Differential Equations

Solution to 1
Order and
st 1 st

Degree Differential
Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Differential Equations

First Order Linear

Differential Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Objectives

• Evaluate and solve the First Order Linear Differential Equation

Recall that First Order LDEs are of the form
𝑦 ′ + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
⇔ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Note that
𝑀𝑦 − 𝑁𝑥
= 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑁
Is strictly a function of 𝑥 and is precisely 𝑃(𝑥). Hence, an integrating
factor 𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑒 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬can be introduced so that the following
equation is exact:
𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ′
𝑦 + 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)
 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ′
𝑦 + 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)
Note that the Left-Hand Side is an exact differential, and can be
written as
𝑑 𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬ 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬
Now, upon taking integrals
𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This gives the solution to our LDE.

Give the general solution for the following DE: 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Clearly, the given DE is linear in its standard form with 𝑃(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥and
𝑄 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥. From previous slides, the general solution for a FOLDE is
given by
𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇔ 𝑦𝑒 ‫ ׬‬2 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬ 𝑒 ׬‬2 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 sin 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 2 1 2 sin 𝑥 1 2 sin 𝑥 1 2 sin 𝑥
⇔ 𝑦𝑒 = ‫𝑒׬‬ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 +𝐶
2 2 2
1 1 1
⇔ 𝑦= sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 −2 sin 𝑥
+
2 2 4
Solve for general solutions for the following Differential
Equations:

1. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2. 𝑡𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑡 2
 Differential Equations

Bernoulli’s
Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Objectives

• Evaluate and solve the given Bernoulli’s Equation using integrating factor leading to First
Order Linear Differential Equation
a Bernoulli Equation is a first order differential equation of the form
y'+P(x)y=Q(x)yn
for a real number n.

Bernoulli Equations can be reduced into linear equations upon

substitution z=y-n+1; dz=(-n+1)y-n dy. Multiplying both sides of the
original equation by (-n+1)y-n and using the above substitution,
(-n+1)y-ny' + (-n+1)y-n+1 P(x) = (-n+1) Q(x)
z' + (-n+1) P(x) z = (-n+1)Q(x)
which is linear in z of order 1.
 y'+xy = xy2
Clearly, the given is a Bernoulli Equation with n=2. Using
the transformations presented on the previous slide, the
given equation can be reduced to the linear equation
z'-xz=-x, where z=y-1
which has solution given by
ze  − e
− xdx − xdx
=  xdx

 − xe
− x2 /2 − x2 /2 − x2 /2
ze = dx = e +C

e−x y −1 = e − x +C
2 2
/2 /2

or
1
y =
Ce x2 /2
+1
Give the general solutions for each of the foolowing

y' + y tan x = y3 sec3 x

xy' + y = x7y3
xy' + y = y4/3 x1/3 lnx
Consider the DE whose form is
(a1x + b1y + c1)dx + (a2x + b2y + c2)dy = 0
It is noted that the coefficients of dx and dy are both
linear in the variables x and y. Let
a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0
The method of solution depend on three case.
Case 1: The lines are coincident i.e.
a1+b1y+c1=k(a2x+b2y+c2)
The given DE is reducible to
kdx +dy = 0

Case 2: The line are parallel, i.e. a1/b1 = a2/b2 ≠ c1/c2

The given DE is reducible to
k(a1x + b1y + c1) dx + (a2x +b2y + c2) dy =0
which can be solved by simple substitution.

Case 3: The lines are intersecting

The given DE is reducible to Homogeneous coefficient
by x=w+x0, dx=dw and y=y0, dy=dv where (x0, y0) is the
point intersection of the lines.
 (x + 2y +6) dx - (2x + y) dy = 0
(3x + y - 10) dx + (x +3y +2) dy = 0
(3x + y -8) dx + (x - 2y +2) dy = 0
William E. Boyce, Richard C. Di Prima, Elementary Differential
Equations. Wiley 2012

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Shaum’s Easy Outline:

Differential Equations, 2003

Romel Marquez, Basic Concepts and Definition, Lecture Notes in

DE
You may ask questions related to our
topic for today.