Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physica A
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physa

Natural convection in nanofluid filled and partially heated

annulus: Effect of different arrangements of heaters
∗
Abdeslem Bouzerzour a , Mahfoud Djezzar a , Hakan F. Oztop b,c , , Tahar Tayebi d ,
Nidal Abu-Hamdeh c
a
Energy Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Exact Sciences Faculty, Constantine1, University, 25000, Algeria
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kind Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
d
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi University, BordjBouArreridj, El-Anasser 34030, Algeria

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The natural convection in a Cu–water nanofluid filled and partially heated annulus
Received 28 March 2019 between two elliptical cylinders is numerically analyzed. A cold temperature Tc is
Received in revised form 9 May 2019 imposed on the outer cylinder while heaters are placed on the inner cylinder wall
Available online 20 August 2019
in three different configurations. The flow governing equations are written under the
Keywords: Vorticity–Stream function dimensionless formulation and solved with a developed code
Partial heating using FORTRAN platform. The results are given by the finite-volume method in the
Annulus ranges of Rayleigh number (103 <Ra<105 ) and volume fraction (0<Φ <0.08). The presented
Elliptic cylinders isotherms and streamline contours with average and local Nusselt numbers graphs show
Nanofluid an enhancement of heat transfer by increasing Rayleigh number or nanoparticles volume
fraction. Placing the heaters on the left and the right sides of the inner cylinder wall gives
better heat transfer performances.
© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

1. Introduction

In 1995, Choi [1] gives the name ‘‘nanofluid’’ to the mixture of base fluid (water, oil) and nanometric-sized solid
particles with sensed higher thermal conductivity. That heat transfer improvement which has interesting applications [2–
15] leads to a large number of studies both experimental [16–20] and numerical [21–27] investigating thermal-proprieties
of different nanoparticle.
Taking in consideration the wide interest of annular spaces in heat transfer because of their many industrial
applications in heat exchangers, solar, geothermal and nuclear applications, researches on the effect of nanofluids in such
domain have emerged lately with circular annulus having much interest [28–34]. The elliptical annulus spaces filled with
nanofluids has the interest of Taybei et al. [35–37] whom investigated free convection between two elliptical confocal
cylinders using different nanoparticles even hybrid mixtures with different sources of heating, taking the eccentricity,
Rayleigh number and volume fraction effects on Nusselt number in consideration. Sheikholeslami et al. [38,39] used the
finite elements method to investigate the effects of angle orientation and eccentricity on heat transfer in a nanofluid
filled annulus between an elliptic inner cylinder and circular outer cylinder with the presence of magnetic field. The
3-D numerical simulations for laminar mixed convective heat transfer for many nanofluids in an elliptic annulus with

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
E-mail address: hfoztop1@gmail.com (H.F. Oztop).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122479
0378-4371/© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.
2 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Nomenclature
a Half elliptical focal distance [m]
d1 , d2 Major axes of the inner and outer elliptic cylinders [m]
D1 , D2 Minor axes of the inner and outer elliptic cylinders [m]
Cp Specific heat at constant pressure [J kg−1 K−1 ]
g Gravitational acceleration [m s−2 ]
F , G, H Metric coefficients [m]
K Thermal conductivity [W m−1 K−1 ]
Nu Nusselt number
Pr Prandt number
Ra Rayleigh number
T Dimension temperature [K]
Vη , V θ Velocity components in η, θ directions [m s−1 ]
x, y Cartesian coordinates [m]
Greek symbols
α Thermal diffusivity [m2 /s]
β Thermal expansion coefficient [K−1 ]
µ Dynamic viscosity [kg/m s]
υ Kinematic viscosity [m2 s−1 ]
ρ Density [kg m−3 ]
Φ Volume fraction of the nanoparticles
η, θ Elliptic coordinates, [m]
ψ Stream function [m2 s−1 ]
ω Vorticity [s−1 ]
ε1 , ε2 Eccentricities of ellipses
Subscripts
avg average
c cold
h hot
nf nanofluid
f fluid
p solid particles
1 inner cylinder
2 outer cylinder
Superscript
* Dimensionless parameters

