TME2134 Tutorial Slides

Lecture Summary (11 August)
Summary of Lecture on 11 August

• For a Newtonian fluid, if the local velocity gradient du/dy
is known, the shear stress can be determined using
du
  (2.2.4)
dy
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS1-1

Tutorials
Fluid Shear Stress
du
 
dy
• u = constant; u is not a function of y:

du
0   0
dy
• u is a function of y:
du
0   0
dy
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-2

 Flow Between Parallel Plates:
• No-slip conditions on top and bottom walls:

(i) u = 0 at y = 0
(ii) u = V at y = h
• Linear velocity profile:
y
u V (2.2.5)
h
• Uniform shear stress across gap:
du V
   (2.2.6)
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
dy h LS1-3
2.2.9 Flow Between Parallel Plates
Maurice Couette
• Fluid at bottom experiences equal and opposite shear

force to the left
• Note: flow is also called a Couette flow
Tutorial 1, Problem 1
As shown in Figure P1, a thin flat plate is sandwiched between
two parallel plates. The thin flat plate is separated from the top
stationary plate by a constant gap h1 filled with a fluid of
viscosity 1. A constant gap h2 filled with another fluid of
viscosity 2 separates the thin flat plate from the bottom flat
plate moving to the left at a velocity of 2V. The contact area
between the thin flat plate and each fluid is A. Determined in
terms of the given quantities
(i) the force F required to pull the thin flat plate to the right
at a velocity of V.
(ii) the location in the fluid of viscosity 2 where the fluid
velocity is zero.

Figure P1

Tutorials
• Shear stress experienced by fluid with viscosity 1:

du  0 V  1V
1  1  1  
dy  h1  h1
• Wall shear stress acting on upper surface of thin flat plate:

V
 u  1  1
h1 T-7
Tutorials
• Shear stress experienced by fluid with viscosity 2:
du  V   2V   32V
 2  2  2  
dy  h2  h2
• Wall shear stress acting on lower surface of thin flat plate:
32V
l   2 
h2
• Total force on plate:
 1 32 
F   u   l  A  AV   
 h1 h2 
• To locate where u = 0, use similar
triangles:
2V V

h h2  h
2h2
h 3
Tutorials
As shown in Figure P4, a thin film of liquid of viscosity  and
density  flows under the action of gravity down a wide plate
inclined at an angle  = 30 with respect to the horizontal. The
velocity distribution of the liquid film is given by
2
u  y  y
 A   B    C
V h h
where h is the film thickness and V is the surface velocity.
Assume that the shear stress is zero on the film’s free surface y =
h.
(i) Determine the values of A, B and C.
(ii) Obtain an expression for V in terms of the other given
quantities.
(iii) Determine the magnitude and direction of the shear stress
that the liquid film exerts on the fixed inclined plate.

Tutorials
Figure P4

Tutorials
Part (i)
• Velocity distribution of liquid film:
2
u  y  y
 A   B    C
V h h
• Need 3 conditions to solve for 3 unknowns: A, B and C:
(a) At y  0, u  0:
2
0  A  0  B  0  C
C 0
(b) At y  h , u  V :
2
V h h
1 A   B    A  B
V h h
 A B 1 (4.1)

Tutorials
• Velocity gradient:
du   2y  B 
 V  A   
dy 2
 h  h
du du
(c) At y  h ,     0 . Since   0 ,  0:
dy dy
2 B
A    0
h h
2A  B  0 (4.2)
• (4.2) – (4.1) yields:

A  1
• Substituting A  1 into (4.1):

B2

Tutorials
• Hence, the velocity distribution of the liquid film is given by:
2
u  y  y
    2 
V h h
Part (ii)

Tutorials
• Consider a column of liquid of thickness h, of width a parallel to
the inclined direction and of unit thickness into the plane of the
page. The layers of liquid parallel to the inclined plane, albeit
having different velocities, are not accelerating. The net force
acting on this column of liquid must thus be zero.
• Considering equilibrium of forces on this column of liquid:

Tutorials
• The weight of this column of fluid is W, whereas the shear
stresses  along the bottom surface of the liquid column (due to
the inclined solid surface) act along a direction which resist the
flow of the liquid down the incline.
• Shear stress:
du
 
dy
du V   y 
2 1   h  
dy h   
V   y 
  2 1   h  
h   
• Wall shear stress at y = 0:

