Tissues, Glands,

and Membranes
Part
Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, the students should be able:

● To describe the two remaining major tissue types (muscle and nervous) as
well as their structural characteristics and function
● To correlate their structures with its tissues, and the tissues in an organ
with the function of that organ
● To familiarize with the physiology of inflammation and tissue repair
Outline
● Epithelial Tissues
○ Glands
● Connective Tissues
● Muscle Tissue
● Nervous Tissue
● Tissues Membranes
● Inflammation
● Tissue Repair
Muscle
Tissue
 Allows movements

Also known as Muscle Fibers

Individual cells are called

myocytes

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal

Smooth

Muscle Tissue Cardial

Skeletal Muscle
Attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move
Movements under voluntary (conscious) control
- However, the nervous system can also cause involuntary movement
(patellar/knee reflex)
Long, cylindrical, striated, and have multiple nuclei per cell
Cardiac Muscle
Located at the heart ONLY
Responsible for pumping of blood
Movements under involuntary (unconscious) control
- However, certain activities such as exercise and meditation can influence heart
rate
Shorter than skeletal muscles, cylindrical, branched, striated, single nucleus per
cell
Connected to each other by intercalated disks
Intercalated
Disks
Smooth Muscle
Constitute the walls of hollow organs (e.g. stomach, urinary bladder)
Involuntary movement
These are tapered (reduced thickness) at each end, not striated, and only has a
single nucleus per cell
Nervous
Tissue
 Nervous Tissue
Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Coordinating and controlling many body activities
- Voluntary control of skeletal muscles, involuntary movement of cardiac muscles,
emotions, sensory, memory etc.
Action Potential
- Electric signals that nervous tissues use to communicate with other tissues
 Nervous Tissue
Individual cells are called neuron / nerve cell
- Conducting action potentials
- Composed of dendrite, cell body, and axon
- Cell Body: Contains nucleus; site of general cell functions
- Dendrite: Receive stimuli
- Axon: Controls the action potentials

Neuroglia
- Support cells
- Nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons
TISSUE MEMBRANES
- Mucous
- Serous
- Synovial
Inflammation
Inflammation
Occurs when tissues are damaged

Mobilizes the body’s defenses and isolates and destroys microorganisms,

foreign materials, and damaged cells
Inflammation
 INJURY

CHEMICAL
MEDIATORS

TISSUES Histamine and BLOOD VESSELS

Prostaglandin

Histamine: Chemical created in the body that is released by white blood cells
into the bloodstream

Prostaglandin: A group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection

that are involved in dealing with injury and illness.
 CHEMICAL Increase speed and
DILATION
MEDIATORS passage of blood cells
and other substances at
Histamine and injury site
Prostaglandin
Faster repair
BLOOD VESSELS

INCREASE
PERMEABILITY INCREASED BLOOD
FLOW

- HEAT
Allow blood cells - REDNESS
and other - SWELLING
substances to go
to injury site
Lumen
 Allow blood cells and other
substances to go to injury site

White blood cell Forms a fibrous

that fights Neutrophils Fibrin network to “wall
infections by off” the injury
ingesting
(phagocytosis)
bacteria.
Neurons at injury Chronic Inflammation (Long Term)
site
- Opposite of acute inflammation (short term)
Chemical - Occurs when the agent responsible for an
mediators that injury is not removed or something else
produce pain
interferes with the healing process
sensation
- Medicinal interventions may be required to
Increase tissue suppress symptoms by inhibiting the
pressure due to synthesis, release, or actions of the chemical
fluid mediators of inflammation.
accumulation at - Antihistamines: suppress the effects of histamine
injury site - Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen: Anti-inflammatory
agents that relieve pain by preventing the synthesis
of prostaglandins and related substances.
PAIN
Inflammation Summary
● Injury
● Chemical Mediators
○ Histamine
○ Prostaglandin
● Blood Vessel Dilation and Increased Permeability
● Passage of blood cells and other substances
○ Neutrophils
○ Fibrin
Tissue
Repair
Tissue Repair The tissues involved and the
severity of the wound determine
the type and dominating tissue
Body repairs damaged tissues
repair
Substitution of viable/new cells for dead cells.
Can occur by regeneration or fibrosis
Regeneration
- The new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal
function and appearance is usually restored
- Ideal outcome of wound healing
Fibrosis
- Also known as replacement
- A new type of tissue (usually Connective Tissue) develops that eventually
causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function
 Regeneration
Can completely repair some tissues, such
as the skin and the mucous membrane of
the intestine
Regeneration is accomplished primarily by
stem cells
Stem cells
- Self-renewing, undifferentiated cells
that continue to divide throughout life
- Parts of the body that are abundant
with stem cells can undergo
regeneration
 Fibrosis
Thickening or scarring of the tissue
Repair mechanism in tissues of the adult brain, heart, muscles, and neurons
where are relatively few stem cells.
Some tissues cannot undergo division so they, instead, recover from damage
using connective tissue (fibrin)

In addition to the type of cells involved, the severity of an injury can influence
whether repair is by regeneration or fibrosis. Generally, the more severe the
injury, the greater the likelihood that repair involves fibrosis.
Burn Scar Keloids are a type of raised scar
Scenario
Fresh wound on the
surface of the skin,
about to undergo
tissue repair
Blood Clot Formation

Blood fills in the wound to

create a blood clot

The clot contains fibrin,

which binds the edges of
the wound together to
stops the bleeding.
Scab Formation
The surface of the clot dries
to form a scab, which seals
the wound and helps
prevent infection

The epithelium at the edge

of the wound undergoes
regeneration and migrates
under the scab. Eventually,
the epithelial cells from the
edges meet, and the
epithelium is restored
Inflammation
As the epithelium at the
edge of the wound
undergoes
regeneration, the
Inflammation process
(blood vessel dilation,
blood vessel
permeability, fibrin and
neutrophils) undergoes
beneath the wound
Another of phagocytic cell,
called a macrophage, removes
the dead neutrophils, cellular
debris, and the decomposing
clot.

Fibroblasts from the

surrounding connective tissue
migrate into the area,
producing collagen and other
extracellular matrix
components.

Capillaries grow from blood

vessels at the edge of the
wound and revascularize the
area.
Granulation Tissue
The result is fibrosis, during
which the clot is replaced with
granulation tissue, a
granular-appearing connective
tissue that consists of
fibroblasts, collagen, and
capillaries.
Granulation Tissue
Eventually, normal connective
tissue replaces the granulation
tissue.

Sometimes a large amount of

granulation tissue persists as a
scar, which at first is bright red
because numerous blood vessels
are present. The scar turns from
red to white as collagen
accumulates and the blood vessels
decrease in number
● When the wound edges are far apart, the clot may not completely close
the gap, and it takes much longer for the epithelial cells to regenerate and
cover the wound.
● With increased tissue damage, the degree of inflammation is greater,
there is more cell debris for the macrophage to remove, and the risk of
infection increases.
TISSUE REPAIR SUMMARY
Wound Surface

● Blood Clot Formation

○ Blood clot contains fibrin which closes off wound by binding its edges together; will
eventually become a scab after tissue repair
● Scab Formation
TISSUE REPAIR SUMMARY
Beneath the Wound Surface

● Epithelium at the edges of the deeper parts of the wound undergoes

regeneration
● Inflammation
● “Cleaning” by the Macrophage
● Fibroblast producing collagen and other ECM components to aid
regeneration
● Granulation Tissue
○ Handle the deeper parts of the wound
End of Presentation