constant heat flux was considered by Dawood et al. [40] by taking the Brownian motion in consideration. Augmentation
in the Nusselt number as the Reynolds number and the nanoparticles volume fraction are augmented was noted.
Astanina et al. [41] studied the combined effects of thermophoresis, Brownian motion and nanofluid variable properties
on natural convection. It was found that the flow strength within the cavity is inversely proportional to the heater location
and is directly proportional to Rayleigh number. They found that the best location of the heater is the left wall of the
cavity where a maximum average Nusselt number is registered. The study conducted by Guestala et al. [42] on natural
convection of nanofluids in a partially heated cylindrical enclosure shows that the heat transfer increases with increasing
Rayleigh number, the heated length or the nanoparticles volume fraction. A numerical simulation is performed by Mansour
et al. [43] for mixed convection flows in a square lid-driven cavity partially heated from below using different nanofluids. It
is found that increasing the length of the heat source leads to increasing the flow intensity and the fluid temperature while
putting heat source at the left half of the bottom wall gives larger rates of heat transfer. Selimefendigil and Oztop [44]
investigated the heat transfer in nanofluid filled partially heated triangular enclosure with a rotating adiabatic cylinder
with the presence of magnetic field. The results admit that the average heat transfer increases with the Grashof number
and the volume fraction. Celik et al. [45] analyzed the enhancement of heat transfer in partially heated vertical under
the mixed convection by using Al2 O3 nanoparticles. The mean Nusselt number increases with the number of heaters on
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 3

Fig. 1. (a) Problem schematic; (b) System coordinates.

Fig. 2. Boundary conditions for the different studied cases.

the wall for high values of Reynolds number when the use of nanoparticles in fluid increases heat transfer rate in the
channels. Heat transfer in a partially heated rhombus with heated square obstacle filled of CuO–water nanofluid was the
subject of a simulation made by Ul-Haq et al. [46]. It was found that flow field, thermal field and heat transfer rate are
getting stronger due to increase in Rayleigh number and the length of heated portion.
Based on the literature above, the present work is a first attempt to study convective heat transfer in a Cu–water
nanofluid filled partially heated horizontal elliptical annulus. The outer cylinder wall is kept at constant temperature
while the inner cylinder wall is partially heated where we can distinguish three different configurations. The influence of
Rayleigh number, volume fraction and heaters location on the flow behavior and heat transfer rate is examined. This is
the main originality of this paper and it can be applied to flexible heaters.

2. Mathematical modeling

The studied problem, shown in Fig. 1(a), is consisted of two confocal elliptic cylinders with the annulus between them
filled by a nanofluid of water base and Cu nanoparticles in thermal equilibrium with the used elliptical coordinate are
schematized in Fig. 1(b). A no-slip boundary condition is imposed on both walls, the temperature of the outer cylinder is
kept constant and the inner cylinder is partially heated using two heaters covering half of its perimeter placed in three
different configurations as demonstrated in Fig. 2 as:

- Case1. Heaters placed on the top and the bottom sides of the inner wall.
- Case2. Heaters placed on the left and the right sides of the inner wall.
- Case3. Heaters placed diagonally on the right top and the left bottom sides of the inner wall.

The nanofluid is assumed to be incompressible with constant thermophysical properties which are given as:
Effective density:
(ρ)nf = φρp + (1 − φ )ρf (1)
Thermal diffusivity:
Knf
(α)nf = ( (2)
ρ Cp
)
nf

Heat capacitance:
ρ Cp nf = φ ρ Cp p + (1 − φ) ρ Cp f
( ) ( ) ( )
(3)
4 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Thermal expansion coefficient:

(ρβ)nf = φ (ρβ )p + (1 − φ )(ρβ )f (4)

Effective dynamic viscosity for low dense mixtures and spherical nanoparticles [47]:
µf
(µ)nf = (5)
(1 − φ)2.5
Effective thermal conductivity [48]:
Kp + 2Kf − 2φ Kf − Kp
( ) ( )
Knf = Kf ( (6)
Kp + 2Kf + φ Kf − Kp
) ( )

By introducing the metric coefficients H, F and G corresponding to the elliptic shape

√
H = a sh2 (η) sin2 (θ)
⎧
⎪
⎪
sh(η) cos(θ )
⎨
F = √ (7)
sh2 (η)sin2 (θ )
⎩G = √ch(η) sin(θ )
⎪
⎪
2 sh (η)sin (θ )
2

and the dimensionless variables:

H a a ψ a2 T − Tc
H∗ = , Vη∗ = Vη , Vθ∗ = Vθ , ψ∗ = , ω∗ = , T∗ = (8)
a αf αf αf αf Th − Tc
where a is the half elliptical focal distance:
d1 d2
a= = (9)
ch (η1 ) ch (η2 )
The dimensionless governing equations of natural convection, using Vorticity–Stream function formulation in elliptical
coordinates with consideration of the Boussinesq approximation for a 2-D laminar flow, are written as follows:
Continuity equation:
∂ ∂ ( ∗ ∗)
(H ∗ Vη∗ ) H Vθ = 0 (10)
∂η ∂θ
Momentum (Vorticity) equation:
⎛ ⎞
∂ω ∗
∂ω ∗
1 β p 1
H ∗ Vη∗ + H ∗ Vθ∗ = PrRaH ∗ ⎝ (1−φ)ρ + φρ ⎠
∂η ∂θ f
+ 1 βf f
+ 1
φρp (1−φ)ρp
∂T ∗ ∂T ∗
{ }
× [Fcos (α) − Gsin (α)] − [Fsin (α) + Gcos (α)]
∂η ∂θ
∂ ω ∂ ω
( 2 ∗ 2 ∗
)
Pr
+ ρ + (11)
(1 − φ)2,5 [(1 − φ) + φ ρp ] ∂η2 ∂θ 2
f

Energy equation:
Knf
∂T ∗ ∗ ∗ ∂T ∗ ∂ 2T ∗ ∂ 2T ∗
( )
Kf
H Vη + H ∗ Vθ∗ = + (12)
∂η ∂θ (ρ Cp )p ∂η2 ∂θ 2
[(1 − φ) + φ ]
(ρ Cp )f
Defining the vorticity as:
∂ 2ψ ∗ ∂ 2ψ ∗
( )
1
ω∗ = − + (13)
H ∗2 ∂η 2 ∂θ 2
The dimensionless boundary conditions are given as:
∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗
{
Vη∗ = Vθ∗ = ∂θ
= ∂η
= 0 (on both walls)
(14)
∗
Th = 1; Tc = 0 ∗
(see Fig. 2)
Prandtl (Pr), Rayleigh (Ra), Local Nusselt (Nu) and Mean Nusselt (Nuav g ) numbers are respectively calculated by:
υf
Pr = (15)
αf
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 5

Fig. 3. (a) Physical domain; (b) Computational domain.

Table 1
Effect of the grid density on the mean Nusselt numbers of inner wall for Case3 (inner cylinder partially heated from the top right and the bottom
left) when Ra = 104 and Φ = 0.04.
Grid size 11 × 21 21 × 41 31 × 61 41 × 81 51 × 101 61 × 121
Nuav g 2.0402 2.0331 2.0180 2.0063 1.9974 1.9907

g βf a3 (Th − Tc )
Ra = (16)
υf αf
1 ∂T ∗ ⏐
( ) ⏐
Knf
Nu = − ⏐ (17)
Kf H ∗ ∂η ⏐η
1 ,2
∫ θNN
1
Nuav g = Nudθ (18)
θNN − θ1 θ1

3. Numerical implementation

Regarding the complexity of the physical domain Fig. 3(a) of the annulus, a transformation to a rectangular compu-
tational domain Fig. 3(b) with a generated 2D mesh grid is used to enable the discretization of the governing equations
which is done by [49]:
x = ach (η) cos (θ )
{
(19)
y = ash (η) sin (θ)
The system of Eqs. (10) and (11) with their appropriate boundary conditions is numerically solved using finite volume
method [50]. Eq. (12) is solved using centered differences method [51]. The Gauss–Seidel iterative method is used for the
numerical solution of the algebraic system of equations (matrix), with a 0.75 under-relaxation process value. To obtain
convergence the following condition is used for all dependent variables:
⏐ ⏐
⏐ maxζ n+1 − maxζ n ⏐
i,j i,j ⏐
⏐ ≤ 10−6 (20)
⏐
maxζin,j+1
⏐
⏐ ⏐
where: n + 1 the current iteration and n previous iteration; ζ stands for ψ ∗ or T ∗ and i, j refer to space coordinates.

4. Grid independent check

In order to define a proper grid for the numerical simulation, noting that η values represent elliptic curves and θ values
the hyperbolic lines as shown in Fig. 1(b), six different η × θ uniform grids (11 × 21 to 61 × 121) are tested to guarantee
a grid independent solution. The variations of mean Nusselt number of inner surface with the grid number are given in
Table 1 for Case3 when Ra = 104 and Φ = 0.04. Based on the results obtained the grid of 51 × 101 nodes is used for all
numerical calculations.