2 V

h
Tutorials
• For equilibrium, the component of weight acting parallel to the
incline must be balanced by the shearing force developed
along the plate surface y = 0.
• Equilibrium of forces along direction parallel to incline:
W sin     a 1
2 Va
Mg sin  
h
2 Va
g sin  
h
where  is the volume of the column of liquid
2 Va
  h  a 1 g sin  
h
 gh 2 sin 
V
2

Tutorials
• For   30,
 gh 2 sin 30  gh 2
V 
2 4
gh 2
V
4
where  =/ is the kinematic viscosity
Part (iii)

Tutorials
• Solid inclined plate exerts a shear stress on fluid indicated by
blue arrows. By Newton’s Third Law, fluid exerts an equal and
opposite shear stress on surface of solid inclined plate
indicated by green arrows. Direction of shear stress acting on
plate is thus parallel to plate and down the incline.
• Magnitude of shear stress:
2 V

h
2    gh 2 sin  
  
h  2 

   gh sin 
• For   30 ,
 gh

2

• Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Submerged Surfaces

Resultant hydrostatic force:
Magnitude:
FR  PC A   ghC A
FR   gyC sin  A
PC: pressure at centroid
Line of action:
Resultant hydrostatic
force FR passes through
center of pressure (CP)
I xx,C
yP  yC 
yC A
Tutorials
Figure P3 shows a semi-circular gate AB hinged at B and held by
a horizontal force P applied at A. Determine the force P required
for equilibrium.
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I Figure P3 T-21

Tutorials
• Hydrostatic pressure increases linearly with depth
• Pressure forces act inwards and normal to the solid surface:

Tutorials
• Replace parallel system of hydrostatic pressure forces acting
on gate with a single resultant force FR:

Tutorials
• To find magnitude of resultant hydrostatic force  locate the
centroid C:
hC  yC sin 
hC  yC sin 90
hC  yC

Tutorials
• Geometric properties of a semi-circle:
• Depth of centroid C:
 4R 
hC   H  R  m
 3 
 4  5 
hC   8  5  m
 3 
hC  10.88 m
Tutorials
• Area of semicircle:
 R2
A
2
• Magnitude of hydrostatic force acting on semicircle:
 4 R    R 2
FR   g  H  R    
 3   2 
 4  5     52 
FR  1000  9.81  8  5    
 3   2 
FR  4.191106 N

Tutorials
• Resultant hydrostatic force does not pass through centroid C
• Resultant hydrostatic force passes through center of pressure
CP which is deeper than centroid C
hP  yP sin 
hP  yP sin 90
hP  yP

Tutorials
• Second moment of area about x-axis (horizontal axis) passing
through centroid C:
I xx,C  0.1098 R 4

Tutorials
• Location (depth) of center of pressure CP:
I xx,C
hP  yP  yC 
yC A
yC  hC
 4R  0.1098 R 4
yP   H  R  +
 3   4R    R2 
H R   
 3   2 

yP   8  5 
45   
0.1098 54
+
 3 
 45    
  52
8  5  
 3   2 

 
hP  yP  11.039 m

Tutorials
• Taking moments about hinge B:
FR   H  R  yP   P  R
4.191106   8  5  11.039   P  5
P  1.644 106 N

FH  FX
• The horizontal component of hydrostatic force acting on a
curved surface is equal to the force on the plane area formed
by the projection of the curved surface onto a vertical plane
normal to the component. It acts through the center of pressure
(not centroid) of the projected area
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS3-31
FV  W
• The vertical component of pressure force on a curved surface

is equals in magnitude to the weight of the entire fluid column
above the curved surface, and acts through the center of
gravity (centroid) of the fluid column
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS3-32
Tutorials
Figure P4 shows a container with an unusual shape which is filled
with a liquid of density  up to a height H above the base.
Determine the horizontal force, the vertical force, as well as the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
curved surface AB. Assume that the container is of unit width
perpendicular to the plane of the paper, and OAB as an exact
quadrant of a circle. In addition, determine the point through
which the resultant force acting on curved surface AB passes
through.
Figure P4

Tutorials
• Hydrostatic pressure increases linearly with depth
• Pressure forces act inwards and normal to the solid surface

Tutorials
• To determine horizontal component of resultant hydrostatic
force on curved surface  project curved surface horizontally
onto vertical plane

