) of (B) (C) of (B)
• body functions which depend on sunlight: our internal an excess of dozens of (C) a touch of
body clock, nervous system and state of mind (U) the majority (U)
Exercise 3a an excessive of (C)
amount of
ANSWERS (B)
1  several  ​2  most  ​3  much  ​4  many an excessive
number of
Exercise 3b 
(C)
ANSWERS/AUDIOSCRIPT 5.2
1 Look at any of the ancient cultures and you’ll find the Exercise 7
sun has an important role.
2 The sun completes a rotation every twenty-six days. ANSWERS
3 Each of the constructions shows our fascination with 1 a touch of 4 an excess of
the sun. 2 shortage 5 A lack of
4 All we know is that the sun was worshipped across the 3 an excessive amount of
whole planet.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE ANSWERS
Exercise 4a
ANSWERS Exercise 1
a  4  ​b  2  ​c  3  ​d  1 1 all the hydrogen
2 each of the planets
Exercise 4b 3 All the planets, Each, a little, a few
ANSWERS 4 neither, nor, each
1 We all know 5 neither, nor
2 all three Exercise 2
3 each 1 every 6 or
4 either 2 each 7 many
5 whole 3 all 8 many
6 all 4 All 9 all
7 any 5 either 10 all
8 Every
9 each
5.3 Vocabulary and skills
Exercise 5
ANSWERS
development p50
Students’ own answers Exercise 1c
Exercise 6a  SUGGESTED ANSWER
b) The following words make it clear that the author is
ANSWERS/AUDIOSCRIPT 5.3
critical: dumping, for no good reason, craze.
1 There’s loads of light in the house.
2 Some people might think there’s a lack of privacy – Exercise 2
anyone can see inside.
ANSWERS
3 One problem is where to put cupboards and shelves
1 figures in the business world
– with all those windows, there’s a real shortage of
2 eye-catching photos (which are) posted on the internet
wallspace.

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 3 it seems these crazes are becoming more and more
popular
4 Looking at some of the things online today
Exercise 3a
ANSWERS
1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Exercise 3b
ANSWERS
1 F – The term ‘meme’ was first used by Dawkins.
(depends on correctly decoding participle clause First
used by biologist Richard Dawkins in the 1970s, the word
‘meme’)
2 T (depends on correctly decoding the reduced relative
in a joke shared between friends can become a global
phenomenon in a matter of hours)
3 F – They wanted to use this idea once they had seen
how effective memes could be. (depends on correctly
decoding the participle clause in Having seen the
potential of the meme, marketing executives were keen to
use this powerful tool)
4 T (depends on correctly decoding post-modification in
donations for charities and NGOs)
5 F – They say many of those who take part are motivated
by the meme more than the cause. (depends on
correctly decoding they say many people taking part are
engaged more by the meme than by the real issue)
6 T (depends on correctly decoding omission of that and
post-modification in they also feel the income one charity
receives may be out of proportion with the relative extent
of a given disease, or reduce donations to other causes not
in the public eye)
Exercise 4
ANSWERS
1 eye-catching 4 tenfold
2 an inside joke 5 in the public eye
3 a lottery ticket more caffeine than an energy drink.
Exercise 5a
ANSWERS
1  b  ​2  g  ​3  d  ​4  f  ​5  c  ​6  i  ​7  e  ​8  a  ​9  j  ​10  h
Exercise 5b
ANSWERS
1 narrow-minded 4 fast-moving
2 old-fashioned 5 quick-thinking
3 social media 6 time-consuming
Exercise 2b 
ANSWERS
1 where you’re wrong 4 got a point
2 so sure 5 right
3 it’s a good idea 6 I’d no idea
ANSWERS
a  5  ​b  4  ​c  1  ​d  2  ​e  3  ​f  6
Exercise 4b
ANSWERS
The writer thinks energy drinks are a bad thing – they
are now more widely available and consumed; there
has been a particular increase in consumption among
schoolchildren, one in twenty of whom has an energy
drink instead of breakfast; they have a dramatic effect
on behaviour (hyperactivity, jitters, then lethargy and
tiredness); children as young as ten drink them; they
contain thirteen teaspoons of sugar and up to 160 mg of
caffeine per litre.
Exercise 5a
ANSWERS
Inversion
a Under no circumstances should young children
b Such is the success of the energy drinks industry that
c So popular have the drinks become that
Cleft sentences
d It’s children as young as ten who
e What makes them so dangerous is
f The thing that really concerns me, however, is
Exercise 5b
ANSWERS
1 Seldom do you meet someone who dislikes coffee.
2 So popular is caffeine that 80% of people on the planet
consume it regularly.
3 What few people know is that a mug of coffee contains
4 The thing which surprises many people is that
chocolate contains caffeine.
5 It’s espresso coffee which/that contains the most
caffeine.
6 Not only does caffeine act as a stimulant, but it also
reduces blood flow to the brain.
5.5 Video p54
VIDEO ANSWERS