5. Code validation

In order to validate the developed code, the problem of the natural convection flow between tow elliptic cylinders filled
by Air was analyzed. Table 2 shows a good agreement between the average Nusselt number on the inner and outer elliptic
6 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Table 2
Comparisons of the present results for the average Nusselt number with the results of Refs. [52,53].
ε1 ε2 α Ra Inner surface Outer surface
Present results Ref. [52] Ref. [53] Present results Ref. [52] Ref. [53]
◦ 4
0.9 0.4 0 10 3.55 3.53 3.49 1.11 1.19 1.14
0.86 0.4 90◦ 104 3.78 3.68 3.72 1.41 1.35 1.37
0.86 0.4 90◦ 4.104 5.23 5.34 5.20 1.87 1.93 1.85

Table 3
Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the nanoparticles.
ρ (kg m−3 ) Cp (J kg1 K−1 ) K (W m−1 K−1 ) β (K−1 )
Pure water 997.1 4179 0.613 21 × 10−5
Copper (Cu) 8933 385 401 1.67 × 10−5

Fig. 4. Comparison of isotherms left and streamlines right between (a) Ref. [35] and (b) present work for different values of volume fraction Φ
when ε1 = 0.8, ε2 = 0.6 and Ra = 105 .

cylinder walls obtained by the present simulation and the results obtained by Refs. [52,53] for different Rayleigh numbers
Ra, eccentricities ε and orientation angles α . Fig. 4 shows a very good agreement between the isotherms and streamlines
contours obtained by the present code and those presented by Ref. [35] for convective heat transfer between two elliptic
cylinders filled with different volume fractions Φ of Cu–water nanofluid when ε1 = 0.8, ε2 = 0.6 and Ra = 105 .

6. Results and discussion

The natural convection of a 2-D laminar flow in a partially heated elliptical annulus filled with Cu–water nanofluid,
whom thermophysical properties of the highly thermal efficient Copper nanoparticles (Cu) and the most common host
fluid (Water) are given in Table 3, is the subject of the numerical investigation conducted in ranges of Rayleigh number
103 < Ra < 105 and volume fraction 0 < Φ < 0.08 for three different heaters positions. The eccentricities are fixed
at ε1 = 0.9 for the inner ellipse and ε2 = 0.6 for the outer one and the angle of orientation at α = 0◦ while Prandtl
number at Pr = 6.2. Results obtained using the finite-volume method (FVM) are presented in the form of isotherms and
streamlines contours plus average and local Nusselt numbers graphs.
Fig. 5 illustrates the isotherms and streamlines for different values of Rayleigh numbers and nanofluid volume fractions
for Case1. In this figure, the inner ellipse is heated from its top and bottom sides in equal distances. As seen from the
figures, symmetric distributions are obtained for both isotherms and streamlines. Drop shaped temperature distribution
is formed above heater due to domination of conduction mode of heat transfer at low Rayleigh numbers. Small differences
are formed with changing of nanoparticle volume fraction. But maximum values of stream function are increased with
increasing of nanoparticle volume fraction. On the contrary plume like temperature distribution is formed above top side
of inner ellipse at Ra = 104 due to convection mode of heat transfer. However, temperature distribution is almost in an
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 7

Fig. 5. Isotherms (left) and streamlines (right) for different values of Rayleigh number Ra and volume fractions Φ for Case1.

Fig. 6. Effect of Rayleigh number Ra on average Nusselt number for different volume fractions Φ (a) on the inner cylinder; (b) on the outer cylinder
for Case1.