Tutorials
• To determine horizontal component of resultant hydrostatic
force on curved surface  project curved surface horizontally
onto vertical plane  obtain rectangle of length 1 and height R
• Horizontal component of resultant hydrostatic force FH is given
by horizontal force acting on projected area:

Tutorials
• Depth of centroid C of projected area:
hC = H – R/2
• Area of projected area (rectangle):
A = R(1) = R (unit width)
• Magnitude of horizontal force:
FH  PC A   ghC A
 R
FH   gR  H   
 2

Tutorials
• No liquid lying above curved surface  shift curved surface
horizontally inwards so that there exists a column of liquid lying
above imaginary curved surface:

Tutorials
• Original and imaginary curved surfaces are subjected to same
hydrostatic pressure distribution because they are at the same
depth  can find vertical component of hydrostatic force acting
on original curved surface by analyzing imaginary curved
surface:

Tutorials
• Vertical component FV of hydrostatic pressure force acting on
imaginary curved surface is given by weight W of column of
liquid vertically above imaginary curved surface:

Tutorials
• Vertical component FV of hydrostatic pressure force acting on
imaginary curved surface:
FV  W  Mg  Vg
  R2 
FV   H  R   1 g
 4 
 R
FV   gR  H  
 4 

Tutorials
• Magnitude of resultant hydrostatic force F acting on curved
surface:
F  FH2  FV2
2 2
  R     R 
F    gR  H       gR  H  
  2    4 
R2 2
2 2
2  HR  R
F   gR H  HR  H  
4 2 16
2
  R 2 
F   gR 2 H 2  HR 1    1  
 2 4  4 
 

Tutorials
• Direction of resultant hydrostatic force F acting on curved
surface:
FV
tan  
FH
1  FV
  tan  
F
 H
  R
  gR  H  4  
 tan 1   
  gR  H  R  
   
  2  
 R 
 H 
1 4
 tan 
R 
 H 
 2 
Tutorials
• All the individual hydrostatic pressure forces act normally (at
90) to the curved surface AB at every point  they thus act
along the radial direction  all the individual hydrostatic
pressure forces must thus pass through O (center of quadrant
AB) and have no moment about O:

Tutorials
• If a force F passes through a point O, the force F has no
moment about O:

Tutorials
• Since all the individual hydrostatic pressure forces acting on
curved surface AB (quadrant of circle) pass through O and
have no moment about O, resultant hydrostatic force F must
also have no moment about O  resultant hydrostatic force F
must also pass through O:

Tutorials
Three different gate designs of negligible weight are used to hold
back water in a channel of width b as shown in Figure P5.
Determine the force of the gate against the blocks for each of the
three gates.
Figure P5

Tutorials
• Part (c)
• Resultant hydrostatic force acting on upper half curved

portion which is a quadrant passes through hinge 
Hydrostatic force acting on upper half of gate has no
moment about hinge  Only consider lower vertical half
of gate
Tutorials
• Part (c)
 yC
h
2

Tutorials
• Depth of centroid C of lower vertical half of gate:
h 3h
hC  yC  h  
4 4
• Area of lower vertical half of gate:
hb
A
2
• Magnitude of hydrostatic force acting on lower vertical
half of gate:
 3h   hb  3
 FR   g       gbh 2
 4  2  8
• Second moment of area:
3
1 h bh3
I xx,C  b   
12  2  96
Tutorials
• Location (depth) of center of pressure:
I xx,C
yP  yC 
yC A
7h
 yP 
9
• Taking moments about hinge:
FR  yP  FB  h
7  gbh 2
 FB 
24

Tutorials
• Part (b)
 yC
• Depth of centroid:
h
hC  yC 
2
• Area of gate:
A  hb
Tutorials
• Magnitude of hydrostatic force acting on gate:
h2
 FR   gb
2
• Second moment of area:
1 3
I xx,C  bh
12
• Location (depth) of center of pressure:
I xx,C
yP  yC 
yC A
2h
 yP 
3
FR  yP  FB  h
 gbh 2
 FB 
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3 T-53
Tutorials
• Part (a)
• Resultant hydrostatic force acting on upper half curved

