INTRODUCTION

Importance of the Study

The agricultural sector employs about 30 percent of the population but contributes only 12
percent of GDP (Obispo, 2014). Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) commonly known as
green gram is an ancient and well-known pulse crop that belongs to family Papilionoideae and
originated from South East Asia (Mogotsi, 2006). Mung beans are mainly grown for human
food, in the form of boiled dry beans, stew, flour, sprouts and immature pods as a vegetable.
The dry beans are sometimes used for animal food, mainly poultry, when they are either
roasted or boiled while its biomass is used as fodder (Winch, 2006). Thus, it has great value as
food and fodder. It is a cheap source of protein for human consumption.

Mung beans are tropical (or sub-tropical) crops, and require warm temperatures (optimally
around 30-35°C). They are warm season annuals, highly branched and having trifoliate leaves
like the other legumes. Both upright and vine types of growth habit occur in mungbean, with
plants varying from one to five feet in length. The pale yellow flowers are borne in clusters of
12–15 near the top of the plant. Mature pods are variable in color (yellowish-brown to black),
about five inches long, and contain 10 to 15 seeds.
(https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/02/18/mongo-mungbean-production/). Mung
beans have a slightly sweet taste and can come fresh, dried or sprouted. They’re classed as
being a legume and are an incredibly versatile cooking ingredient for dishes, such as soup and
salads, stir-frys and curries.
(https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/food-drink/nutrition/health-benefits-of-
mung-beans/). Mung bean is the optimal fertilization conditions to obtain yield >2,141.69 kg
ha-1 were 34.38–42.62 kg ha-1 N, 17.55–21.70 kg ha-1 P2O5, and 53.23–67.29 kg ha-1 K2O (Yin
et. al., 2018).

Chicken manure is a relatively high quality organic fertilizer, of which the content of pure
nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) are about 1.63%, 1.54% and 0.085%.
(https://www.tdfertilizermachinery.com/chicken-manure-fertilizer-production-line/). In
addition, chicken manure contains the bacteria used in the poultry's digestive process, which
works to break down organic matter. The composting process and bacteria make the nutrients
soluble, which means that the plants can more readily absorb them from the soil. (Sanders,
2017).

Phosphorus, an essential nutrient for crop growth and yield is deficient in most soils. It plays
a vital role in energy transformation and photosynthesis. Addition of P Fertilizer enhances root
development, which improves the supply of other nutrients and water to the growing parts of
the plants, resulting in an increased photosynthetic area and thereby more dry matter

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accumulation (Ali et al., 2010). It is the second most deficient plant nutrient element (Kamara et
al., 2011). Phosphorus also promotes root growth, enhances nutrient and water use efficiency
and increases yield. Due to the important role played by phosphorus in the physiological
processes of plants, application of phosphorus to soil deficient in the nutrient leads to increase
crop yield.

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 Objective of the Study

This study aimed to assess the effect of chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on soil
properties and performance of mungbean. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the effect of chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and yield of
mungbean;

2. Determine the effect of chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on soil properties; and

3. Find out which of the chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer will give the best yield of
mungbean.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was limited to the growth and yield of mungbean as affected by the application
of chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and yield. The data on growth
parameters was limited to plant height and biomass. Yield of mungbean was limited to the
number of pods per plant, weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, fresh weight of
pods per plant, dry weight of pods per plant and weight of marketable seeds in tons per
hectare. Soil properties was determined using such parameters as soil pH, NPK and organic
matter contents.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted at Brgy. Guintas, Sigma, Capiz from ___________________ to
___________________ .

Definition of Terms

Chicken Manure refers to chicken excreta used as fertilizer.

Phosphorus Fertilizer refers for replenishing phosphorus in soil.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an ancient and well-known pulse crop that belongs
to family Papilionoideae.

Growth in this study, refers to the plant height and biomass of mungbean.

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 Immature Pods refers to to the green pods where the seeds are young and immature.

Legume is a type of plant (such as pea or bean plant) with seeds that grow in lone cases
called pods.

Mature Pods refers to the mature fruit or hard seed case of mungbean that usually splits
along two seams where the seeds are dry and intact.

Marketable Seeds refers to the fully developed and mature seeds used for economic
purposes.