ellipsoidal shape under inner ellipse due to gravity. Again, maximum values of stream function increases with increasing of
both Rayleigh numbers and nanoparticle volume fraction. Symmetrical distribution is distorted with increasing of Rayleigh
numbers. Stronger plume is formed at top side of the inner ellipse at Ra = 105 .
Fig. 6 illustrates the variation of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number for inner cylinder (a) and outer cylinder
(b) for Case1. As seen from the figure, heat transfer increases almost linearly with increasing of Rayleigh number and
higher heat transfer is formed with addition of nanoparticle volume fraction. The average Nusselt number Nuav g < 1
values on the inner cylinder (a) are due to the conduction mode domination when the Rayleigh number is small and the
wall being partially heated. For the outer cylinder (b) the imposed cold temperature is the reason.
Fig. 7 shows the variation of flow field and temperature distribution with Rayleigh numbers and nanoparticle volume
fraction for Case2 where the heaters are located on left and right sides of the inner ellipse. Stream function values are
increased with increasing of nanoparticle volume fraction. Again, completely symmetric distribution is formed for the
lowest value of Rayleigh number. This symmetry is not distorted even for further Rayleigh numbers.
The variations of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number for Case2 inner cylinder (a) and outer cylinder (b)
are shown in Fig. 8. Increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction leads to enhancement in heat transfer. Still for a fixed
value of Φ , the mean Nusselt number increases slowly for lower Rayleigh number values, then increases significantly as
the Rayleigh number increases.
Streamlines and isotherms are presented in Fig. 9 for Case3. In this case, heaters are located diagonally on the inner
cylinder. As seen from this figure that there is no symmetry for all parameters. A plume like temperature distribution is
formed on the top right side of the inner cylinder for the highest value of Rayleigh number where the flow vortexes get
8 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Fig. 7. Isotherms (left) and streamlines (right) for different values of Rayleigh number Ra and volume fractions Φ for Case2.

Fig. 8. Effect of Rayleigh number Ra on average Nusselt number for different volume fractions Φ (a) on the inner cylinder; (b) on the outer cylinder
for Case2.

more intense. There is no big influence of volume fraction on isotherms and streamlines whereas stream function values
are increased.
The Rayleigh number effect on average Nusselt number variation for Case3 inner cylinder (a) and outer cylinder (b) is
presented on Fig. 10. Whenever Rayleigh number goes stronger the heat transfer became more intense. While augmenting
the nanoparticles volume fraction give higher average Nusselt number.
The distribution of local Nusselt number on the inner and outer surfaces of the annulus is presented in Fig. 11 for
Rayleigh number Ra = 105 and Φ = 0.08 for all three different configurations shows good compatibility with the
respective contours of each case. For Case1 (Fig. 11.a) an opposite distribution of the outer and inner local Nusselt numbers
is observed on the top half of the annulus (θ = 0◦ to 180◦ ) when the outer wall exhibits a maximum value at the point
corresponding to the plume region (θ = 90◦ ) the inner wall reaches his maximum value at the boundaries of the top
heater (θ = 45◦ and θ = 135◦ ). On the bottom half both inner and outer walls local Nusselt number reach their minimum
at the center of the bottom heater (θ = 270◦ ).
The minimum value of local Nusselt number of the inner and outer walls for Case2 (Fig. 11.b) is reached at the point
corresponding to the center of cold parts of the inner cylinder (θ = 90◦ and θ = 270◦ ) where the heat transfer is almost
nonexistent. The opposite distribution behavior is registered in the area around the plume like shaped regions (close to
θ = 20◦ and θ = 160◦ ).
An opposite distribution can be seen on the top right heater (θ = 0◦ to 90◦ ) for Case3 (Fig. 11.c) where the inner wall
local Nusselt number reaches its minimum and the outer wall local Nusselt number reaches its maximum at the point
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 9

Fig. 9. Isotherms (left) and streamlines (right) for different values of Rayleigh number Ra and volume fractions Φ for Case3.

Fig. 10. Effect of Rayleigh number Ra on average Nusselt number for different volume fractions Φ (a) on the inner cylinder (b) on the outer cylinder
for Case3.

corresponding to the plume region (around θ = 66◦ ). The local Nusselt number of both walls exhibits a minimum value
on the bottom right cold part corresponding region.
The Fig. 12 shows variation of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number Ra for the different configurations of
heaters positions when (a) Φ = 0, (b) Φ = 0.04 and (c) Φ = 0.08. The Case2 (heaters on the left and right sides) show
the best heat performances where average Nusselt number is the highest whenever Rayleigh number or nanoparticles
volume fraction are changed while the Case1 (heaters on the top and the bottom sides) had the least performances.

