Bulla: a circumfied , elevated lesion, more than 5 mm, contains fluid and looks like a blister

Lobule: a segment or lobe that is part of a whole, may appear as fused together

Macule: distinguish it by its color, it is on the flat surface of the tissue, it isn’t pretured or anything. For
example a freckle

Papule: elevated lesion, less than 1 cm, protrudes

Pedunculated: attached to a stemlike base

Pustules: variously sized lesions containing pus

Sessile: describing the base of a lesion, wihich is flat/ broad

Vesicle: small elevated lesion, normally less than 1 cm, containing fluid

Nodule: papapble solid lesion that is found in the soft tissue, it can be found above, beneath or at level
of the skin (1cm)

Palpation:

Root resorption: the apex of the tooth seen radiographiklly, blunted orirregularly shaped

8 ways to make diagnosis

1 clinical
2 radiographically
3histology
4labratory
5microscope
6surgical
7diferential
8theureptic

leukoedema: accumulation of fluid within the epithelial ells of the buccal mucosa

Dyplasia: abnormal growth or development

Atrophy: decrease in size and function of cell, organ or whole body

CHemotaxis: when white blood cells go to an injured area by chemical mediators

Emigration: the passage of the wbc through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation to an
injured area

Exudates: inflammatory fluid formed as a reaction to injury of tissues and blood vessels
Serious exudates: few wbc, plasma fluids proteins

purulent exudates: many wbc, tissue debris

-when there is a lot of exudates, body may form a fistula, basically a drainage for the excessive fluid
from the outside

Hyperaemia: excess of blood in part of a body

Hyperplasia: in enlargement of an tissue or organ resulting from an increase of number of normal cells

Hypertrophy: enlargement of tissue and organ resulting from the increase of size of cells

Leukocytosis: temporary increase in wbc

Local: confined to a limited part

Lymphadenopathy: condition in which varios diseases affect the lymph nodes, where they become
enlarged and palpable

Necrosis: the death of one or more cells by an irresersible disease

Microcirculation: when the tiny blood vessels, arterioles are all affected during an inflammation

Margination: process during inflammation when wbc move to the periphery of the blood vessel wall

Injury: alternation in the environment that causes tissue damage

Peripheral: around soft tissue, so gingival, alveroloar ridge

Central: within Bone

Natural Defence:

Intact skin and mucous membrane act as a physical barrier to injury

Ensymes, such as saliva, have lyzosome that have an antibacterial affect
flushing action of tears, saliva, urine diahrea, remove foreign substances

Inflammation: is a nonspecific response to an injury

Clinical signs of inflammation: local clinical changes at the site of an injury . these include, redness,
swelling, pain, loss of tissue, heat,

Systemic signs of inflammation may also be present if injury is more extensive, which invlude, fever,
increase of wbc, and palpable nodes
1 injury
2 constriction of mc
3 dilation of mc
4 increased permeability of mc
5 exudate leave mc
6 increased blood viscosty
7 decreased blood flow through mc
8 maringantion and pavementing of wbc
9 wbc escape mc and enter tissue
10wbc ingest foreign substances

Cells involved in acute:

1 neutrophils
2 monocytes (is in the blood, becomes macrophage as it enters the tissue)
3lymphocytes
4plasma cells
5esinophils
6 mast cells

First to arrive neutrophils, than monocytels. Lymphocutes and plasma cells look after the chronic
inflammatory and immune respone and esinophils and mast cells are involved both the inflammatory
and immune response

Neutrophils
-it is composed of 60 to 70 percent of wbc
-deprived from the stem cell from the bone marrow
-also called pmn (they have nucleus)
-main function is to phagotocic (ingestion and digestions of cells/ foreign bodies)

Monocyte
-derived from stem cell in bone marrow
-single nucleus and contains 3 to 8 percent of entire wbc population
-flows in the blood, as soon as it enters tissue is called macrophages

class signs of inflammation:

swelling, pain, redness, heat, loss of function

clot:
-happens when blood is flowing to the injury
-fibrins, rbc, platelets. (also called thrombocytes)

One day After injury

-neutrophils come for the acute inflammation
-phagotocysis

Two Days after Injury

-chronic inflammation
-less neutrophils and more macrophages
-increased fibroblasts as connective tissue is destroyed to make more collagen