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 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used in the study were: mungbean seeds, growing media, chicken manure,
phosphorus fertilizer, water sprinkler, seed boxes, sprayer, native plow and harrow, spade,
shovel, bolo, trowel, tape measure, meter stick, weighing scale, ballpen and record book.

Methods

Experimental Methods

Experimental treatments. This study was composed of four treatments in three

replications. These treatments included: Treatment A - Control (Garden Soil), Treatment B -
Chicken Manure, Treatment C - Phosphorus Fertilizer and Treatment D - Chicken Manure mixed
added by Phosphorus Fertilizer.

Experimental design and layout. After a thorough land preparation, the experimental area
was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). It was laid out by dividing the
area into three blocks to represent the three replications. Each block was divided into four plots
to accommodate the four treatments. Each plot or experimental unit had a dimension of 2 × 2
m. The experimental lay-out is shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. The experimental lay-out of the study in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with three replications per treatment.

Legend:

A - Control (Garden Soil)

B - Chicken Manure

C - Phosphorus Fertilizer

D - Chicken Manure + Phosphorus Fertilizer

Cultural Practices

Land Preparation. The experimental area was cleared by removing the weeds and
thoroughly prepared to soften the soil and to control the weeds. The field was plowed and
harrowed alternately to allow weeds to decay and weed seeds to germinate. Drainage canals
were constructed around the area to serve as outlet of excess water during heavy rains.

Germination Test. Seed germination test was done one week before planting using the seed
box method to determine the viability of seeds. Eight seeds for testing purposes was taken at
random from the stock.

The percentage of germination was computed using the formula below:

No. of seeds germinated
% germination = ---------------------------- × 100
No. of seeds sown
Planting of seedlings. The seedlings were planted in the experimental plot. The spacing
used was 30 × 50 cm. The seedlings were planted in erect position to a depth of about 3-4 cm.
After planting, the seeds were covered with soil to make the seeds safe from any disturbance.

Thinning and Replanting. Thinning of excess seedlings and replanting of missing hills were
done one week after planting. Thinning was done by pulling out excess plant from the hills
leaving only two vigorous plants. Replanting of missing hills was done using balled plants grown
in the border plots planted along the two sides of the experimental area.

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 Application of fertilizer. The plants were applied with complete (14-14-14) and urea (46-0-
0) fertilizers at the rate of 150-45-45 kg/ha. It was applied by ring method placed about 3 cm
away from the base of the mungbean plants then covered with fine soil.

Weeding and Cultivation. Weeding was done by hand pulling with the aid of hand trowel or
other equipment for cultivation the moment the weeds appeared on the plots. Weed
population was kept to the minimum during the entire duration of the experiment. Hilling up
was done using a hand trowel primarily to aerate the soil, conserve moisture, and control the
germinating weeds.

Control of Insect Pests and Diseases. Prompt control measures against insect pests and
diseases were done when they were attacking the plants. For preventive measures, plants were
sprayed with pesticides at one or two week interval.

Harvesting, Drying and Cleaning. Mungbean plants were harvested 90-120 days after
planting. Harvesting was done by pulling the whole plants. The pods were separated from the
plant annually right after harvesting. The matured pods were separated from the immature
ones. The harvested pods were placed in labeled bags. This was followed by sun drying of
unshelled pods for five days until the beans become loose within the pods. Shelling the pods
was done manually after drying.

Data gathering

Data on growth and yield were gathered from 8 sample plants take from the inner rows per
treatment and per replication.

Growth Parameters

The growth of mungbean plant was determined in terms of plant height and plant biomass.
From the harvestable area of each plot the eight sample plant were selected at random and
was labeled to determine the following parameters.

Plant Height of Mungbean (cm). This was determined two weeks after the application of
treatments by measuring the plant height of mungbean from the base at ground level to the tip
of the highest leaf with the use of tape measure. The height of the eight sample plants was
added and divided by eight to determine the mean height. Data gathering was done in two
weeks interval.

Biomass (kg). The sample plants used in the determination of plant height were also used in
determining the fresh biomass at harvest. Eight sample plants were hand pulled from each plot

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and placed in paper bag after washing with water and draining it before weighing. The total
fresh weight of the crops was measured by weighing the plants just before separating the pods
at harvest. The mean of the total fresh weight of eight sample plants was added and divided by
eight to determine the mean biomass.

