MODULE 6

A WORLD OF REGIONS

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the learning sessions, the student is able to:
a. identify perspectives in global stratification;
b. discuss the concept of global divide; and
c. review some historical antecedents relating to the understanding of the global divide.

INTRODUCTION

Across history, there have been many manifestations of stratification in different societies. Social stratification is
essentially the phenomenon of segregating, grouping, and ranking people based on differences in class, race, economic
status, and other categories. In earlier civilizations, we hear of nobilities and commoners, the lord and the peasant, and
many other social statuses and positions that embody hierarchy of power in a social system. These hierarchies, especially
when pushed toward the extremes, have often led to inequalities, wherein the group which possesses control over power
and resources are given much privilege at the expense of those who are deprived.

INPUTS
• A WORLD OF REGIONS: ASIA AND EUROPE IN THE AMERICAN IMPERIUM
IMPERIUM - a supreme power or absolute dominion and the right to command or to employ the force of the state

In this study of Asian and European regionalism, Peter Katzenstein claims that world politics is built around regions
that have been deeply influenced by the United States' postwar "imperium."

At the deepest level, these regions were given their distinctive shape by American power, global designs, and ties to
Germany and Japan -- and the economic and security institutions that these allies built in the shadow of the Cold War.
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political

divide.
• GLOBAL NORTH: United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and
New Zealand • GLOBAL SOUTH: African, Latin America, Asia (including the
Middle East)

GLOBAL NORTH

The North is home to all the members of the G8 and four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council.
The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the Second War.
The South largely corresponds with the Third World.
The North may be defined as the richer, more developed region.

GLOBAL SOUTH

The South as the poorer, less developed region, many more factors differentiate between the two global areas.
95% of the North have enough food and shelter.
The Global South “lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and
their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports.”
In economic terms, the North controls the four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the
world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North.

As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the “North”, regardless of geographical location.
Any nations that do not qualify for “developed” status are in effect deemed to be part of the “South”.

The Global South is a term that has been emerging in the transnational and postcolonial studies to refer to what may also
be called the “Third World”.
And can be called as “developing countries,” “less developed countries,” and “less developed region.” In general, it
refers to those countries’ “interconnected histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social
change through which large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained.
• How the “Third World” became the Global South: The Origins of the Third World
“Third World” was coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist, and economic historian
who compared it with the Third Estate, a concept that emerged in the context of the French Revolution. Most people
in the Third World, though rules by European colonies, lived far from global sources of economic, political, and
military power.
Opposition to domination by the First World (colonization) also grew through increasing migration and travel, including
that stimulated by the two World Wars.
Many troops who had participated in these wars, particularly on the allied side, were from what soon to be called the
Third World.

• GLOBAL CONCEPTION EMERGED FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Growth rate in Latin American countries have surprised many.
They have been continuously high for some years and promise to be so in the next period as well. Latin American’s
contributions are especially visible and relevant such as regionalism, security management, and Latin America’s
relations with the outside world.

• ASIAN REGIONALISM
Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning
In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly.
East Asian economies focused on exporting to developed country markets rather than selling to each other. The
Japanese economist Akamatsu, famously compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In these models,
economies moved in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar
paths.

• REGIONALISM vs GLOBALIZATION
Regionalism is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.
Example: The division of nation into states or provinces.
On the other hand, globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and technology.
As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the world, but
regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. As to market,
globalization allows many companies to trade on international level, so it allows free market but in regionalized
system, monopolies are likely to develop.
As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerate to multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement
of people but in regionalization does not support this.
As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural
disaster but a regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas.
As to technological advances, globalization has driven great advances in technology, but advanced technology is
rarely available in one country or region.

• FACTORS LEADING TO THE GREATER INTEGRATION OF THE ASIAN REGIONS

Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade
cooperation through common institutions and rules.
The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental.
Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental
decision-making, or a combination of both.
Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the
free movement of people, labor, goods and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed
conflict and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues.
Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same
region or economic zone.
In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have
increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff
barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

I. IMAGE CREATION
In a short bondpaper, make an image of global south and global north (based on your own understanding).
 MODULE 7
ASIAN REGIONALISM

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the learning sessions, the student is able to:
a. identify perspectives in global stratification;
b. discuss the concept of global divide; and
c. review some historical antecedents relating to the understanding of the global divide.

