COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH

TITLE
• Specific & Short
• This forms the first impression about your
research
– If vague – Reader will be cynical
• Reverse pyramid format
Sample Title page
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
• INTRODUCTION
– BACKGROUND
– GAP
– PURPOSE
– SIGNIFICANCE TO THE RESEARCHER
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• NULL/ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

• Convince the reader that you have identified a research problem,

worthy of investigating.
• Start very general – Broad Topic
• Highlight
– the concept
– Practical significance
• Reduce it to a narrow topic by
– Raising questions, and
– Stating answers from literature for most.
• Establish Rationale:
– Research is necessary questions for which there is
 INTRODUCTION
• Background –What is the research topic? (AREA OF INTEREST)
• –What were the findings of previous authors who
worked on it? (DEVELOP THE BACKGROUND)

• GAP – What gap or need have you identified from previous

researches? (INTRODUCE THE PROBLEM)

• Purpose– What do I expect to accomplish (objectives) or prove

(hypothesis)? (STATE THE PURPOSE AND THE RATIONALE

• Significance to the Researcher – How does research benefit the

practitioner?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• Optional section in the manuscript
• Provide a clear statement of the overall
question to General objective
• Follow it with action-oriented tasks -
Specific objectives.
• If more than one specific objective state
them sequentially
 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
• It establishes the importance of the topic.
• It creates reader interest.
• It focuses the reader’s attention on how
the study will add to the literature.
 HYPOTHESIS
• A research hypothesis is the statement
created by researchers when they
speculate upon the outcome of a research
or experiment
 Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework
• (Note: if theories are directly referred to, then the research study
uses a theoretical framework; if the study is based on
concepts, then the research uses a conceptual framework).

• What to do _
– a. Specify the theory used as basis for the study;
– b. Mention the proponents of the theory;
– c. Cite the main points emphasized in the theory;
– d. Support his exposition of the theory by ideas from the other experts;
– e. Illustrate his theoretical framework by means of diagram/paradigm; and
– f. End up by reiterating his theoretical proposition in the study.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• Explanation of the work's significance, its

potential benefits and its overall impact.
• Who will benefit the study
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• Scope is the coverage of the study, area,

subjects, research apparatus, equipment
or instrument.
• Limitations are potential weaknesses in
your study and are out of your control.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• The scope and delimitation of the study aligns and focuses the
research in the desired and expected perspective
• This can be defined in terms of:
• a. Geographical area What is the geographical coverage?
• b. Time Frame What is the time limit?
• c. Variables What variables are included? Excluded?
• d. Unit of Analysis What is being studied? Individuals? Groups?
• e. Definition of Terms What is the operational definition of the
term?
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• Scope
– Research topic variables
– Study locale
– Population/ sample size
– Sampling strategy
– Duration of the study
• Limitation
– Time
– Finance
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Last section of chapter 1
• There are 2 ways of defining the key terms
in the study
– Conceptual
– Operational
For a better understanding of the discussions of this paper, the
following terms are defined both conceptually and operationally. .

Effect is the change in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral make-up of a

person (Boulding, 1986). Operationally, . . . . . .

Level means degree of attainment; and implementation means carrying out

into effect (Webster Dictionary, 2004). In this study, . . . .
CHAPTER 2
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Presentation of Review
– Chronological Past – Present or vice versa
– Geographical – foreign/local
– Thematic – Topical order
• General to specific
• General research topic (background & Gap)
• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Theory/Concept
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Short introduction about the chapter

• Research design
• Sources of Data
• Population of the Study
• Instrumentation and Validation
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Statistical Treatment/
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Short introduction about the chapter

This chapter discusses the research design and methodology of

the study. It shows how the procedural operations of the research problem

of this study were to be answered.

Research Design
This study will utilize the descriptive-correlational research design.

Through this research design, this study will . . . . . .

Sources of Data
The study has two sources of data,
namely; primary and secondary sources.
The primary sources of data are the . . . . .

