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Reproduction

Reproduction is the production of offsprings.

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is the production of identical offsprings. This type of reproduction does not involve
fertilization.

Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is the production of genetically different offsprings. This type of reproduction involves
fertilization.

Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

# Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

1

Table showing the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

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Reproduction in humans
Human male reproductive system class 10 | sexual
Male reproductive system
reproduction | Biology : CBSE : NCERT X Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktWirmb6rQw

Diagram of the male reproductive system

Structure Function
Testis

Scrotum
Epididymis
Vas deferens / sperm duct
Prostate gland, seminal
vesicle
Urethra
Penis

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Disorders of male reproductive system

(a) Prostate cancer

Cancer is the uncontrollable division of cells. This usually results in the formation of a large mass of cancerous
cells called a tumor.

Diagnosis: Blood test, rectal examination.

Signs/symptoms:

Treatment:

Structure and function of the sperm

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Reproduction in humans

Female reproductive system Human #female reproductive system |sexual reproduction

| 10th Biology :CBSE | ncert class 10 |Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IA3xaIgW8lc

Diagram of female reproductive system

Disorders of female reproductive system

Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer

Diagnosis: Diagnosis:

Signs/symptoms: Signs/symptoms:

Treatment: Treatment:

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Reproduction in humans

Structure and function of ovum

Diagram of the ovum

Ovulation is the production and release of the egg/ovum from the ovary.

Diagram of ovulation

Description of the process of ovulation

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Youtube: Ovulation
Fertilization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLkOHC_rk4w
Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gamete (sperm and ovum).

Sperm + Ovum Zygote Embryo

Diagram of fertilization

Implantation

Implantation is the sinking of the embryo into the spongy uterus lining.

Foetus in the womb

Diagram of foetus in womb

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(b) Which organ in males, is similar in function to the part labelled X in Figure 2?

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(1 mark)

(c) Which hormone controls the process of ovulation?

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(1 mark)

(d) Outline the pathway that a sperm must swim in order to fertilize the ovum after the process of

ejaculation.

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(3 marks)

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Birth process:

 Labour – the pituitary gland releases the hormone called oxytocin which causes the muscles of the uterus to
contract. This causes the amniotic sac to burst and release amniotic fluid through the birth canal.
 Birth – cervix widens and further contractions of the muscles of the uterus push the foetus through the birth
canal.
 Afterbirth – the placenta along with the umbilical cord and amniotic sac are expelled through the birth canal.

Pre-natal care – steps taken to care for the mother and fetus before birth which should include:

 Eating a balanced diet and increase in the amount of carbohydrates and proteins.
 Intake of folic acid in diet to reduce the risk of neurological disorders in baby.
 Exercise
 Regular visits at clinic to check and monitor growth and development of fetus.

Post-natal care – steps taken to care for mother and fetus after birth which should include:

 Breast feeding – provides a good source of calcium for development of bones and teeth; proteins for growth
and repair of body tissues in baby. Breast feeding also provides antibodies which increases the baby’s
immune system.
 Vaccination against measles, polio myelitis and other diseases.

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Menstrual cycle

Menstruation is the expulsion of the ovum and uterus lining through the vagina. This usually occurs every 28
days in females who have reached puberty. This will continue to occur until a female has reached menopause.
Menopause is the period when menstruation ceases. Menopause occurs at the age of 45 to 50 in most females.

Stages of menstrual cycle

 Menstruation – during this stage the unfertilized ovum and uterus lining are expelled through the vagina.

 Follicular stage – FSH is secreted which stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary.

 Ovulation – LH is secreted which causes the Graafian follicle to burst and release the ovum into the
oviduct. Oestrogen is also secreted which helps to rebuild the uterus lining by stimulating cell division.

 Corpus luteum stage – progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum which causes the uterus lining to
thicken within blood vessels to facilitate implantation.

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Menstrual cycle

NB: The safe period is the period in the menstrual cycle when couples can have sexual intercourse and it would
not result in pregnancy.
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Evaluation: Menstrual cycle What Is The Menstrual Cycle? | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl2wRbO8LZU

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(iii)What pattern would be observed by the hormone progesterone if pregnancy DOES NOT occur?

Give a reason for your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(2 marks)

c) Which period in Figure 6 can be considered as a safe period?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(1 mark)

d) Why is use of the safe period considered as an unreliable method pf preventing pregnancy?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(1 mark)

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Birth control

Birth control refers to any method of preventing pregnancy. Some types of birth control methods are:

1. Natural method:
 Rhythm method–method in which couples chose to have sex during the safe period. However, this
method is the least reliable since the menstrual cycle is usually irregular.