7. Conclusion

In the present study, the natural convection in a Cu–water nanofluid filled partially heated annulus between two
elliptical cylinders is numerically analyzed regarding the wide range of application of such dispositive in heat exchangers,
solar collectors, and nuclear industry.
The results obtained for three different heaters positions of 2D laminar flow heat transfer under the influence of
Rayleigh number (103 < Ra < 105 ) and nanoparticles volume fraction (0 < Φ < 0.08) lead to the following conclusions:

- Increasing the Rayleigh number lead to significant heat transfer enhancement due to the convection dominance. The
stream function intensified more than 20 times and mean Nusselt number increases above 130% for Ra = 105 .
10 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

Fig. 11. Variation of local Nusselt number when Ra = 105 and Φ = 0.08 for the different heater positions (a) Case1; (b) Case2; (c) Case3.

- The adding of Cu nanoparticles to the base fluid increases the Nusselt number, this enhancement is more pronounced

for higher Rayleigh number values. With about 10% for Φ = 0.04 and more than 20% for Φ = 0.08 augmentation

in the mean Nusselt number, the volume fraction is less influential than Rayleigh number.
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 11

Fig. 12. Variation of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number Ra for the different heaters positions when (a) Φ = 0; (b) Φ = 0.04; (c)
Φ = 0.08.

- Better heat transfer performances are sensed for Case2 when the heaters are placed on the left and the right sides

of the inner ellipse wall. The mean Nusselt number is 60% higher than Case1 and 25% than Case3.
12 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479

