DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR

EFFICIENCY
 TOTAL LOSS IN DC GENERATOR
𝐀𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝑰𝒂 𝟐 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑰𝒂 𝟐 𝑹𝒃𝒄
𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝐒𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝑰𝒇 𝟐 𝑹𝒇
𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝑰𝒔 𝟐 𝑹𝒔

𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐎𝐑 𝐇𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐓𝐎𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒𝐄𝐒
𝐎𝐑 𝐄𝐃𝐃𝐘 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆
& 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐔𝐓𝐀𝐓𝐎𝐑
𝐌𝐄𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐒
− 𝐀𝐈𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐀𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄

𝐔𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐏𝐋 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬.
 POWER STAGES OF A DC GENERATOR

Power
Power Output or
Power Input
Developed Power
or Output
or delivered to
Power of the
Generated Load
Driving
Power
Machine

(b) (c)
(a)

Rotational Electrical
losses or losses or
SPL copper losses
 TYPES OF EFFICIENCY:

Mechanical Efficiency Electrical Efficiency Commercial Efficiency

b c c
ηm = η E=b ηC =
a a
Pd PO PO
= = =
Pin Pd Pin

E g IA Vt IL Vt IL
ηm = x 100% η E=E I x 100% η C = SPL+P x 100%
SPL+Pd g A d
 MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF D.C. GENERATOR

Condition for Maximum Efficiency:

constant losses = variable losses
Magnetic and rotational losses = losses that vary with the square of the load

If the condition above is not given, solve for 𝐈𝐋 for the condition of maximum efficiency
PO
η =
Pin
PO
=
PO +PLE +SPL
Vt IL
η = × 100%
Vt IL +PCU +SPL
For Separately Excited Generator:
Vt IL
η=
Vt IL + If 2 Rf + IL 2 RA + SPL

dη Vt IL + If 2 Rf + IL 2 RA + SPL Vt − Vt IL (Vt +2IL RA )

= =0
dIL (Vt IL +If 2 Rf +IL 2 RA + SPL)

0 = Vt IL + If 2 R f + IL 2 R A + SPL − Vt IL - 2IL R A

IL 2 R A = If 2 R f + SPL

SPL + If 2 Rf
IL =
RA
SELF EXCITED GENERATOR (SERIES GENERATOR)

Vt IL
η=
Vt IL + IL 2 (RA + RS ) + SPL

dη Vt IL + IL 2 RA +RS + SPL Vt −(Vt IL ) (Vt +2IL ) (RA +RS )

= =0
dIL V2

0 = Vt IL + IL 2 R A + R S + SPL − Vt IL − 2IL 2 (R A + R S )

IL 2 R A + R S = SPL

SPL
IL =
RA + RS
SHUNT GENERATOR SHORT SHUNT

SPL + If 2 (RA + Rf ) SPL + If 2 (RA + Rf )

IL = IL =
RA RA + R𝑠

COMPOUND LONG SHUNT

SPL + If 2 (RA + Rs +R𝑓 )

IL =
RA + R𝑠
Sample Problem 1:
A shunt generator delivers 195 A at 250 V. The armature resistance and
shunt field resistance are 0.02 𝛀 and 50 𝛀 respectively. The iron and
friction losses are 950 W. Find:
a) Generated voltage
b) Copper losses
c) Output of the prime mover
d) 𝛈𝐦 , 𝛈𝐄 and 𝛈𝐂
e) The maximum efficiency of the generator
SOLUTION: a) To get the generated b) To get the Cupper Losses, 𝐏𝐜𝐮 :
voltage, 𝐄𝐠 :
Consider the shunt generator
circuit: From 𝐄𝐠 = 𝐕𝐭 + 𝐈𝐀 𝐑 𝐀 CU losses = If 2 R f + IA 2 R A

− First, compute for the IA = 52 (50) + 2002 (0.02)

IA = IL + If
+ + 𝐂𝐔 losses = 2050 W
Vt
but If =
KVL Rf

250 Alternate Solution:

− = 50 using the power stages formula:
𝐈𝐟 = 5 A CU losses = Pd - PO
then substitute If ,
IL = 195 A = Eg IA - Vt IL
IA = 5 + 195
Vt = 250 V = 254 200 − 250(195)
R A = 0.02 Ω 𝐈𝐀 = 200 A
R f = 50 Ω 𝐂𝐔 losses =2050 W
therefore,
SPL = 950 W
Eg = Vt + IA R A
= 250 + 200(0.02)

