FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
PRELIM - MIDTERM
Johanna Jane H. Macasero
BSN 1 – N12
Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology
COVERAGE
1. Introduction of Human Body System
The Organ Systems
2. Definition and function of anatomy &
physiology
3. Subdivision of anatomy
4. Subdivision of physiology
5. Complementary of Structure and Function
6. The 11 System of the Human Body
7. Basic Life Processes
8. Necessary Life Functions
9. Survival Needs
Introduction of Human Body System
DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy
- Study of the structure of body parts and their
relationship to one another.
- From the word ANA means UP and TOMY
means process of cutting.
- Science of the body structure and relationship
among structures.
Physiology
- Study of the function of body parts; how they
work to carry out life – sustaining activities
- From the word PHYSIO means nature and
LOGY means study
- Science of the body function how the body parts
works or how they work to carry out life
sustaining activities.
Subdivision of Anatomy
- Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy is the study
of large, visible structures.
- From the word MACRO means large and visible
structure
Ex.
• Regional anatomy looks at all structures
in a particular area of the body
Ex. Head and chest
• System anatomy looks at just one
system (cardiovascular, nervous,
muscular, etc.)
• Surface anatomy looks at internal
structures as they relate to overlying skin
(visible muscle masses or veins seen on
surface)
Subdivision (cont.)
- Microscopic Anatomy deals with the
structures too small to be seen by naked eye
• Cytology: microscopic study of cells
• Histology: microscopic study of tissues
- Development Anatomy studies anatomical
and physiological development throughout life
• Embryology: study of development
before birth
To study anatomy, one must know anatomical
terminology and be able to observe (to look),
manipulate, palpate (feels the pulse), and auscultate
(body sound).
Subdivision of Physiology
- Based on organ system (e.g., renal or
cardiovascular physiology)
- Study of function in heart and blood vessels
- Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels
of the body
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- Neuro means nerves, study of functional Respiratory System
property of nerves and also endocrinology endo
Digestive System
means study of hormones and how they control
the body. Reproductive System
• Looks at how the body’s abilities are
dependent on chemical reactions in The Integumentary System
individual cells Major Organs:
To study physiology, one must understand basic • Skin
physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, • Hair
pressure, and movement) as well as basic chemical
• Sweat glands
principles.
• Nails
Complementary of Structure and Function
Functions:
Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable
• Protects against environmental hazards
- Function always reflects structure • Helps regulate body temperature
- What a structure can do depends on its specific • Provides sensory information
form
- Known as the principle of complementarity of
structure and function The Nervous System
Major Organs:
Level of Body Organization
• Brain
Human body is very organized, from the smallest • Spinal cord
chemical level to whole organism level:
• Peripheral nerves
6 LEVELS • Sense organs

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules, and Functions:

organelles
• Directs immediate responses to stimuli
- Cellular level: single cell
• Coordinate or moderates’ activities of other
- Tissue level: group of similar cells
organ system
- Organ level: contains two or more types of
tissues • Provides and interprets sensory information
- Organ system level: organs that work closely about external conditions
together The Endocrine System
- Organismal level: all organ systems combined
to make the whole organism Major Organs:

The 11 System of the Human Body • Pituitary gland

• Thyroid gland
Integumentary System • Pancreas
Nervous System • Adrenal glands
• Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Skeletal System • Endocrine tissues in other systems
Endocrine System Functions:
Muscular System
• Directs long-term changes in the activities of
Cardiovascular System other organ systems
• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by
Lymphatic System the body
Urinary System • Controls many structural and functional
changes during development

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The Muscular System • Controls water balance by regulating volume
of urine produced
Major Organs:
• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
• Skeletal muscles and associated tendons • Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
and aponeuroses (tendons sheets)
The Respiratory System
Functions:
• Nasal cavities
• Provides movement • Sinuses
• Provides protections and support for other • Larynx (voice box)
tissues • Trachea
• Generates heat that maintains body • Bronchi
temperature • Lungs
• Alveoli
The Cardiovascular System
Functions:
Major Organs:
• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where
• Heart
gas exchange occurs)
• Blood
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream
• Blood vessels
• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Functions: • Produces sounds for communication