INTRODUCTION
The world today is rapidly transforming from a world of states into a world of regions and states; over the past
decade the role played by regions in both local and global governance has undergone transformations. Among the six
Asian leaders (or seven if you include Australia) who attended the London meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20) on April
2 was the chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations – the first time ASEAN had been accorded this recognition
in such a high-profile international forum. It was a telling indication of the increased importance of regional cooperation in
Asia.
Asia is not yet adopting a common approach to talking the ongoing global crisis – although neither, to be fair, is the
more established European Union (EU). But by helping to form a consensus among their members, Asia’s regional
groupings could help bridge the gap between national policies and global action, enabling them to tackle the global crisis
more effectively.
This essay compares Asian regionalism with Europe’s. It contrasts their differing approaches to regional
cooperation and integration and draws lessons for how they could address the global crisis and other common
challenges. INPUTS
Models of Regionalism
A common thread runs through the turbulent histories of Asia and Europe; the immerse dynamism and impressive
discoveries of their great civilizations have often been directed towards destruction and death. Fortunately, their collective
energies are now channeled more constructively – not least into closer regional cooperation that entrenches peace.
Regionalism has progressed much further in Europe than in Asia. The devastation wreaked by two world wars
convinced Europeans of the importance of working together to bind their economies and societies together. They realized
that by pooling their sovereignty with neighbors in certain areas they could achieve more than by acting alone. By drafting
common rules, promoting close coordination among national authorities, and developing strong regional institutions that
advance economic integration, the EU has generated huge economic gains and sharply narrowed the income gap among
member countries. EU governments also cooperate closely in foreign and security policy, as well as in justice and home
affairs.
The milestones in Europe’s economic integration are the creation of a customs union, followed by a single market,
and then a common currency. Very broadly speaking, after adopting a common trade policy, European countries agreed to
the free movement of goods, labor and services, then progressively liberalized their capital accounts, and more closely
coordinated their monetary and exchange-rate policies before introducing the euro in 1999. Thus, the integration of
production and trade preceded – was a precondition for – financial and monetary integration.
The EU now has an extensive institutional structure and a large regional bureaucracy centered in Brussels, its
administrative capital. The European Commission, Council of Ministers, Court of Justice, Parliament and other EU
institutions employ more than 60,000 eurocrats, while EU governments’ very large permanent delegations in Brussels act
as strategically important extensions of national ministries and agencies.
Regionalism in Asia had developed rather differently. Regional integration had been driven more by markets than
by governments. Cooperation among national authorities is more recent and less intimate. It remains focused on economic
issues (with some social components) and light on formal institutions. For now, it involves no political ambitions, although
ASEAN has an advanced security dialogue with several Asian and non-Asian partners.
Asia’s pragmatic and flexible approach to regionalism is partly dictated by history. Asian countries are little inclined
to compromise their independence by pooling sovereignty with their neighbors, not least because several Asian nation
states have only recently emerged from colonialism and need first to build their national identities.
Despite its current problems, the EU is often considered to be gold standard for countries working together for
peace and prosperity. While there are many types of regionalism in the world – the North America has NAFTA, South
America has Mercosur, Australia and New Zealand have Closer Economic Relations – Asia is seen as a latecomer.

Value chains spread to Asia

In the first phase, the final products of these value chains were primarily sold to U.S., European and Japanese
markets. However, ever since the 2008 Lehman shock and the subsequent financial crisis, there has been an acceleration
of regional integration. China, in particular, became a more active trading and investment partner of all Asian countries.
 With the rising purchasing power of Asia’s middle class, Asia’s value chains are now increasingly servicing Asian
consumers. Today, some 40% of East Asian trade takes place within the region, compared with 30% two decades ago. In
Europe, the percentage of trade that is conducted within the region already amounts to 69%. The goal for East Asia
should be to move dynamically into the same percentage range.
Given the current level, that would require at least a 50% increase in the share of regional trade. That seems
entirely feasible, given the growth and population dynamics of the wider region. Consider also that this by no means
implies any “decoupling” from other global markets, or specifically the U.S. market.
It just foreshadows a trading world where Asia completes the process from initially being an outsourcing
destination for multinational corporations to becoming the key growth driver of the global economy. Such a broadening of
Asian nations’ trade portfolio would be a win-win situation for Asia.