References

[1] S.U.S. Choi, J.A. Eastman, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles, ASME Publ. Fed 231 (1995) 99–106.
[2] O. Mahian, L. Kolsi, M. Amani, G. Ahmadi, C. Kleinstreuer, J.S. Marshall, M. Siavashi, H. Niazmand, S. Wongwises, T. Hayat, A. Kolanjiyil, Recent
advances in modeling and simulation of nanofluid flows-Part I: Fundamentals and theory, Phys. Rep. 790 (2019) 1–48.
[3] O. Mahian, L. Kolsi, M. Amani, P. Estellé, G. Ahmadi, C. Kleinstreuer, J.S. Marshall, R.A. Taylor, E. Abu-Nada, S. Rashidi, H. Niazmand, S. Wongwises,
T. Hayat, A. Kasaeian, I. Pop, Recent advances in modeling and simulation of nanofluid flows—Part II: Applications, Phys. Rep. 791 (2019) 1–59.
[4] A. Abdollahi, H.A. Mohammed, Sh.M. Vanaki, A. Osia, M.R.G. Haghighi, Fluid flow and heat transfer of nanofluids in microchannel heat sink
with V-type inlet/outlet arrangement, Alexandria Eng. J. 56 (2017) 161–170.
[5] S.R. Hosseini, M. Sheikholeslami, M. Ghasemian, D.D. Ganji, Nanofluid heat transfer analysis in a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) under the
effect of magnetic field by means of KKL model, Powder Technol. 324 (2018) 36–47.
[6] J. Bowers, H. Cao, Q. Li, G. Zhang, E. Mura, Y. Ding, Flow and heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in microchannels, Prog. Natural Sci. Mater.
Int. 28 (2018) 225–234.
[7] M.P. Boruah, P.R. Randive, S. Pati, Effect of non-uniform asymmetric heating on the thermal and entropy generation characteristics for flow of
Al2O3-water nanofluid in a micro-channel, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 29 (2019) 981–999.
[8] N.A. Cheloii, O.A. Akbari, D. Toghraie, Computational fluid dynamics and laminar heat transfer of water/Cu nanofluid in ribbed microchannel
with a two-phase approach, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow (2019) http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/HFF-05-2018-0243.
[9] E. Ebrahimnia-Bajestan, M.C. Moghadam, H. Niazmand, W. Daungthongsuk, S. Wongwises, Experimental and numerical investigation of
nanofluids heat transfer characteristics for application in solar heat exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 92 (2016) 1041–1052.
[10] S. Bazri, I.A. Badruddin, M.S. Naghavi, M. Bahiraei, A review of numerical studies on solar collectors integrated with latent heat storage systems
employing fins or nanoparticles, Renew. Energy 118 (2018) 761–778.
[11] A. Maouassi, A. Baghidja, S. Douad, N. Zeraibi, Heat exchanges intensification through a flat plat solar collector by using nanofluids as working
fluid, Front. Heat Mass Transfer (2018) 10–35.
[12] N.A. Sheikh, F. Ali, I. Khand, M. Gohar, A theoretical study on the performance of a solar collector using CeO2 And Al2 O3 water based nanofluids
with inclined plate: Atangana–Baleanu fractional model, Chaos Solitons Fractals 115 (2018) 135–142.
[13] M.A. Sheremet, I. Pop, O. Mahian, Natural convection in an inclined cavity with time-periodic temperature boundary conditions using nanofluids:
Application in solar collectors, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 116 (2018) 751–761.
[14] M. Karami, M. Bozorgi, S. Delfani, M.A. Akhavan-Behabadi, Empirical correlations for heat transfer in a silver nanofluid-based direct absorption
solar collector, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 28 (2018) 14–21.
[15] R. Nasrin, Md. Hasanuzzaman, N.A. Rahim, Effect of nanofluids on heat transfer and cooling system of the photovoltaic/thermal performance,
Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow (2019) http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/HFF-04-2018-0174.
[16] H.U. Kang, S.H. Kim, J.M. Oh, Estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluid using experimental effective particle volume, Exp. Heat Transfer
19 (2006) 181–191.
[17] I. Tavmana, A. Turgut, M. Chirtoc, K. Hadjov, O. Fudym, S. Tavman, Experimental study on thermal conductivity and viscosity of water-based
nanofluids, Heat Transfer Res. 41 (2010) 339–351.
[18] L.S. Sundar, M.J. Hortiguela, M.K. Singh, A.C.M. Sousa, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids: An
experimental study, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 76 (2016) 245–255.
[19] X. Wang, Y. Hu, T. Li, Y. He, Experimental investigation of graphene nanofluid and numerical simulation of its natural convection in a square
enclosure, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett. 9 (2017) 640–649.
[20] N. Kumar, S.S. Sonawane, S.H. Sonawane, Experimental study of thermal conductivity, heat transfer and friction factor of Al2 O3 based nanofluid,
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 90 (2018) 1–10.
[21] M.I. Afridi, M. Qasim, O.D. Makinde, Minimization of entropy production in three dimensional dissipative flow of nanofluid with graphene
nanoparticles: A numerical study, Defect Diffus. Forum 387 (2018) 157–165.
[22] U. Khan, Adnan, N. Ahmed, S.T. Mohyud-Din, 3D squeezed flow of γ Al2 O3 –H2 O and γ Al2 O3 –C2 H6 O2 nanofluids: A numerical study, Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 24620–24633.
[23] I. Rashidi, O. Mahian, G. Lorenzini, C. Biserni, S. Wongwises, Natural convection of Al2 O3 /water nanofluid in a square cavity: Effects of
heterogeneous heating, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 74 (2014) 391–402.
[24] S. Saadallah, A. Cablé, S. Hamamda, K. Chetehouna, M. Sahli, A. Boubertakh, S. Revo, N. Gascoin, Structural and thermal characterization of
multiwall Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/aluminum (Al) nanocomposites, Composites B 151 (2018) 232–236.
[25] F.A. Soomro, Z.H. Khan, R. ul Haq, Q. Zhang, Heat transfer analysis of prandtl liquid nanofluid in the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous
reactions, Results Phys. 10 (2018) 379–384.
[26] A. Rahimi, A. Surendar, A. Kasaeipoor, P. Hooshmand, E.H. Malekshah, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a
hollow multi-pipe heat exchanger considering nanoparticles shapes, Powder Technol. 339 (2018) 974–984.
[27] R. Nimmagadda, Buoyancy-driven heat transfer performance of pure and hybrid nanofluids in minienclosure, J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 32
(2018) 570–579.
[28] S. Emadoddin, A. Abedini, Numerical analysis of aluminum-oxide/water nanofluid mixed convection in an eccentric annulus, J. Thermophys.
Heat Transfer 32 (2018) 538–543.
[29] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Öztop, Conjugate natural convection in a nanofluid filled partitioned horizontal annulus formed by two isothermal cylinder
surfaces under magnetic field, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 108 (2017) 156–171.
[30] F. Mebarek-Oudina, Convective heat transfer of titania nanofluids of different base fluids in cylindrical annulus with discrete heat source, Heat
Transfer-Asian Res. 48 (2019) 135–147.
[31] M. Hosseini, A.H. Abdelrazek, R. Sadri, A.R. Mallah, S.N. Kazi, B.T. Chew, S. Rozali, N. Yusoff, Numerical study of turbulent heat transfer of
nanofluids containing eco-friendly treated carbon nanotubes through a concentric annular heat exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 127
(2018) 403–412.
[32] A. Shahsavar, P.T. Sardari, D. Toghraie, Free convection heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of water-Fe3O4/CNT hybrid nanofluid in
a concentric annulus, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 29 (2019) 915–934.
[33] A. Abedini, S. Emadoddin, T. Armaghani, Numerical analysis of mixed convection of different nanofluids in concentric annulus, Internat. J.
Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow (2018) http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/HFF-06-2018-0337.
[34] T. Tayebi, M. Djezzar, A. Bouzerzour, K. Azzouz, Z.H. Khan, Numerical simulation of natural convection of water based nanofluids in horizontal
eccentric cylindrical annuli, J. Nanofluids 5 (2016) 253–263.
[35] T. Tayebi, A.J. Chamkha, M. Djezzar, A. Bouzerzour, Natural convective nanofluid flow in an annular space between confocal elliptic cylinders,
J. Thermal Sci. Eng. Appl. 9 (2016) 011010-9.
[36] T. Tayebi, A.J. Chamkha, Free convection enhancement in an annulus between horizontal confocal elliptical cylinders using hybrid nanofluids,
Numer. Heat Transfer Part A: Appl. 70 (2016) 1141–1156.
 A. Bouzerzour, M. Djezzar, H.F. Oztop et al. / Physica A 538 (2020) 122479 13