portion which is a quadrant passes through O and NOT
through the hinge  Hydrostatic force acting on upper
half of gate has clockwise moment about hinge  Have
to consider entire gate (both upper curved half and lower
vertical half of gate)
Tutorials
• Part (a)
 yC
• Horizontal component of hydrostatic force and its line of

action on entire gate are the same as for Part (b):
 gbh 2
FH 
2
2h
yP 
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3 T-55
Tutorials
• Vertical component of hydrostatic force on curved

section of gate (quadrant of circle):
• Magnitude corresponds to weight of fluid extending from
curved surface to the free surface:
 1  h 2   gbh 2
FV  W        bg 
4 2  16
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I   T-56
Tutorials
• Line of action of vertical hydrostatic force on curved
section of gate lies along
h 4  h 2  h 2h
xP    
2 3 2 3
from hinge

Tutorials

 FH  yP    FV   xP   FB h
2
7  
 FB   gbh   
 32 24  T-58
Tutorials
As depicted in Figure P6, a triangular gate of height h and base
0.5h inclined at an angle of 30 with respect to the horizontal
prevents liquid of density  from flowing out of a canal. The base
of the gate is hinged and the liquid is filled to an inclined height of
0.4h above the hinge. A solid block of uniform density 0.25 is
attached to the apex of the gate via a cord. Neglect the weight of
the gate. Determine the minimum volume of the solid block
required to open the gate.

Tutorials

Figure P6 T-60
Tutorials
• Geometric properties of triangle:
• For this problem, a = h, b = 0.5h. Hence,

0.5h  h3 h 4
I xx,C  
36 72
Tutorials

Tutorials
• Surface area of triangular gate:
1 h2
A   h  0.5h 
2 4
• Location of centroid C:
h 11h
yC  0.4h  
3 15
• Magnitude of resultant hydrostatic force:
FR   g  yC sin 30  A
 11h 1   h 
2
FR   g    
 15 2   4 
11
FR   gh3
120
Tutorials
• Location of center of pressure CP:
I xx,C
yP  yC 
yC A
h4
11h 72 89h
yP   
15  11h   h  110
2
   
 15   4 
• Let T represent tension in cord and N represent normal

reaction force acting on apex of triangular gate
• Neglect weight of gate
FR   yP  0.4h   T  h cos 30  N  h cos 30

Tutorials
• When gate is on the verge of opening, N = 0. Hence,
FR   yP  0.4h   T  h cos 30
FR   yP  0.4h 
T
h cos 30
11  89h 
 gh3    0.4h 
120  110 
T
h cos 30
T  0.0433 gh3
• W corresponds to weight of solid block, whereas U

corresponds to upthrust force acting on solid block
• Consider equilibrium of forces acting on solid block:
T W  U

Tutorials
• Let V represent volume of solid block:
T  0.25 Vg  Vg
0.75 Vg  T
0.75Vg  0.0433 gh3
V  0.0577 h3

Tutorials
A 15 cm diameter, 30 cm long cylinder floats in an open tank
containing a liquid having a specific weight . A U-tube
manometer is connected to the tank as shown in Figure P2.
When the pressure in pipe E is 3000 Pa above atmospheric
pressure, the various fluid levels are as shown. Determine the
weight of the cylinder. Note that the top of the cylinder is flush
with the fluid surface.
Figure P2

Tutorials

Tutorials
• z is measured to be positive in the vertically upward
direction
 Approach 1
PE  Patm   PE  P1    P1  P2    P2  P3    P3  Patm 
 1000 g  z E  z1   0.85 1000 g  z1  z2 
1.5 1000 g  z2  z3     z3  zatm 
  1000  9.81 0.25    850  9.81 0.15 
 1500  9.81 0.38     0.53
 3000 Pa
• Liquid specific weight:
   g  9223.4 N m3
•   density of liquid in tank

Tutorials
 Approach 2
PE  1000 g z E  z1  0.85 1000 g z1  z2
1.5 1000 g z2  z3   z3  zatm  Patm
PE  Patm  1000 g z E  z1  0.85 1000 g z1  z2
1.5 1000 g z2  z3   z3  zatm
 1000  9.81 0.25    850  9.81 0.15 
 1500  9.81 0.38     0.53
 3000 Pa
• Liquid specific weight:
   g  9223.4 N m3
•   density of liquid in tank

