CERAMIC

MATERIALS
Vina Nanda Garjati, S.T., M.T.

Mechanical Engineering
JAKARTA STATE POLYTECHNIC
Today’s Content

Production What is
& Ceramic ?
Application

Types of
Structure
Ceramic

Properties

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 What is Ceramic ?
Compounds (senyawa) composed of metallic and non-metallic elements.

Often found in forms of oxides, nitrides, carbide;

For example : Aluminum Oxide/Alumina (Al2O3)

Also in traditional ceramics, composed of clay minerals, cement, glass.

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 Stiff & Strong

Very hard

Brittle

Properties of Highly susceptible to

fracture

Ceramics Low heat & electrical

conductivities

Resistant to high
temperature

Optical characteristics:
transparent, translucent,
opaque

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 The stress–strain behavior of brittle ceramics is not usually ascertained by
tensile test, because :
1. It is difficult to prepare and test specimens having the required geometry
2. It is difficult to grip brittle materials without fracturing them
3. Ceramics fail after only about 0.1% strain, which are not easily calculated

Bending test is used to

Properties of
calculate
Flexural Strength (fs)

Ceramics
ASTM Standard C1161
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced
Ceramics at Ambient
Temperature.”

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 (source : Callister 7th Edition)

Properties of
Ceramics

Source : Callister, 7th ed

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Types of Ceramics
1. Glasses
Characteristics Properties
• Transparent, or opaque • High mechanical
• Heat Resistant strength
• Pressure Resistant • High-temperature
capabilities
• Chemical Resistant
• Low coefficient of
• Made by fusion of thermal expansion
heating & cooling
without crystallization • Good dielectric
properties, for electronic
packaging application

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1. Glasses

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2. Clay Products a. Structural Clay Product
Used when structural integrity is important

• Inexpensive ingredients,
found naturally
• Very amenable to
shaping
bricks tiles
• Process :
• Formed piece is dried to b. Whiteware
remove some moisture Become white after high-temperature firing
• Fired at an elevated
temperature to improve
mechanical strength

porcelain pottery
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3. Refractories

Have capacity :
• to withstand high temperatures
without melting or decomposing
• to remain unreactive and inert
when exposed to severe
environments

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4. Abrasives

➢Used to wear, grind, or Includes :

cut away other materials Diamonds, Silicon Carbide,
which is softer. Tungsten Carbide, Al Oxide,
Silica Sand
➢ Must be :
- Hardness resistant
- Wear resistant
- High toughness
➢Used in forms :
Bonded to grinding
wheels

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 5. Cements
• When mixed with water, they
form a paste, and then sets and
hardens.

• Acts as a bonding phase

• Common examples is Portland

Cement.

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 Fabrication
of Ceramics
✓ High melting temperatures –
Casting is not practical

✓ Brittleness of the materials –

Deformation is not found
Fabrication of Ceramics

a. Glass forming process

b. Particulate forming processes
c. Cementation
 1. Glass Forming Processes

a. Temperature-sensitive properties of glass

During cooling, there is no definite temperature, at which the
liquid transforms to solid, just like in metallic materials. They just
become more viscous (kental) continuously.

b. Viscosity-temperature characteristic of glass

Specific volume decreases continuously with temperature
reduction;
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg):
Below this temperature, material is considered to be a glass;
Above, it is a supercooled liquid, and finally a liquid.

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 1. Glass Forming Processes

Four different forming methods to fabricate glass products:

Pressing Pressing is used in the fabrication of relatively thick-walled pieces such as plates and
dishes. The glass piece is formed by pressure application in a graphite-coated cast iron
mold having the desired shape; the mold is ordinarily heated to ensure an even surface.

Although some glass blowing is done by hand,

Blowing especially for art objects, the process has
been completely automated for the
production of glass jars, bottles, and light
bulbs.
Drawing
From a raw gob of glass, a parison, or
temporary shape, is formed by
mechanical pressing in a mold.
Fiber forming This piece is inserted into a finishing or
blow mold and forced to conform to
the mold contours by the pressure
created from a blast of air.

Pengetahuan Bahan Teknik - Vina Nanda Garjati | 2021 The press and- blow technique 17
for producing a glass bottle.
1. Glass Forming Processes

Pressing

Blowing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGjYRaYjryI

Drawing

Fiber forming

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 1. Glass Forming Processes
Four different forming methods to fabricate glass products:

Pressing

Process for the continuous

Blowing drawing of sheet glass

Drawing Drawing is used to form long glass pieces such as sheet, rod, tubing,
and fibers, which have a constant cross section or thickness; it may
also be fabricated by hot rolling.

Fiber forming Continuous glass fibers are formed in a rather sophisticated drawing operation.
The molten glass is contained in a platinum heating chamber. Fibers are formed
bydrawing the molten glass through many small orifices at the chamber base.

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1. Glass Forming Processes

After fabrication, glasses may be annealed and/or

tempered to improve mechanical characteristics.

Individual Assignment :
Please find and describe the annealing and tempering
process of glass.
Max. 5 slides, in PPT format.
Due : 5 July @ 17.00 WIB

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 Thank you.
Any question ?

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