Comparing Models
The European example shows that such an intensification of trade within the region also has important spillover
effects into fields other than trade. Doing business with each other ultimately is the best instrument with which to build
what most of Asia seems to strive for – better neighborly relations. Trade ultimately is the best confidence-building
measure.
Compared to the model Europe pursued, Asia has had the distinct advantage that it did not put the cart before the
horse. Its regionalism has been market-led–and thus started out with emphasizing the right path for creating the basis for
shared prosperity in the region. Unlike in Europe, Asian governments have arguably followed, rather than led, this process.
That does not mean, however, that governments don’t have an important role to play. One concrete example
where they can achieve something transformative is discussions of a possible FTA between China, Japan and Korea that
have been underway for some time.
Another example concerns relations between South Korea and Vietnam. The two nations, very much on opposite
ends militarily during the Vietnam War, are now slated to sign a bilateral free trade agreement by year’s end. Asian and
European representatives attending the G20 London Summit
❖ APEC = Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
❖ ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nation
❖ ASEM = Asia-Europe Meeting
❖ EAS = East Asia Summit
❖ EU = European Union
Asia’s economic integration has been largely driven by the development of increasingly sophisticated production
networks that span the region and enable companies to benefit from each country’s comparative advantages, through an
articulated regional division of labor. As industries have been transferred from advanced economies to developing ones,
the production of manufactured goods has been fragmented across the region. This, in turn, has generated a huge
expansion of intraregional trade in parts and components. But since Asia’s exports of final goods mostly go to the United
States and Europe, closer regional connections have gone in hand with greater global ties.
The catalyst for the recent enhancement of regional cooperation in Asia was the 1997/8 financial crisis. This
created a greater awareness of the region’s shared interests and vulnerabilities. In particular, it created a greater need for
financial cooperation – prompting the establishment of the ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers’ Process and several related
structures such as the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Market Initiative – at an earlier stage of integration than in
Europe. The emergence of Asian regionalism also reflects the region’s disappointment with the way of International
Monetary Fund
handled the 1997/8 crisis/
Asia does not yet have a single market in goods and services, although bilateral and subregional trade
agreements have multiplied in recent years. This is in part driven by the stalling of the World Trade Organization’s Doha
Round, but also by the proliferation of preferential trade agreements around the world. Even so, Asia’s regionalism
remains outward-oriented – focused on supporting market relationships rather than supplanting them on sustaining it
openness to global markets.
Asia lacks strong regional institutions and a bureaucratic body to serve the region. Unlike in Europe, regional
treaties tend to be short and focused on codifying informal interactions among members rather than introducing a complex
set of binding rules, and related sanctions. Asia’s few regional institutions are small and lean, with a limited mandate from
national authorities to manage external shocks, internalize regional spillovers, and provide effective regional public goods.
Whereas European regionalism is dominated by the EU, Asian regionalism is based on may overlapping subregional
organizations that cooperate to varying degrees in different areas and provide a solid backbone to connect markets and
people.
The criteria for admission to the EU are quite clear – democracy, a market economy, and the transposition into
national law of EU laws and regulations (the acquis Communautaire). Compliance with these rules can be monitored fairly
objectively. Candidate countries must also be approved by a consensus of existing EU member states. In the case of
Asian regional bodies, however, it is difficult to identify an unambiguous set of rules governing membership issues, as
they are generally based on ad hoc decisions by political leaders.
Facing the Future
Asia’s boon: Diversity
 Asia is undoubtedly more diverse than Europe – whether in terms of level of development (from rich Singapore to
very poor Laos), politics (from democracy to dictatorship and everything between), economics (free markets to state
capitalism and more), or religion (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Shintoism and more). In fact, diversity is the
very definition of Asia.
But this diversity has not stopped Asian countries from working together for prosperity and peace. And over time,
market-led regionalism has proven its value and is now progressively becoming more institutionalized.
The evidence to date suggests that Asia’s experience in regionalism has been very successful. Almost seven
decades ago, in the midst of the Cold War, no one could have imagined Asian countries working together as they are
doing today.
Asia’s regionalism is most certainly a work-in-progress, but it is progressing step-by-step. And while it showed the
European Union the importance of basing regionalism on the private sector as a driving force, Asia can now take a
decisive step forward by emulating Europe’s past focus on governments working with each other to overcome the
specters of the past.

