Four types of Research Instruments Test

Questionnaire  Recall
 Open/ended sections
 Most convenient data-collection tool  Descriptive, correlational, experimental
designs
Structured, unstructured, semi-unstructured
Observation
Structured
 Natural
Limited to multiple or dichotomous choices  Controlled
 Participant
Best personal answer
Making the Questions and Other Contents of
Unstructured the Instrument

freely answerable  Attach a consent form

 Entail the basic profile first
involves a rubric  Make the main section second
 Use routing if necessary
Semi-structured  Only group similar sections into one

 structured and unstructured Observation Checklist

 Still ask participants for explanation  Profile

 Checklist of indicators
Interviews  Checklist of indicators in other sections

 Can be done face to face with an
interview schedule
 Can be difficult to narrow down
 Can be done thru focus-group
discussion of 6-10 ppl
Establishing the Validity and Reliability of the
Instrument
 Omit similarities
 Certify the structure of questions
o
 Pilot-testing
1. Choosing a Pilot-Test
a. Use 10% of the sample size
b. Use random participants for
answerability
2. Conducting a Pilot-Test
a. Informed consent forms
b. Recording/note-taking devices

Measuring the Reliability: Siegle Reliability

Calculator
  Close-ended or structured questions are
easy to put in the calculator
 Open-ended or unstructured questions
have to be coded first
Step-by-step solution for open ended question
1. Cross-reference the guideline with
scores
2. Input codes the reliability
calculator/manually calculate
3. Use Kuder-Richardson for
dichotomous questions, Cronbach’s
alpha or Spearman-Brown formula
for non-dichotomous questions
4. Improve instruments when the
reliability is 0.70 below
Collecting the Data
I. Select participants
a. Probability sampling
b. Non-probability sampling
II. Sending the Informed consent form
a. Research purpose and
procedures
b. Possible risks/discomfort and
benefits
c. confidentiality
d. contact info of researchers
e. authorization clause
III. Collecting the data
a. Acquire sent and signed
informed consent forms
b. Disseminate final and approved
questionnaires
c. Secure and encode received
data
Securing the data
1. Editing, coding, and processing data
2. Using statistical techniques
3. Analyzing the Data
a. Compute the test statistic
b. Determine p value
c. Compare p value to alpha
d. Confirm if valid or rejectable
Writing the Results and Discussion
1. Presenting the Results
a. Use figures
b. Show summaries
2. Discussing the Findings
a. Introduce the abstract
b. Follow with the research gap
c. Extend further the research gap
and research questions
Concluding the Research
1. Summarizing and concluding the
findings
2. Providing limitations and
recommendations
a. Suggest actions to be taken
when there’s a great impact
b. Indicate the possible benefits
and applications
c. Specify how future researchers
can further the current research
3. Formulating an abstract
a. Express the motivation
b. Methods
c. Argument and Results
d. Interpretation and
Consequence