Tutorials
• Cylinder floats on liquid in tank  weight of cylinder
balances buoyancy force:
W  FB
W   gVsub
 2 
W  g  D H 
4 
 
W  9223.4    0.152  0.30 
4 
W  48.9 N

Lecture Summary (1 September)
Summary of Lecture on 1 September
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
• : fluid density
• V: uniform flow velocity normal to area A
• Volume flow rate (Q) = volume of fluid passing through area A
per unit time

• Q  AV (uniform Flow); Q  VdA (non-uniform flow)
A
 ) = mass of fluid passing through area A per
• Mass flow rate (m
unit time

   AV (uniform flow); m  VdA (non-uniform flow)
• m
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I A LS4-72
• Control volume  A region in space selected for
applying conservation laws or principles; species (in this
case fluid) enter and leave control volume
Steady Flow
(Mass of fluid m
within Control
Volume
remains
constant)
• Conservation of mass (Continuity Equation):
m1  m 2  1 A1V1   2 A2V2
• Incompressible fluid ( 1   2 ):
A1V1  A2V2  Q1  Q2
• Area A  Velocity V  and vice versa
• Conservation of mass  In 1 second, the net mass
transfer to or from a control volume (CV) is equal to the
net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass
within the CV
dmCV
 m   m  dt
in out
dmCV
  AVn    AVn  dt
in out

• Bernoulli equation may be derived by applying Newton’s
second law on a fluid particle moving along a streamline
• Between any 2 points on the same streamline:
Steady, incompressible, inviscid flow:
P1 V12 P2 V22
  gz1    gz2 (4.5.7)
 2  2

• Individual terms in (4.5.7) have units of energy per unit
mass:
P V2
  gz  constant (along a streamline)
 2
Flow Kinetic Potential

energy energy energy
Daniel Bernoulli
• Bernoulli equation can be viewed as a restatement of
conservation of mechanical energy
 The sum of the kinetic, potential, and flow energies of
a fluid particle is constant along a streamline during
steady flow when compressibility and frictional effects
are negligible
• Bernoulli equation (4.5.7) can also be written as
V2
P   gz  constant (along a streamline) (4.5.8)
2
• Each term in (4.5.8) has same units as pressure:
 P: static pressure  represents actual thermodynamic
pressure of fluid
 V2/2: dynamic pressure  represents pressure rise
when fluid in motion is brought to rest
 gz: hydrostatic pressure  accounts for elevation
effects
• Total pressure (PT)  sum of static, dynamic and
hydrostatic pressure
• Bernoulli equation  total pressure (PT) along a
streamline is constant:
V2
P   gz  PT = constant (along a streamline)
2
• Bernoulli equation (4.5.7) for negligible changes in elevation:
V12 V22
P1   P2 
2 2
• When fluid velocity , pressure ; and vice versa
 Nozzle:  Diffuser:
• Converts pressure  • Converts velocity or

velocity or kinetic energy kinetic energy  pressure
• Mass Conservation: A ↓  • Mass Conservation: A ↑ 
V↑ V↓
• Bernoulli: V ↑  P ↓ • Bernoulli: V ↓  P ↑
Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in Figure P1.
At a location downstream from the junction before the two
streams completely merge, the non-uniform velocity profile is
as shown. Determine the value of V.
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

Figure P1 LS4-79
Tutorials
• Integral form of Mass Conservation Equation (Continuity

Equation) is:
dmCV
  AV    AV 
dt (2.1.1)
in out
Tutorials
• Flow is steady: (1.1) becomes
  AV    AV  0
in out
 AV   AV  0
in out
 AV   AV
in out
A1V1  A2V2  Q3
5  0.5 1  8 1 4  7 1 V  3 1 0.7V
9.1V  34.5
V  3.79 m/s

Tutorials
A 4 m high, 3 m diameter cylindrical water tank whose top is
open to the atmosphere is initially filled with water. At time t =
0, the discharge plug near the bottom of the tank is pulled out,
and a water jet whose diameter is 5 cm streams out (Figure
P2). Estimate how long it takes for the water level in the tank
to drop to 2 m from the bottom.
Figure P2

Tutorials
At time
instant t
Dtank = 3 m
djet = 5 cm
• Integral form of continuity equation:

dmCV
  AV    AV  dt (2.2.1)
in
out T-83
Tutorials
• Mass of fluid (water) in control volume at time t:
  D2 
mCV   Atank h    tank  h
 4 
 