A Unified Korea
For centuries before the division, the peninsula was a single, unified
Korea, ruled by generations of dynastic kingdoms. Occupied by Japan after
the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and formally annexed five years later,
Korea chafed under Japanese colonial rule for 35 years—until the end
of World War II, when its division into two nations began.
“The catalyzing incident is the decision that was made—really,
without the Koreans involved—between the Soviet Union and the United
States to divide Korea into two occupation zones,” says Michael Robinson,
professor emeritus of East Asian Studies and History at Indiana University,
who has written extensively on both modern Korea and its explains. “The
history. trouble was that the Cold War intervened. And everything
that was tried to create a middle ground or to try to reunify
Why was Korea Divided? the peninsula is thwarted by both the Soviet Union and the
In August 1945, the two allies “in name only” (as Robinson United States not wanting to give in to the other.”
puts it) divided control over the Korean Peninsula. Over the
next three years (1945-48), the Soviet Army and its proxies (Map of the Korean peninsula including North and South Korea. (Credit:
set up a communist regime in the area north of latitude 38˚ Filo/Getty Images)
N, or the 38th parallel. South of that line, a military
government was formed, supported directly by the United
States.
While the Soviet policies were widely popular with the bulk of
the North’s laborer and peasant population, most
middle-class Koreans fled south of the 38th parallel, where
the majority of the Korean population resides today.
Meanwhile, the U.S.-supported regime in the South clearly
favored anti
communist, rightist elements, according to Robinson. Syngman Rhee,
“The ultimate objective was for the Soviet Union and the President of Korea, meeting with General Matthew B. Ridgway. (Credit:
United States to leave, and let the Koreans figure it out,” he Bettmann Archives/Getty Images)

In 1948, the United States called for a United Nation-sponsored vote for all Koreans to determine the future of the
peninsula. After the North refused to participate, the South formed its own government in Seoul, led by the strongly anti
communist Syngman Rhee.
The North responded in kind, installing the former communist guerrilla Kim Il Sung as the first premier of the
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the capital of Pyongyang.

Korean War
The Korean War (1950-53), which killed at least 2.5 million
people, did
little to resolve the question of which regime represented the “true”
Korea. It did,
however, firmly establish the United States as the permanent bête noire
of North
Korea, as the U.S. military bombed villages, towns and cities across the
northern
half of the peninsula.
 “They leveled the country,” Robinson says. “They destroyed every city.”
The armistice that ended that conflict in 1953 left the peninsula divided much as
before, with a demilitarized zone (DMZ) running roughly along the 38th parallel.
Unlike another Cold War-era separation, between East and West
Germany, there has been extremely little movement across the DMZ between
North and South Korea since 1953. Robinson describes the
The DMZ line at the demilitarized zone between South and North Korea,
border as “hermetically sealed,” which helps to explain the
1990. (Credit: Kurita KAKU/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)
drastically different paths the two nations have taken, and
the continuing divide between them.

Hermit Kingdom

With continuing strong ties to the West (and an ongoing U.S. military presence), South Korea developed a robust
economy, and in recent decades has made steps toward becoming a fully democratic nation.
Meanwhile, North Korea remained an isolated “hermit kingdom”—particularly after the collapse of the Soviet bloc
in the early 1990s—and economically underdeveloped, as well as a virtual police state ruled by a single family for three
generations.
The North’s dedicated efforts to develop a nuclear program have also greatly heightened tensions with South
Korea and its allies, particularly the United States.

Korea Today
Despite recent efforts at diplomacy under South Korea’s new president, Moon Jae-in, the stark differences
between the two Koreas were on full display in the run-up to the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Even as South Koreans
began welcoming athletes from around the world to the Winter Games, Kim Jong Un’s regime in the North put on a
military parade in Pyongyang’s historic Kim Il Sung square.
As CNN reported, four of the country’s newest missiles, the Hwasong-15, were on display in the parade as Kim
watched from a balcony, then spoke about the evils of imperialism.
Appropriately, the parade commemorated the day Kim’s grandfather, Kim Il Sung, formed the Korean People’s
Army (KPA) in 1948—a fateful year in the history of Korea’s division.
“Starting in 1948, there are two established state organizations run by Koreans, each claiming to be the legitimate
leaders of the people of the whole nation,” Robinson says. “And frankly, nothing’s changed since then.”

ACTIVITY
Read the article on “A Unified Korea” until “Korea Today” (https://www.history.com/news/north-south-korea-divided
reasons-facts) and write a 200 word essay on your learnings on the article.

References:
https://www.theglobalist.com/regionalism-asia-style/
https://www.history.com/news/north-south-korea-divided-reasons-facts
The Contemporary World by Jaime Gutierrez-Ang; page 68-75
MODULE 8
A WORLD OF IDEAS

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the learning sessions, the student is able to:
a. analyze how media drive various forms of global integration;
b. explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production;
c. explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs; analyze the relationship between religion and
global conflict and, conversely, global peace;
d. identify the attributes of a global city; analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization; and participate in the
outcomes based activities in every learning sessions.