[37] T. Tayebi, A.J. Chamkha, M. Djezzar, Natural convection of CNT-water nanofluid in an annular space between confocal elliptic cylinders with
constant heat flux on inner wall, Sci. Iranica (2018) http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.21069.
[38] M. Sheikholeslami, M. Gorjibandpy, R. Ellahi, M. Hassan, S. Soleimani, Effects of MHD on Cu–water nanofluid flow and heat transfer by means
of CVFEM, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 349 (2014) 188–200.
[39] M. Sheikholeslami, Z. Ziabakhsh, D.D. Ganji, Transport of magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid in a porous media, Colloids Surf. A 520 (2017)
201–212.
[40] H. Dawood, H. Mohammed, k. Munisamy, Heat transfer augmentation using nanofluids in an elliptic annulus with constant heat flux boundary
condition, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 4 (2014) 32–41.
[41] M.S. Astanina, E. Abu-Nada, A. Sheremet, Combined effects of thermophoresis, brownian motion and nanofluid variable properties on CuO-water
nanofluid natural convection in a partially heated square cavity, J. Heat Transfer 140 (2018) 082401-12.
[42] M. Guestala, M. Kadjaa, M.T. Hoangb, Study of heat transfer by natural convection of nanofluids in a partially heated cylindrical enclosure, Case
Stud. Therm. Eng. 11 (2018) 135–144.
[43] M.A. Mansour, R.A. Mohamed, M.M. Abd-Elaziz, S.E. Ahmed, Numerical simulation of mixed convection flows in a square lid-driven cavity
partially heated from below using nanofluid, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 1504–1512.
[44] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, MHD Mixed convection of nanofluid filled partially heated triangular enclosure with a rotating adiabatic cylinder,
J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 45 (2014) 2150–2162.
[45] H. Celik, M. Mobedi, O. Manca, B. Buonomo, Enhancement of heat transfer in partially heated vertical channel under mixed convection by using
Al2 O3 nanoparticles, Heat Transfer Eng. 39 (2018) 229–240.
[46] R. Ul-Haq, F.A. Soomro, Z. Hammouch, Heat transfer analysis of CuO-water enclosed in a partially heated rhombus with heated square obstacle,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 118 (2018) 773–784.
[47] H. Brinkman, The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 571.
[48] J.C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Vol 1, Clarendon Press, 1881.
[49] P. Moon, D.E. Spencer, Field Theory Handbook 2, 1971.
[50] S. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, CRC Press, 1980.
[51] E.F. Nogotov, Applications of Numerical Heat Transfer, NASA STI/Recon Technical Report A79:14672, 1978.
[52] M.M. Elshamy, M.N. Ozisik, J.P. Coulter, Correlation for laminar natural convection between confocal horizontal elliptical cylinders, Numer. Heat
Transfer Part A: Appl. 18 (1990) 95–112.
[53] A. Bouras, M. Djezzar, H. Naji, C. Ghernoug, Numerical computation of double-diffusive natural convective flow within an elliptic-shape enclosure,
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 57 (2014) 183–192.