• Distribution blood cells, water, and dissolved The Digestive System

materials, including nutrients waste products
oxygen, and carbon dioxide • Teeth
• Distributes heat and assists in control of body • Tongue
temperature • Pharynx
• Esophagus
The Lymphatic System • Stomach
Major Organs: • Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Spleen • Liver
• Thymus • Gallbladder
• Lymphatic vessels • Pancreas
• Lymph nodes
• Tonsils Functions:

Functions: • Processes and digests food

• Absorbs and conserves water
• Defends against infection and disease • Absorbs nutrients (ions water and the
• Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream breakdown products of dietary sugars,
proteins, and fats)
The Urinary System
• Stores energy reserves
Major Organs:
The Male Reproductive System
• Kidneys
• Testes
• Ureters
• Epididymis
• Urinary bladder
• Ductus deferens
• Urethra (shorter in female means one reason
• Seminal vesicles
prone to urinary infections)
• Prostate gland
Functions: • Penis
• Scrotum
• Excrete waste products from the blood

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Functions: • Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
• Control of breathing rate, which must
• Produces male sex cells (sperm) and
change in response to different activities
hormones
Digestion
The Female Reproductive System
- Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by
• Ovaries
absorption of simple molecules into blood
• Uterine tubes
• Uterus Metabolism
• Vagina
- All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
• Labia (Lips of Vagina)
• Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of
• Clitoris molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of
• Mammary glands molecules)
Functions: • Anabol means raising up. Bulding up of
complex chemicals substances from
• Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and smaller to simpler one.
hormones
• Supports developing embryo from
conception to delivery Excretion
• Provides milk to nourish newborn infant - Removal of wastes from metabolism and
Basic Life Processes digestion
• Urea (from breakdown of proteins),
Necessary Life Functions carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces
(unabsorbed foods) means poops,
- Maintaining boundaries
defecation, and urinary
- Movement
- Responsiveness Reproduction
- Digestion
- Metabolism - At the cellular level, reproduction involves
- Excretion division of cells for growth or repair
- Reproduction - At the organismal level, reproduction is the
- Growth production of offspring

Maintaining Boundaries Growth

- Separation between internal and external - Increase in size of a body part or of organism.
environments must exist Ex.
• Plasma membranes separate cells
• Skin separates organism from Pelvic bones, it gets wider.
environment
Movement Necessary Life Functions
- Muscular system allows movement - Humans are multicellular, so to function,
• Of body parts via skeletal muscles individual cells must be kept alive
• Of substances via cardiac muscle
(blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, - Organ system is designed to service the cells
urination) - All cells depend on organ system to meet their
• Contractility refers to movement at the survival needs
cellular levels
- There are 11 organs systems that work together to
Responsiveness maintain life
- Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

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 • 1 – 2 minutes without oxygen it can
reversible if more than
• 3 – 5 minutes its irreversible.

Water
- Most abundant chemical in body; provides the
watery environment needed for chemical
reactions
• Also is fluid base for secretions and
execrations
Normal Body Temperature
- If body temp falls below or goes above 37
degree Celsius, rates of chemical reactions are
affected.
• If falls below it means hypothermia 36.5
(cold)
• If it increases it means hyperthermia
37.5 (hot)
Survival Needs
• Normal body temperature is 36.5 – 37.5
- Humans need several factors for survival that degree Celsius
must be in the appropriate amounts; too much
or too little can be harmful:
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
- Nutrients
- Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate
- Oxygen breathing and gas exchange in lungs.
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Nutrients
- Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Carbohydrates: major source of energy

• Proteins: needed for cell building and
cell chemistry
• Fats: long-term energy storage
• Minerals and vitamins: involved in
chemical reactions as well as for
structural purposes
Oxygen
- Essential for release of energy from foods
• The body can survive only a few minutes
without oxygen

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