INPUTS
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
The media have a very important impact on cultural globalization in two mutually interdependent ways:
1. The media provide an extensive transnational transmission of cultural products
2. They contribute to the formation of communicative networks and social structures
The rapidly growing supply of media products from an international media culture presents a challenge to existing local
and national cultures.
Global media cultures create continuous cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such as identity, nationality,
religion, behavioral norms and way of life. Global media promote a restructuring of cultural and social communities.
Global media support the creation of new communities. Media cultures take part in the process of globalization,
 including how they challenge existing cultures and create new and alternative symbolic and cultural communities.

THREE FACTORS THAT HAVE AFFECTED THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 1. Improvements in
transportation and communication technology have reduced the cost of transporting goods, services, and factors
of production and communicating economically useful knowledge and technology. 2. Tastes of individuals and
societies have generally but not universally, favored taking advantage of the opportunities provided by declining
costs of transportation and communication through increasing economic integration
3. The character and pace of economic integration have been significantly influenced by public policies, although it
is not always in the direction of increasing economic integration.

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
The relation of religion to globalization:
1. The way in which globalization flattens out cultural differences, erodes local customs and beliefs, and spreads a
secular, capitalist way of life that us at odds with religions of all sorts.
2. There is the way in which religion serves as the source of globalization’s greatest resistance and as a haven for
those standing in opposition
The relationship between religion and globalization is antagonistic – one of struggle and conflict. Religion and
globalization can also be seen as partners in historical change. In times past, religion has been a carrier of globalizing
tendencies in the world. The history of Christianity can be understood in part as an early effort to create a global
network of believers. Its extraordinary growth ad influence as a world religion was a result of a link between its own
global ambitions and the expansion of various political and economic regimes.
Elements of this historical pattern can be found in Buddhism, Islam, and other faiths as well.

GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND BELIEFS

Evolving trade routes led to the colonization of the Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Religion became an
integral part of colonization and later on globalization.
Religion has been a major feature in some historical conflicts and the most recent wave of modern terrorism.

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION

✓ Flattens cultural differences
✓ Erodes local customs and beliefs
✓ Spreads secular, capitalist way of life

WHAT IS RELIGION NOWADAYS?

✓ It’s no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by reflection
✓ It’s a symbolic system which carries out identity and marks out social/ethic and other boundaries
✓ It marks crucial moments in the life cycle with rituals
✓ It provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension
Religion, much more than the culture, has the most difficult relationship with globalism. These two has contrasting belief
systems.
Differences between Religious people and Globalists
RELIGION GLOBALISM

❑ is concerned with the sacred ❑ places value on material wealth.

❑ Follows divine commandment (Rom. 12:2) ❑ ❑ Abides human-made laws
Assumes that there is “the possibility of
communication between humans and the
transcendent.”

❑ Less concerned with wealth and all that
comes along with it (higher social status, a
standard of living, top-of-the-line education)
❑ They are ascetics precisely because they
shun anything material for complete
simplicity – from the clothes they wear, to
the food they eat, and even to the manner
in which they talk
❑ Less worried about whether they end up in heaven or hell. ❑
Skills are more important as they aim to seal trade deals, raise
the profits of private enterprises, improve government revenue
collections, protect the elites from being excessively taxed by
the state, and enrich themselves.
❑ Sees ones’ work as contributing to the general progress of
the community, the nation, and the global economic system.
 ❑ Main duty is to live a virtuous, sinless life
such that when he/she dies, he is assured
of a place in the other world (i.e., heaven)
❑ Aspires to become a saint
❑ Detest politics and quest for power
❑ Religious evangelization is in itself a form of
globalization
❑ Concerned with spreading holy ideas globally
❑ Trains to be a shrewd businessperson
❑ Values politics and quest for power as both means and ends
to open up further economies of the world
❑ Largely focused on the realm of markets
❑ Wishes to spread goods and services

ACTIVITY:
A. Write a term paper about the globalization of religion.
“Globalization of Religion: A _____________ (your religion) Perspective”

MODULE 9
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

The world population is World Population has reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011. It is projected to reach 8
billion in 2023, 9 billion in 2037, and 10 billion people in the year 2055. It has doubled in 40 years from 1959 (3 billion) to
1999 (6 billion). It is currently (2020) growing at a rate of around 1.05 % per year, adding 81 million people per year to the
total.
World population a tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution: whereas it had taken all of human
history up to the year 1800 for world population to reach 1 billion, the second billion was achieved in only 130 years (1930),
the third billion in 30 years (1960), the fourth billion in 15 years (1974), the fifth billion in 13 years (1987), the sixth billion in
12 years (1999) and the seventh billion in 12 years (2011). During the 20th century alone, the population in the world has
grown from 1.65 billion to 6 billion.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of module 6, students are expected to:
1. Identify the attributes of a global city.
2. Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization.
3. Analyze the present global population.
4. Explain the demographic transition as it affects global population.
5. Assess an article concerning global transition and migration.