• Time rate of change of mass of fluid in control volume:
dmCV   D 2  dh
  tank 
dt  4  dt
 
• Net mass flow rate through control surface:
d2 
jet 
  AV   V 2 
 4 
;   AV  0
out   in
• (2.2.1) becomes
d2    D 2  dh
jet
0  V2    tank 
 4   4  dt
   
2
dh  d jet 
   V2 (2.2.2)
dt  Dtank  T-84
Tutorials
z1  z2  h
P1  P2  0 (gage)
2
dh d jet
V1    V2
dt Dtank2
• Applying Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2):

P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
 g 2g  g 2g
 d 4 
jet
V22 1    2 gh
 Dtank4 
 
4 4
• Since d jet << Dtank
V2  2 gh (2.2.3)
Tutorials
• Substituting (2.2.3) into (2.2.2):
dh  d 2 
 jet 
 2 gh
dt 2
 Dtank 
 
2
dh  d 2 T
 jet  dt
 h   2 g
2
 Dtank 
4  0
2  d2 
jet 
2  h    2 g  T
4 2
 Dtank 
 
T 

2 2 2 
 0.052 
2  9.81  2 
 3 
 
T  952 s
Tutorials
(a) As shown in Figure P3(a), water flows in a rectangular
channel which is 5.0 m wide. The upstream depth is 60 mm.
The water surface rises by 40 mm as it passes over a portion
where the channel bottom rises by 15 mm. Neglecting viscous
effects, what is the volume flowrate Q?
Figure P3(a)

Tutorials
(b) As shown in Figure P3(b), water flows up a ramp with
negligible viscous losses. The upstream depth and velocity are
maintained at h1 = 1 m and V1 = 10 m/s, respectively. The ramp
height is H = 2 m. Obtain an expression for the downstream
depth h2.
Optional: Solve for possible values of the downstream depth
h2.
Figure P3(b)

Tutorials
Part (a)
• Applying continuity equation between sections (1) and (2):

Q  V1 A1  V2 A2
Q  V1h1w  V2 h2 w
h1
 V2  V1 (2.3.1)
h2
• P1  P2  0 (gage)
• z1  h1
• z2  H  h2
Tutorials
• Applying Bernoulli equation along streamline between (1)
and (2):
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
 g 2g  g 2g
V12 V22
  z2  z1  H  h2  h1
2g 2g
• Using (2.3.1),
  h 2 
V12 1   1    2 g  h2  h1  H 
  h2  
 
2 g  h2  h1  H 
V1 
  h 2 
1   1  
  h2  
 
Tutorials
• Volume flowrate:
2 g  h2  h1  H 
Q  V1 A1  V1h1w  h1w
  h 2 
1   1  
  h2  
 
Part (b)
• Applying continuity equation between sections (1) and (2),

volume flow rates at sections (1) and (2) are the same:
Q  V1 A1  V2 A2
Tutorials
Q  V1h1w  V2 h2 w
V1h1  V2 h2
h1
V2  V1 (2.3.2)
h2
z2  z1  H  h2  h1
z2  z1   2  h2  1 m  1  h2  m
P1  P2  0 (gage)
• Assume fluid flow is steady, incompressible and inviscid.
Applying Bernoulli equation along streamline between (1)
and (2):
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
 g 2g  g 2g
V12 V22
  z2  z1  H  h2  h1
2g 2g
Tutorials
• Using (2.3.2),
  h 2 
V12 1   1    2 g  h2  h1  H 
  h2  
 
 
V12 h22  h12  2 gh22  h2  h1  H 
2 gh23   2 g  H  h1   V12  h22  V12 h12  0

2  9.81 h23   2  9.81 2  1  100  h22  100 1  0
19.62h23  80.38h22  100  0

h2 = 3.731m, 1.366 m or -1.0 m (inadmissible)

Tutorials
As shown in Figure P4, water flows out from a pipe of diameter
D with a flowrate Q. How does the diameter of the water
stream d vary with the distance below the faucet h?

