ACAD TEXT LESSON 2: basics of summarizing, paraphrasing,

& direct quoting

* Contains formal language
DIRECT QUOTATION
*Has references
 Reproducing materials word-for-word
*Has author’s credentials  Can be done to your previous work
 Used to respond to a question with the
*Has its author presented author’s words

FOR MATERIALS WITH PAGE NUMBER

NON-ACAD TEXT  Single page – p. 25

 Multiple pages – pp. 34-36
*Contains slang  Discontinuous pages – pp. 67, 72

*Never has reference FOR MATERIALS WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS

*Never has author’s credential  Provide heading names after date

 Provide a paragraph number after date
*Sometimes has its author presented  Provide the previous two in combo
 Provide a timestamp (video)

MATERIALS WITH CANONICALY NUMBERED

How to Summarize: SECTIONS

 Using Idea Heading or Author Heading  Name of the book, chapter, verse,
 Comparing the summarized text to the line/canto
original  Cite the act, scene, and line
 Adding website sources if necessary
CHANGES TO QUOTATION

 May change the case of first letter of

the first word
 May change punctuation marks at the
end of a quotation
 May change single quotation mark to
double
 May disregard footnote
 Indicate other changes

CHANGES TO A QUOTATION REQUIRING AN

EXPLANATION

 Use an ellipsis for omitted text

 Use four periods for sentence break
 Use square brackets for an explanation
  Italicize a word for emphasis + emphasis
added
FOR QUOTATIONS FROM RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 Present a quotation of fewer than 40
words
 Present a quotation of more than 40
words in a block quotation
 Exclude your research participants from
the reference list
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN QUOTING
PARTICIPANTS
 Assign pseudonyms
 Obscure identifying information
 Present aggregate information
FOR SHORT QUOTATIONS FEWER THAN 40
WORDS
 Add quotation marks
 Incorporate the quote into your own
text
 Religiously include a full citation for
direct quotation
FOR BLOCK QUOTATIONS
 Do not use quotation marks
 Start on a new line
 indent the whole block 0.5 in from the
left margin
 Double-space the entire block
 Do not add extra space after the block
 Add another 0.5 in for each subsequent
paragraph
 Cite the source before the block or after
the source only with the page number
at the final punctuation
 Do not add a period after the closing
parenthesis
EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING by Purdue Uni
 Reread the original passage to
fulfillment
 Write your paraphrase on the notecard
 Jot down a few words to remind how
you envision the material
 Compare your rendition from the
original
 Use quotation marks to identify a
unique term [jargon]
 Record the source for future credit
THE FOUR R’S
1. Reword with synonyms whenever you
can
2. Rearrange words within sentences to
make new sentences
3. Realize some words cannot be changed
4. Recheck your version
Plagiarism
 No citation
 Values “degrees of egregiousness”
Paraphrasing APA
1. By number of authors
2. By making exceptions to basic in-text
citation
3. By date
4. By repetition
5. Additional guidelines
6. By page number
7. Long paraphrase
5ws of Evaluating Sources
1. Consider the relevance of the Source to
the Research Topic
2. Think twice before using materials
scarce of citation, authorless sources,
unreviewed publication, unaffiliated
professors, and plagiarized materials.
3. Avoid informal sources with informal
language, disputable information, and
personal agenda.
 4. The currency must be at most five years
old
5. Avoid using blogs, personal pages, and
wiki sites the most and common URLs
(.gov, .org, .com and .net) with mindful
consideration.

FAQ

1. Who
a. Is reachable through which
means?
b. Is known for?
c. Is an expert of?
d. Is qualified for?
e. Is affiliated with?
f. Created what for whom?
g. Presented a bias the audience
may be against?
2. Where
a. Is the author employed?
b. Does the research funding
come from?
c.
3. What
a.
4. When
5. Why