𝐄𝐠 = 254 V
c) 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 ,𝐏𝐢𝐧 : d) 𝛈𝐦 , 𝛈𝐄 and 𝛈𝐂

𝐏𝐢𝐧 = 𝐏𝐝 + SPL 𝐌𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟 ′ 𝐲, 𝛈𝐦 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟 ′ 𝐲, 𝛈𝒆 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐟𝐟 ′ 𝐲, 𝛈𝒄

𝐏 𝐏
= Eg IA + SPL 𝛈𝐦 = 𝐏 𝐝 × 100% 𝐏
𝛈𝐄 = 𝐏𝐎 × 100% 𝛈𝐂 = 𝐏 𝐎 × 100%
𝐢𝐧 𝐝 𝐢𝐧
= 254(200) + 950 Eg IA VI
t L
=P × 100% Vt IL = SPL+P × 100%
𝐏𝐢𝐧 = 51,750 W d +SPL = × 100% d
Eg IA
254(200) 250(195)
= 254 ×100% 250(195) = 254 x 100%
200 +950 = 254 200
x 100% 200 +950

𝛈𝐦 = 98.16% 𝛈𝐄 = 95.96% 𝛈𝐂 = 94.20%

e) 𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
Solve for max load current and output power, Substitute the IL and PO and for ηmax :
from 𝐏𝐎
SPL + If 2 (RA + Rf ) PO = Vt IL 𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐏 × 100%
𝐏𝐎 IL = 𝐎 +𝐏𝐂𝐮 +𝐒𝐏𝐋
𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = × 100% RA
𝐏𝐎 +𝐏𝐂𝐮 +𝐒𝐏𝐋 PO =250(331.20) 82.925
950 + 52 (0.02+50) = 82.925 + 52 x 100%
50 + 336.72 0.02 + 950
IL = 𝐏𝐎 = 82.925 W
0.02
𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 94.89%
𝐈𝐋 = 331.70 A
Sample Problem 2:
A 288 V shunt generator has a constant losses of 2080 W. The armature
resistance including brushes is 0.2 𝛀 and the shunt field resistance of
144 𝛀. The generator is delivering power at maximum efficiency.
Determine 𝐈𝐀 and the maximum efficiency.
GIVEN:
𝐕𝐭 = 288 V For the stray power loss (SPL), Substitute 𝐈𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐋 ,
Constant Losses = 2080 W 𝐈𝐀 = 𝐈𝐟 + 𝐈𝐋
𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫:
𝐑 𝐀 + 𝐑 𝐛𝐜 = 0.2 𝛀 𝐈𝐀 = 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝟐
𝐑 𝐟 = 144 𝛀 Constant Losses = SPL + 𝐈𝐟 𝐑 𝐟
𝐈𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐀
𝐈𝐀 = ? hence,
2080 = SPL + If 2 R f
REQUIRED:
SPL = 2080 - 22 (144) 𝐛. 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲, 𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 :
𝐈𝐀 and 𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝐏𝐎
SPL = 1504 W 𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐏 × 100%
SOLUTION: 𝐎 +𝐏𝐋𝐄 +𝐒𝐏𝐋

a. From the armature current For the shunt field current, Vt IL

formula: Vt 288 ηmax =
Vt IL +PCu +SPL
If = =
𝐈𝐀 = 𝐈𝐟 + 𝐈𝐋 Rf 144
288 (102)
𝐈𝐟 = 2 A ηmax =
288 102 +22 144 + 104 2 0.2 +1504
First, find the load current
at maximum efficiency using therefore,
the formula: 𝛈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟖%
1504 + 22 (0.2+144)
IL =
𝟐 0.2
𝐒𝐏𝐋 + 𝐈𝐟 (𝐑 𝐀 + 𝐑 𝐟 )
𝐈𝐋 =
𝐑𝐀 ∴ 𝐈𝐋 = 102 A