Tutorials
• Continuity equation
between (1) and (2):
A1V1  A2V2  Q
 D2 d2
V1  V2
4 4
D 2V1  d 2V2
4
2 D
 V2    V12 (2.4.1)
d
• z1  z2  h , P1  P2  0 (gage)
• Assume flow to be steady,
incompressible and inviscid
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
 g 2g  g 2g T-95
Tutorials
V12 V22
 h (2.4.2)
2g 2g
• Using (2.4.1), (2.4.2) becomes

4
V12 V12  D 
h  
2g 2g  d 
 D  4 
    1 V12  2 gh (2.4.3)
 d  
• But
Q Q 4Q
V1    (2.4.4)
A1  D 2  D 2
4 T-96
Tutorials
 D 4  16Q 2
   1  2 gh
2 4
 d    D
1

 gh 2 D 4  4
d  D 1  
 8Q 2 
 

Tutorials
As shown in Figure P5, a pitot-static tube used to measure air
velocity along a wind tunnel is coupled to a manometer which
shows a difference of head of 1.5 cm water. The density of the
air is 1.22 kg/m3. What is the air velocity?

Tutorials
a = 1.22 kg/m3
l = 1000 kg/m3
h = 1.5 cm
• z1  z2 , V1  V , V2  0 (stagnation point), P1  Ps , P2  Pt
Tutorials
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
a g 2 g a g 2 g
Ps V 2 Pt
  
a g 2 g a g
2  Pt  Ps 
V 
a
• Manometer (Hydrostatics problem):
Pt  Ps   Pt  PA    PA  PB    PB  PC    PC  Ps 
  a g  zt  z A   l g  z B  zC   a g  zC  zs 
  a g  z   l g  h   a g    z  h  
 l g h  a g h
Tutorials
• Hence,
2  l g h   a g h 
V
a
 l 
V  2 g h   1
 a 
 1000 
V  2  9.81 0.015    1
 1.22 
V  15.52 m s

Tutorials
A venturi develops a low throat pressure which is able to
aspirate fluid upward from a reservoir, as shown in Figure P6.
Assuming no losses, derive an expression for the velocity V1
which is just sufficient to draw fluid from the reservoir into the
throat.

Tutorials
• Continuity equation between (1) and (2):

 D12  D22
A1V1  A2V2  V1  V2
4 4
2
 D1 
 V2  V1   (2.6.1)
D
 2 T-103
Tutorials
• z1  z2 , P2  Pa
• Applying Bernoulli equation to fluid in Venturi tube
between (1) and (2):
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
 g 2g  g 2g

 Pa  P1  V12  V22

 2
• Using (2.6.1),
  D 4  2  P  P 
a 1
V12 1   1    (2.6.2)
  D2   
 
• z4  z3  h, P3  Pa , V3  0 (large reservoir),
• P4  P1, V4  0 (fluid from reservoir just reaches throat)
Tutorials
• Applying Bernoulli equation to fluid from reservoir to
throat between (3) and (4):
P3 V32 P4 V42
  z3    z4
 g 2g  g 2g

 Pa  P1 
 gh (2.6.3)

  D 4 
V12 1   1    2 gh
  D2  
 
2 gh
V1 
4
 D1 
1  
D
 2

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Lecture Summary (11 August)

Summary of Lecture on 11 August

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS1-1

• u = constant; u is not a function of y:

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-2

• No-slip conditions on top and bottom walls:

• Fluid at bottom experiences equal and opposite shear

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS1-5

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS1-6

• Shear stress experienced by fluid with viscosity 1:

• Wall shear stress acting on upper surface of thin flat plate:

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-9

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-10

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-11

• (4.2) – (4.1) yields:

• Substituting A  1 into (4.1):

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-12

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-13

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-14

• Wall shear stress at y = 0:

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-16

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-17

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-18

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I LS2-19

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I Figure P3 T-21

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-22

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-23

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-24

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-26

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-27

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-28

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-29

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-30

• The vertical component of pressure force on a curved surface

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-33

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-34

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-35

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-36

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-37

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-38

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-39

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-40

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-41

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-42

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-44

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-45

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-46

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-47

• Resultant hydrostatic force acting on upper half curved

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-49

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-51

• Resultant hydrostatic force acting on upper half curved

• Horizontal component of hydrostatic force and its line of

• Vertical component of hydrostatic force on curved

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-57

• Taking moments about hinge:

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-59

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

• For this problem, a = h, b = 0.5h. Hence,

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-62

• Let T represent tension in cord and N represent normal

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I T-64

• W corresponds to weight of solid block, whereas U