COMPOSITE

MATERIALS
Vina Nanda Garjati, S.T., M.T.

Mechanical Engineering
JAKARTA STATE POLYTECHNIC
Today’s Content

Materials
Classifications
Production &
Review
Application

What is
Types of
Composites
Composite
?

Properties

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Review : Classification of Materials

Solid materials are classified into 3 basic class :

Metals, Polymers, Ceramics.

Composites are combination materials of two or more

of the basic class materials.

Another class is Advanced Materials, which used in

high-tech applications;
i.e. : biomaterials, semiconductor, smart materials,
nanomaterials.

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 Review : Properties of Materials
1. metals - Composed of metallic elements & non-metallic elements in
small amounts.
- Atoms are arranged in a very orderly manner
- Most dense
- Metallic bonding (non-localized electrons, not bound to any
particular atoms)
- Good electrical conductivity
- Mechanical properties :
a. Stiff & strong
b. Ductile (capable of large amounts of deformation without
fracture)
c. Resistant to fracture
d. Chemically reactive to environment
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 Review : Properties of Materials
2. polymers - Composed of organic compound, chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen
- Very large molecular structure, chain-like
- Low density
- Repeated monomer with covalent bonding
- Low electrical conductivities; non-magnetic
- Mechanical properties are dissimilar with metals & ceramics :
a. Not as stiff & strong as others;
b. Extremely ductile and easily formed into complex shape
c. Chemically inert
d. Soften/decompose at modest temperature

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 Review : Properties of Materials
3. ceramics - Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements, in
form of oxides, nitrides, and carbides; and for traditional
ceramics are composed of clay, cement, or glass.
- Ionic and covalent bonding
- Optical characteristic : transparent, translucent, or opaque.
- Low electrical and heat conductivities
- Mechanical properties :
a. Stiff and strong;
b. Very hard
c. Lack ductility or Extremely brittle
d. Resistant to high temperature & harsh environment

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Review :
Properties of
Materials
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Review :
Properties of
Materials
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 So,

Can we combine each materials’

good characteristics?

Yes. But, how?

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That’s why,

Composite Materials
are developed.

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 What is Composite Material ?
Matrix Reinforcement
• Composites are composed of
two or more of the basic class
materials.
Polymers Metals Composite
• The design goals is to achieve
combination properties, and also
to get the best characteristics of
each materials.

• Many of our modern

Metals Ceramics Composite
technologies require materials
with unusual combinations of
properties that cannot be met by
the conventional metal alloys,
ceramics, and polymeric
Materials.

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Types of Composites
1. Particles-reinforced Composite
Large Particles
• The term “large” is used to indicate that particle–
matrix interactions cannot be treated on the
atomic or molecular level;
• Matrix transfers some of the applied stress to the
particles, which bear a fraction of the load.
• The degree of reinforcement or improvement of
mechanical behavior depends on strong bonding at
the matrix–particle interface.
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Dispersion-strengthened
• For dispersion-strengthened composites, particles
are normally much smaller, with diameters
between 0.01 and 0.1 m (10 and 100 nm).
• Particle–matrix interactions that lead to
strengthening occur on the atomic or molecular
level.
• Improving mechanical properties (Yield Strength,
Tensile Strength, Hardness)
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1. Particles-reinforced Composite
Large Particles
Example : Concrete
• matrix : cement
• reinforcement / particle : sand and gravel, (can be
added reinforcing steel, too)
• For effective reinforcement:
• Particles can have quite a variety of geometries, but
they should have the same dimension in all
directions (equiaxed).
• The particles should be small and evenly distributed
throughout the matrix

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1. Particles-reinforced Composite
Large Particles
Example : Concrete

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1. Particles-reinforced Composite
Dispersion-strengthened
Example : Al-SiC Composite for Tactical Vehicle
Matrix : Al
Reinforcement : Silicon Carbide

➢ Required Properties :
• High toughness & hardness
• High mobility / manouver

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2. Fiber-reinforced Composite
Influence of Fiber Orientation, Concentration,
Distribution

Fibers orientation, concentration, and distribution have

significant influence on the mechanical properties of fiber-
reinforced composites. Continuous fibers are generally aligned,
whereas discontinuous fibers may be aligned, randomly
oriented, or partially oriented. Mechanical responses to this
type of composite depend of several factors to include the
stress-strain behaviours of fiber and matrix phases, the phase
volume fractions, and, in addition, the direction in which the
stress or load is applied.
Composites which have the aligned fibers are highly
anisotropic and dependent on the direction in which they are
measured. Strength on the direction which is parallel to the
fibers is the maximum strength, while the perpendicular
direction to the alignment is the minimum strength of the
composites. On the other hand, the randomly oriented fiber
composites are highly isotropic.

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2. Fiber-reinforced Composite

Fiber-reinforced composites are ➢ Metals and polymers are commonly used to be

sometimes classified according to matrix because of their toughness.
➢ Role of matrix in composite:
matrix materials type: 1. First, as a binder for fibers while distribute
the stress to the fibers.
Polymer Matrix Composites 2. Second, it also protects the fibers from the
surface damage resulted from mechanical
abrasion and chemical reaction. On top of
that, matrix prevents the propagation of
Metal Matrix Composites crack from one fiber to another.
➢ The objective of many polymer- and metal-matrix
composites is a high specific strength and/or
Ceramic Matrix Composite specific modulus, which requires matrix materials
having low densities.
➢ With ceramic-matrix composites, the design goal
is increased fracture toughness

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• Polymer-matrix Composites (PMC) may be
reinforced with glass, carbon, and aramid fibers.

• “carbon fiber reinforced polymer” (or “CFRP”)

composite—carbon fibers that are embedded
within a polymer. These materials are stiffer and
stronger than the glass fiber-reinforced materials
(Figures 1.4 and 1.5), yet they are more
expensive.

• They are used in some aircraft and aerospace

applications, as well as high-tech sporting
equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis
rackets, and skis/snowboards).

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Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites

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Various Application of Polymer Matrix Composites

• Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (Fiberglass):

• Automotive & marine ships’ body
• Plastic Pipes

• Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

• Ballistic product (armor, bulletproof vests)
• Sporting goods
• Gaskets

• Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP):

• Golf clubs
• Bicycle
• Pressure Vessels
• Helicopter, etc

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 Thank you.
Any question ?

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