Exercise 1
5.4 Speaking and writing p52 1 religious significance of the sun
2 traditional fuels which are non-renewable and running
Exercise 2a  out, in contrast to solar power
3 solar panels used in the production of solar energy
ANSWERS
Conversation 1: they’re talking about vitamin complex Exercise 2
pills; the man thinks they’re worth a try; the woman is 1 a powerful symbol, worship
sceptical and concerned about the risks. 2 ball of gas, universe
Conversation 2: the man thinks he should eat more 3 coal, fossil fuels
superfoods to lose weight; the woman thinks he could 4 solar farm, solar panel
start running to get fit; she is sceptical about superfoods
and thinks he should have a sensible diet.

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 Exercise 3 Exercise 4a
b, c, e, f, h a surplus of
a great deal of
Exercise 4 a touch of
1 Until recently, we knew very little about the sun. a shortage of
2 The sun is made up of 92.1% hydrogen and 7.8% an absence of
helium.
3 Traditional sources such as coal, oil and gas provide Exercise 4b 
86% of the world’s energy. ANSWERS/AUDIOSCRIPT 5.5
4 Avra Valley is located in Tuscon, Arizona. a scarcity of – a shortage of
5 The electricity being produced will offset around a complete lack of – an absence of
51,500 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is the an excess of – a surplus of
equivalent of taking 10,700 cars off the road every year. a shade of – a touch of
6 Solar energy can be expensive to produce. a significant amount of – a great deal of
7 85 % of the sun’s energy is wasted.
8 The cost of solar panels has reduced by around 70% Exercise 5a
and it is due to fall even further in the future. 1 having a good range of machines and other resources
2 disadvantages
Exercise 5 3 post made up of advertising, special offers, etc.
Suggested answer: 4 nervous or embarrassed about what people think of you
This highly informative documentary looks at different 5 things which demonstrate power or wealth
aspects of the sun, such as its religious significance and 6 taking up a lot of time
its physical properties. But can the sun provide a viable
alternative to traditional energy sources? To answer this
question, the programme looks at the Avra Valley solar
farm and the potential of solar power to solve the energy
problems facing the planet today.

Review p55
ANSWERS

Exercise 1a
underline = relative clauses; brackets = omissions
There are many people 1 who feel they have little influence
on the world today. However, one way 2 [in which] people
can have a positive effect on society is by volunteering.
Joining an NGO is just one of the options 3 [which are]
available. There is a great variety of organizations 4 [that]
you can join, 5 which means there’s sure to be something 6
[which] you’re interested in.
This type of work brings great satisfaction to the people
7
[who are] involved.

Exercise 2a
1 All of us want to have a more powerful position at work.
2 Neither solar power nor wind power is the answer to
our energy problems.
3 We spent the evening arguing about politics.
4 Every region/Every one of the regions in my country is
influential in national politics.
5 In any family you look at, it’s the women who are in
charge.
6 Each of these countries are in the European Union.

Exercise 3
1 The reason why
2 in which case
3 it’s got to the point where
4 several of whom
5 the extent to which
6 by which time

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