INPUTS
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

Population in the world is currently (2020) growing at a

rate of around 1.05% per year (down from 1.08% in 2019,
1.10% in 2018, and 1.12% in 2017). The current average
population increase is estimated at 81 million people per
year.
Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late
1960s, when it was at around 2%. The rate of increase has
nearly halved since then and will continue to decline in the
coming years. The latest world population projections
indicate that the world population will reach 10 billion
persons in the year 2055 and 11 billion in the year 2088.

The Philippines, with a very small land

area
compared to other countries in number 13 among
the top
20 countries with largest population.
 World population will therefore continue to grow in
the 21st century, but at a much slower rate compared to
the recent past.

GLOBAL MOBILITY
Global mobility is the flow or movement of people
from one place to another around the world. The main
purpose of migration is to find work or employment.

Trends in Global Mobility

The IOM’s (International Organization for
Migration) Global migration trends Factsheet presents a
snapshot of the major migration trends worldwide for the
year 2015 based on statistics from a variety of sources.
In 2015, the number of international migrants
worldwide – people residing in a country other than their country of birth – was the highest ever recorded, having reached
244 million. As a share of the world population, however, international migration has remained fairly constant over the past
decades, at around 3%. While female migrants constitute only 48 % of the international migrant stock worldwide, and 42 %
in Asia, women make up the majority of international migrants in Europe (52.4%) and North America (51.2%).
South–South migration flows (across developing countries) continued to grow compared to South–North
movements (from developing to developed countries). In 2015, 90.2 million international migrants born in developing
countries were living in other countries in the Global South, while 85.3 million born in the South lived in countries in the
Global North.
Germany became the second most popular destination for international migrants globally, following the United
States (46.6 million) and preceding the Russian Federation (11.9 million), with an estimated 12 million foreign born residing
in the country in 2015. As a proportion of the host country’s population, numbers of international migrants continue to be
highest in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The foreign-born population makes up 88.4% of the total population in
the United Arab Emirates, 75.7% in Qatar and 73.6% in Kuwait.
Close to 1 in 5 migrants in the world live in the top 20 largest cities, according to IOM’s World Migration Report
2015. International migrants make up over a third of the total population in cities like Sydney, Auckland, Singapore and
London. At least one in four residents in Amsterdam (Netherlands), Frankfurt (Germany) and Paris (France) is
foreign-born.
The year 2015 saw the highest levels of forced displacement globally recorded since World War II, with a dramatic
increase in the number of refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced people across various regions of the world –
from Africa to the Middle East and South Asia. The world hosted 15.1 million refugees by mid-2015. This is a 45 %
increase compared to three and a half years ago, largely due to continued conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, now well
into its fifth year. Some five million people were newly displaced in the first half of 2015 alone.
In 2015, Germany also became the largest single recipient of first-time individual asylum claims globally, with
almost 442,000 applications lodged in the country by the end of the year.
The number of asylums claims worldwide almost doubled between 2014 and the first half of 2015, from 558,000 pending
applications by the end of 2014 to almost 1 million in June 2015. This figure continued to increase, rising to about 3.2
million pending asylum applications globally by the end of the 2015.
By the end of 2015, the EU as a whole received over 1.2 million first-time asylum claims, more than double the
number registered in 2014 (563,000), and almost double the levels recorded in 1992 in the then 15 Member States
(672,000 applications). The increase in 2015 is largely due to higher numbers of asylum claims from Syrians, Afghans and
Iraqis.
Almost 1 in 3 first-time asylum applicants in the EU were minors, an 11 % increase compared to 2014 levels.
Almost 1 in 5 of these were judged to be unaccompanied by national authorities – the highest number since 2008 and a
three-fold increase on numbers registered in 2014.
Still, the vast majority of refugees continue to be hosted by developing countries, particularly those that are close
to the refugees’ countries of origin. For example, the bulk of the Syrian refugee population is hosted by Turkey (2.2 million),
Lebanon (1.2 million) and Jordan (almost 630,000), according to figures recorded in December 2015.
Also, most forced displacement globally still occurs within countries’ borders, with an estimated 38 million people
internally displaced by conflict and violence at the end of 2014 – from Iraq to South Sudan, from Syria to the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and Nigeria.
The year 2015 was also the deadliest year for migrants: increased levels of forced displacement globally were
tragically accompanied by record-high numbers of people perishing or going missing while trying to cross
international borders. Over 5,400 migrants worldwide are estimated to have died or gone missing in 2015. According to
IOM’s Missing Migrants project, migrant fatalities during migration to Europe increased by 15 % compared to the previous
year, reaching at least 3,770.
From 2014 to 2015, a major and sudden shift in routes of irregular migration by sea to Europe occurred. About
853,000 migrants arrived in Greece in 2015, compared to 34,400 in 2014. Almost 154,000 arrived in Italy in 2015,
compared to 170,100 in 2014.
In 2015, the number of voluntary returns of migrants (including failed asylum-seekers and others) from EU
countries was for the first time higher than the number of forced returns (81,681 compared to 72,473). The number of
IOM-assisted voluntary returns from EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland in 2015 reached almost 56,000.
New estimates for the number of migrant workers globally show that the large majority of international migrants in
the world are migrant workers. Migrants have higher labor force participation than non-migrants, particularly due to higher
labor force participation rates for migrant women relative to non-migrant women.
Remittances continue to climb globally, while remittance-sending costs remain relatively high. The sum of financial
remittances sent by international migrants back to their families in origin countries amounted to an estimated $601 billion in
2015 – over two thirds of which were sent to developing countries. In Tajikistan remittances constituted over 40 % of the
country’s GDP. However, average remittance transfer costs were still at 7.5 % of the amount sent in the third quarter of
2015, higher than the 3 % minimum target set in the Sustainable Development Goals to be met by 2030. Remittance
transfer costs are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa – now standing at 9.5 % on average.
Finally, public opinion towards migration globally is more favorable than commonly perceived – with the notable
exception of Europe, according to an IOM-Gallup report “How the World Views Migration”. The report is based on a Gallup
poll conducted across over 140 countries between 2012 and 2014.

