SRGG

Morality
 principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad
behavior.
 refers to the set of standards that enable people to live cooperatively in
groups. It's what societies determine to be “right” and “acceptable.” Sometimes,
acting in a moral manner means individuals must sacrifice their own short-term
interests to benefit society.
 Ex. belief by someone that it is wrong to take what doesn't belong to them, even
if no one would know.
Moral standards
 are those concerned with or relating to human behavior, especially the distinction
between good and bad behavior.
 involve the rules people have about the kinds of actions they believe are morally
right and wrong.
  values that a society uses to determine reasonable, correct, or acceptable. 
 Ex. Gratitude: showing appreciation to others, letting loved ones know what you
appreciate about them.
 Honesty: being truthful and sincere.
 Integrity: sticking to your moral and ethical principles and values.
 Kindness: being considerate and treating others well.

Moral responsibility
  is the voluntary attributable responsibility ensuring that acts knowingly and intentionally
carried out by rational human beings don't cause injury to other individuals.
 Fair treatment of customers is part of a company's moral responsibility.
 how people use their free will and must take personal responsibility for their actions. 
 Ex. attending classes on time and regularly

Moral Identity
 refers to the way in which one's learning of moral values shapes one's sense of who
one is, where this sense of moral identity in turn determines moral decisions and
behavior.
 Ex.  person with a strong moral identity may hold values and ideals (such as being
honest, being fair, or being a good person) as more central to his or her notion of self
than someone with a weak moral identity

The Concept of Choice and Free Will

  Choice is the ability voluntarily to decide to perform one of several possible acts
or to avoid action entirely. An ethical choice involves ascribing qualities such as
right or wrong, good or bad, better or worse to alternatives.
 Ex: when someone is struggling it's your choice if you help him out or just let him.
 Free Will is the power or capacity to choose among alternatives or to act in
certain situations independently of natural, social, or divine restraints.
 Ex: When you do something you don't want, that is not free will
Free will and morality

Theory of Penal Laws
 is a theory evolving in the concept that man is essentially a moral creature with
an absolute free will to choose between good and evil and therefore more stress
is placed upon the result of the felonious act than upon the criminal himself. The
basic criminal liability is human free will and the purpose of the penalty is
retribution.
 Ex: because you have a freedom to kill someone, you will bring more stress to
the world, therefore they created a penalty to serve as retribution.
Existentialism
 is the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or
meaning in our own lives.
 Ex: it is your choice to become a lazy student, you failed to have a good job.
Therefore, you are responsible for what you are.
Determinism
 in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely
determined by previously existing causes.
 All of what we do right now is because of the cause that happened in the past
Genetic Determinism
 is the belief that human behavior is directly controlled by an individual's genes or
some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the
environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning.
 Ex: your dad is a smart, and since you have the gene of your father, you are
bound to be smart
Ethics
 is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what
humans ought to do.
 Ex: are doing and not doing what is in the law.
Normative Ethics
 that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is
morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have direct
implications for what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like.
 Ex: are because pain is intrinsically bad, we ought not cause pain without a good
reason to do so.
Metaethics
 In meta philosophy and ethics, meta-ethics is the study of the nature, scope, and
meaning of moral judgment. It does not tell us what is bad and what is good.
 Ex: one person steals your belongings. Because he steals your belonging, you
have the right to beat the guy up, even if beating is not right
Ethics and religion
 Religious ethics concerns teachings and practices of what is right or wrong, good
or bad, virtuous or vicious, from a religious point of view.
Ethics and law
 are found in virtually all spheres of society. While laws carry with them a
punishment for violations, ethics do not. Essentially, laws enforce the behaviors
we are expected to follow, while ethics suggest what we ought to follow, and help
us explore options to improve our decision-making.