Yield Parameters

The yield of mungbean was measured in terms of the number of pods per plant, weight of
seeds per plant (g), number of seeds per plant (g), number of seeds per pod, fresh weight of
pods per plant (g), dry weight of pods per plant (g) and weight of marketable seeds in tons per
hectare.

Number of pods per plant. This was determined by counting the total number of pods
from 8 sample plants per plot. To obtain the mean, the total number of pods from all sample
plants was divided by eight to get the average number of pods per plant.

Weight of seeds per plant (g). This was determined by weighing the seeds in kilogram per
plant with the use of a digital weighing scale. This was also taken from the 8 sample plants per
plot.

Number of seeds per pod. This was determined at harvest by counting the number of fully
developed seeds per pod. The pods of the eight sample plants from each plot were hulled to
determine the number of seeds per pods. The total number of seeds was divided by the
number of pods of all sample plants to get the average seed per pod.

Fresh weight of pods per plant (g). This was taken by weighing the mature and immature
pods from the samples plants using a digital weighing scale.

Dry weight of pods per plant (g). This was taken by weighing the pods of the eight sample
plants after drying for five days using a digital weighing scale.

Weight of marketable seeds in tons per hectare. This was determined by getting the
weight of the seeds of mungbean per plot and was converted to tons per hectare using the
formula:
Yield in kg/4 m² × 10,000 m² × 1,000 kg
Weight of marketable seeds (tons/ha) = ------------------------------------------
4 m²
Soil Sampling and Analysis. Collection of soil samples from each plot was taken just before
the application of chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer and at harvest. Pre-planting
composite samples were taken from the three blocks of the study. Each composite sample was

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composed of samples taken from the four treatment plots. The composite samples at harvest,
however, came from the four treatment plots combined from the three blocks. The soil samples
(one kg each) was analyzed in the soil laboratory at the DA (Department of Agriculture), Iloilo
City to determine the pH, N, P, K, and organic matter contents.

Statistical Tools and Analysis

All the data gathered from the study were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in
RCBD using F-test and was interpreted at 5% and 1% levels of significance. Mean differences
among treatments was determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.

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 REFERENCES

Ali, M. A., G. Abbas, Q. Mohy-ud-Din, K. Ullah, G. Abbas and M. Aslam. (2010). Response of Mungbean
(Vigna radiata) to

phosphatic fertilizer under arid Climate. The J. Anim. Plant Sci., 20(2): 83-86. Date Retrieved.
November 16, 2021

Kamara, A. Y., Ekeleme, F., Kwari, J. D., Omoigui, L. O. and Chikoye, D. (2011). Phosphorus effect on
growth and yield of

groundnut varieties in the tropical savanna of North Eastern Nigeria.Journal of Tropical

Africa49(2): 24 – 30.

Date Retrieved. November 16, 2021

Mogotsi, K. (2006). Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). In M. Brink & G. Belay (Eds.), PROTA 1: Cereals and
pulses/Cereals legumes, CD

-Rom (pp. 23–29). PROTA. Date Retrieved. November 10, 2021

Obispo, K. (2014). Philippine Agriculture. Slideshare. Date Retrieved. November 8, 2021

Sanders, A. (2017). Benefits of Chicken Manure. University of Florida: Poultry Manure as a Fertilizer and
Manure Matters: How

Manures Measure Up. https://www.gardenguides.com/89749-benefits-chicken-manure.html.

Date Retrieved.

November 14, 2021

Winch, T. (2006). Growing Food, Guideline to food production. Springer. Date Retrieved. November 10,
2021

Yin, Z., Guo, W., Xiao, H., Liang, J., Hao, X., Dong, N., et. al. (2018). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
fertilization to achieve

expected yield and improve yield components of mung bean. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0206285.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206285. Date Retrieved. November 11, 2021

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https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/02/18/mongo-mungbean-production/. Mongo (Mungbean
Production). Date Retrieved.

November 11, 2021

https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/food-drink/nutrition/health-benefits-of-mung-
beans/. Mung bean guide:

benefits, nutrition, protein & calories. Date Retrieved. November 12, 2021

https://www.tdfertilizermachinery.com/chicken-manure-fertilizer-production-line/. Chicken Manure

Fertilizer Production Line.

Date Retrieved. November 14, 2021

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