FACTORS INFLUENCING MIGRATION AND POPULATION MOVEMENTS

• Socio-political, economic and ecological factors are the main forces driving migration.
• Rising communal violence world-wide, often as a result of ethnic or religious intolerance, has led to increased levels
of migration.
• Economic disparity between developing and developed economies encourages the movement of skilled labor from
the former to the latter. Temporary migration visas allow for an increase in the rate of circular migration. • Changes in
the ecological environment have the potential to worsen food and water resources may push people to migrate to
countries where these resources are more readily available.

Fertility, mortality, and migration all influence the size of a society’s population. Poorer countries tend to grow
almost completely from internal causes (for example: high birth rates due to the absence if reliable contraception), while
richer countries tend to grow from both internal causes and migration. Demographers determine a population’s natural
growth rate by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. The world’s low-growth nations tend to be more
industrialized, such as United States and Europe. The high-growth countries tend to be less industrialized, such as Africa
and Latin America.
Companies need a global workforce and global mobility, now more than ever. They are sending an increasing
number of people abroad, in a wider variety of roles, for many reasons: to prepare for and respond to opportunities in
global production; to promote research, development and innovation; and to improve customer sales, service,
and growth. At the same time, global market uncertainty is putting companies under tremendous cost pressure.
That makes it imperative for leaders to carefully manage their global mobility investments – and to realize and appropriate
return on them.
GLOBAL MOBILITY: A WIN-WIN FOR YOU AND YOUR EMPLOYER

Global mobility is on the rise, and many employees want a passport filled with foreign-nation stamps to bolster
personal growth and career development. Increasingly, they are seeking expatriate, commuter, rotational or other
alternative assignments to build their resumes. International assignments are a great career development tool and, at the
same time, help organizations address talent shortages, close skill gaps and accelerate.
No company wants to send talent around the globe without purpose. But for those organizations that do have
multinational operations, increasing the availability of international assignments can help draw talent to the organization
and secure the talent already in place – all while providing individuals with new skills, opportunities for international travel,
new challenges and the experience needed to progress their careers, business growth – making it a win for both parties.
The trend is riding a global wave. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, the UAE and Qatar, are
emerging as talent hot spots, driven by shifting economic growth. By 2025, the Gross Domestic Product of Shanghai and
Beijing will be larger than Los Angeles and London, yet global companies operating in China already find it difficult to find
and retain talent.
A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be
an important node in the global economic systems. The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea
that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according
to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.
Characteristics
Although criteria are variable and fluid, typical characteristics of world cities are:
• A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy,
and marketing.
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations
 • The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions •
Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
• Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
• Centers of media and communications for global networks
• Dominance of the national region with great international significance
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
• High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student attendance, and
research facilities
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country •
Typically, high diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies

According to Greig Charnock, a global city is an urban center that enjoys significant advantages and that serves
as a hub within a globalized economic system. The terms have its origins in research on cities carried out during the
1980s, which examined the common characteristics of the world’s most important cities. However, with increased
attention being paid to processes of globalization during subsequent years, these world cities came to be known as global
cities. Lined with globalization was the idea of spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cities were becoming key loci
within global networks of production, finance, and telecommunications. In some formulations of the global city thesis,
then, such cities are seen as the building blocks of globalization. Simultaneously, these cities were becoming newly
privileged sites of local politics within the context of a broader project to reconfigure state institutions.
Global Power City Index
The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation in Tokyo issued a comprehensive study of
global cities in 2018. They are ranked based on six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction,
livability, environment, and accessibility, with 70 individual indicators among them. The top ten world cities are also ranked
by subjective categories including manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident.
Global Power City top 10:
1. London 5. Singapore
2. New York City 3. Tokyo 6. Amsterdam GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
4. Paris 7. Seoul 9. Hong Kong 10. Sydney
8. Berlin

According to David E. Bloom and David Canning, in the past 50 years, the world accelerated its transition out of
long-term demographic stability. As infant and child mortality rates fell, populations began to soar. In most countries, this
growth led to falling fertility rates. Although fertility has fallen, the population continues to increase because of population
momentum; it will eventually level off. In the meantime, demographic change has created a 'bulge' generation, which today
appears in many countries as a large working-age population. This cohort will eventually become a large elderly
population, in both developed and developing countries. Population growth has been the subject of great debate among
economists and demographers. Until recently, most have agreed on a middle ground, in which population growth per se
has no effect on economic growth. New evidence suggests that changes in the age structure of populations - in particular,
a rising ratio of working-age to non-working-age individuals - leads to the possibility of more rapid economic growth, via
both accounting and behavioral effects. The experiences of east Asia, Ireland and sub-Saharan Africa all serve as
evidence of the effect of demographic change on economic growth (or lack thereof). Both internal migration (from rural to
urban areas) and international migration complicate this picture. The overall implications of population growth for policy lie
in the imperative for investments in health and education, and for sound policies related to labor, trade and retirement.
Understanding future trends is essential for the development of good policy. Demographic projections can be quite
reliable, but huge uncertainties - in the realms of health, changes in human life span, scientific advances, migration, global
warming and wars - make overall predictions extremely uncertain.
TRANSNATIONALISM AND MIGRATION
The meaning of transnational varies but generally center on exchanges connections and practices across borders,
thus transcending the national space as the primary reference point for activities and identities. With respect to migration,
being connected to several places at once – or “being neither here nor there” – has long been a defining feature of the
experience of being a migrant. Leading transnational, multi-sited lives means that exchanges and interactions across
boarders are a regular and sustained part of migrants’ realities and activities. These exchanges may take the form of
ideas, values and practices, as well as political mobilization and economic contributions.
Transnationalism creates a greater degree of connection between individuals, communities and societies across
borders, bringing about changes in the social, cultural, economic, and political landscapes of societies of origin and
destination. The challenge for policymakers is to look beyond national borders in analyzing the scope, purpose and impact
of their policies. Cross-border connections between societies resulting from migration necessitate the formulation and
implementation of appropriate policy interventions by States. The reason for this, firstly, is that migration policies in a
transnational context are likely to produce an impact outside the domestic sphere for which they are primarily intended.
Secondly, the success or failure of those policies will also be determined, to varying extents, by realities that lie beyond a
single country’s borders.

ACTIVITY:
A. Travel Write: In not less than 300 words, write a travel essay on your favorite vacation place. B. Picture
Travel Blog: Make a collage of your most memorable travel and a write a blog on this unforgettable
experience.

REFERENCES:
❑ World Population Prospect: the 2019 Revision - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (June 2019)
❑ International Programs Center at the U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division
❑ https://www.worldometers.info
❑ Global Migration Trends Factsheet, 2015, http://gmdac.iom.int/global-migration-trends-factsheet
❑ https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization
❑ The Contemporary World by Jaime Gutierrez-Ang; page 91-121