2. Barrier method
 Condoms – it is a latex rubber material that is placed over the penis. It has a teat that collects the sperm
after it is ejaculated so that it does not enter the vagina. Therefore, pregnancy is prevented.
 Diaphragm:
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Diagram showing how a diaphragm helps to prevent pregnancy

3. Hormonal method
 Contraceptive pills – contains synthetic hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone that prevent the
production of FSH. Therefore, follicles cannot be produced and ovulation does not occur. It also
thickens the cervical mucus which helps to prevent sperm from passing through the cervix.

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Birth control

4. Surgical method
 Vasectomy:
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 Tubal ligation:
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Diagram showing a vasectomy Diagram showing tubal ligation

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Birth control methods:

Evaluation: Birth control methods

1. Why is the rhythm method considered to be the LEAST reliable method of birth control? (1 mark)

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2. State two advantages and two disadvantages of using a condom. (4 marks)

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3. (a) Name One method of contraception that works by preventing

(i) Ovulation

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(ii) The spread of STI

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(2 marks)
4. Give three reasons why family planning is important (social and economic).

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Causative agent Signs/symptoms Treatment/prevention

transmitted
infections (STI)
Gonorrhea Bacteria  Men-burning sensation during  Antibiotics such as
urination and discharge of pus from penicillin.
penis.
 Women-no visible signs/symptoms.
Syphilis Bacteria  Hard sore or bump develops around  Antibiotics
genital area and mouth.
Herpes Herpes simplex  Itchy feeling around genital area.  Antiviral ointments for
virus  Small blisters, red, moist painful skin blemishes.
ulcers.
 High fever
Acquired Immune Human Immuno-  Slow rate of recovery from  Anti-retroviral drugs
Deficiency deficiency Virus infections  Avoid sharing needles
Syndrome (AIDS) (HIV)  Rapid loss of weight  Use condoms
 Swollen lymph glands  Have one sexual
partner
Yeast infection Candida (fungus)  Itching of genital area  Anti-fungal creams
 Thick mucus discharge

Table showing the main Sexually Transmitted Infections

NB: The prevention of all STIs are to abstain from sex, use condoms during sex, avoid sharing needles and
avoid having more than one sex partner.

Venereal diseases are diseases that can only be passed from one person to another during sexual intercourse e.g.
gonorrhea, syphilis etc. AIDS is not considered a venereal disease because it can also be passed on through
blood by sharing needles or other ways of coming in contact with blood.

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Effect of STI on fetus:

(i) Gonorrhea – miscarriage, premature births, eye infection and blindness.

(ii) Syphilis – miscarriage, premature births, neurological defects.

Effect of drugs on fetus:

Drugs Negative effects Treatment/prevention

Alcohol Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – alcohol damages the  Stop using alcohol during
brain cells of the baby resulting in mental retardation. pregnancy
Alcohol can also damage other vital organs resulting in
growth defects and miscarriage.
Tobacco  Carbon monoxide – reduces oxygen carry capacity of  Stop smoking
red blood cells and thus the foetus will receive less
oxygen through the placenta resulting in growth defects
and miscarriage.
 Nicotine – reduces diameter of blood vessels in the
placenta and umbilical cord and thus the foetus would
receive less oxygen and nutrients resulting in growth
defects, miscarriage etc.
Table showing effects of drugs on foetus

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Abortion:

An abortion is the intentional removal of the foetus from the womb before it can survive.

Types of abortions

 Induced abortion – is an artificial and intentional removal of the foetus from the womb before it can
survive through surgery or abortion pills.
 A spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is the natural and unintentional removal of the foetus from the
womb before it can survive. This may be due to genetic diseases, abnormalities in the uterus, weak cervix,
smoking, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) etc.

Reasons for abortion:

 Couple does not want to have a child

 Foetus has a genetic abnormality which could negatively affect its quality of life
 Mother’s life is threatened by complications of pregnancy
 Mother is underage or mother is mentally and physically unable to cope with a pregnancy.

Advantages of abortion:

 Prevent complication arising from pregnancy, if a woman is suffering from diseases such as diabetes, heart
disease, kidney disease etc. A woman should act according to the medical advice.
 Abortion helps the parents to have an option whether they want or do not want a child.
 Allows for good family planning as the couple can control their family size

Disadvantages of abortion:

 It can be considered as murder and many religions view it as morally wrong.

 It gives the couple a chance to behave in an irresponsible manner.
 Abortion can give rise to medical complications such as recurrent miscarriages, infection, infertility etc.
 It can have a negative impact on a female’s mental status e.g. depression.

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