The secondary sources of data include

the …..
Population of the Study
The population of the study will be
composed of . . . . . . . .
The sample size of the study will be
determined using the Slovin’s formula
The actual sample of the study will be
chosen through . . . . . . a simple random
sampling (lottery, fishbowl, raffle) method . .
. . . . or systematic sampling method . . . . .or
stratified sampling method.
 Instrumentation and Validation
The research will use a questionnaire for the purpose of
collecting the needed primary data. The instrument is divided into three
(3) parts. Part 1 deals on . . . . . . . . . . Part II covers the level of
satisfaction . . . . . . . . . and Part III focuses on the level of performance
of . . . . . . .
(Validity is the index by which an instrument measures what it
purports to measure. Explain how you validated your tool, i.e. face
validity).
(Reliability means the degree to which an instrument accurately
or consistently measures what it is supposed to measure. Explain how
you established the reliability of your tool).
Evaluation and Scoring
• (Evaluation and Scoring: Discuss the scale you will use
in measuring and interpreting certain variables of the
study, i.e. level of knowledge, level of performance)
Data Gathering Procedure
The questionnaire is considered as the most
appropriate data-gathering instrument for this
descriptive research study. . . . . .
Permission to conduct the study and
administer the questionnaire was secured from . . . .
.
Actual visit to the research locale made
possible the personal administration of the
questionnaire and ensure a 100% retrieval of the
accomplished questionnaire.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical tools used for the
quantitative analysis in this study were the
following:
For SOP 1 frequency will be used to……
For SOP2 Two tail T-Test will be used to
compare the ………
 FORMAT
• Font
1. Use Times New Romans, size 12

• Margin
1. Top, right and bottom margins set to 1”
2. Left margin set to 1.5” to have allowance for book binding

• Page Numbers
1. Lowercase Roman numerals for the first section or the preliminaries, bottom page, centered.
2. Arabic numbering for the second section, which includes all contents from Chapter 1 and the
succeeding chapters.
3. Insert page numbers at the top, right- most of the pages.
4. Start of Chapters – No page number but included in the count.

• Spacing
1. All body text should be double-spaced except for the abstract content.
2. All headings and subheadings, including main chapter titles, should be single- spaced.
 Table of Contents
• 1. The title “TABLE OF CONTENTS” shall be
positioned at the topmost line of the page, center
aligned and in uppercase and bold letters.
• 2. Two (2) columns shall be created where
the items and their corresponding page numbers
are listed. The first column shall contain the list of
the items to be included and such column shall
not contain any heading. All the contents of the
first column shall be flushed to the left margin.
• 3. The second column shall contain the
heading “PAGE”, underlined and in uppercase
letters. This heading shall be three (3) spaces
below the line containing the title “TABLE OF
CONTENTS.”
• 4. The first item in the list (e.g. TITLE PAGE)
shall be two (2) spaces below the line containing
the heading “PAGE”.
• 5. Dots or dashes connecting the items to
their corresponding page numbers shall be
omitted.
• 6. Page numbers shall be listed under and
“centered” relative to the heading “PAGE”
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
 General Guidelines
• 1. As a general rule, the discussions in the main text (i.e.
INTRODUCTION to RECOMMENDATIONS) shall be written in the
third person point of view.
• 2. The first line of the paragraph shall be indented 1=2 inch to the
right. The paragraph shall be aligned in both left and right margins
(justified). Double spaces shall be maintained between lines and
between paragraphs.
• 3. To have a neat presentation of ideas, unnecessary marks and
symbols in paragraphs shall be avoided. An underscore (underline)
shall not be used when defining terms and when emphasizing ideas
(Amongo, 2019)
 Text Structure
1. If possible, only three levels of subsections
(major subsection, minor subsection and
paragraph headings) should be maintained.
2. The major subsection shall be positioned at
the center of the page, in bold letters, and
with the first letter of all significant words
capitalized. If the major subsection is
composed of five or more words, it shall be
arranged in an inverted pyramid form, in
single space. Three (3) spaces shall be
maintained between the main heading and
the first line of the major subsection.
(Almoro, 2016)
 Text Structure
3. The minor subsection shall be placed
two (2) spaces below the major
subsection. It shall be positioned at the
left side of the page, in bold letters with
the first letter of all significant words
capitalized. When it runs more than half
the page, it shall be cut off with the
longer line at the top, and flush to the
left margin in single spaced.
4. Paragraph headings shall be indented
1=2 inch to the right followed by a
period. The paragraph immediately
follows after two (2) spaces.
 Text Structure

5. Paragraph headings shall be bold

and italicized with only the first
letter of the first word capitalized
(sentence case).
6. The paragraph heading shall be
two (2) spaces below the minor
subsection.
 Main Heading
1. The preferred main headings for thesis manuscripts correspond to the
different chapters of the main text. These include:
a. INTRODUCTION
b. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
c. MATERIALS AND METHODS
d. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
e. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
f. RECOMMENDATIONS
g. REFERENCES
2. Each chapter shall be started on a new page, regardless of the space left on
the previous page.
3. The main headings shall be positioned at the topmost line of the page, center
aligned and in uppercase and bold letters.
 Major Subsection
1. For thesis manuscripts, the preferred major subsections for the
INTRODUCTION are, but not limited to:
a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Statement of the Hypothesis
d. Significance of the Study
e. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
f. Scope and Limitations of the Study
g. Definition of Terms
2. “Statement of the Problem” can also be included in the
INTRODUCTION for qualitative approach.
Heading Levels
Tables